Positive Effect Of Time Research Articles

Does Manager Support Reduce the Effect of Work–Family Conflict on Emotional Exhaustion and Turnover Intentions?

The purpose of this study is to examine manager support as a moderator of the effects of three components of work–family conflict on emotional exhaustion and turnover intentions. Respondents were full-time frontline employees in the travel agency industry in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The results demonstrate that manager support mitigates the positive effects of time- and behavior-based work–family conflict on emotional exhaustion. The results further reveal that manager support reduces the positive effects of time- and strain-based work–family conflict on turnover intentions. Based on the results of the empirical investigation, this study offers management implications and future research directions.

Effect of the Time to Change anti-stigma campaign on trends in mental-illness-related public stigma among the English population in 2003–13: an analysis of survey data

Understanding trends and effective mechanisms that are likely to reduce public stigma and discrimination towards people with mental illness is important. We aimed to assess changes in public stigma in England after the introduction of the Time to Change anti-stigma campaign. We used data from the 2003 and 2007-13 national Attitudes to Mental Illness surveys to investigate 10-year trends in public attitudes across England before and during the Time to Change anti-stigma campaign. We present annual mean scores for attitude items related to prejudice and exclusion, and tolerance and support for community care. We also present an extrapolated linear trend line for the years 2009-13 and estimate population attitude scores without the campaign. We present unadjusted and adjusted linear regression models. In addition, we used multivariable linear regression models fitted to data aggregated by region to investigate whether a dose-effect response exists between campaign awareness and regional outcomes related to knowledge, attitudes, and intended behaviour. About 1700 respondents were surveyed each year. Significant increases in positive attitudes related to prejudice and exclusion occurred after the Time to Change campaign. In the multivariable analysis, we noted a significant increase in positive attitudes in relation to prejudice and exclusion after the launch of Time to Change (reverse-coded Z score 0·02, 95% CI 0·01 to 0·05; p=0·01), but not for tolerance and support for community care (Z score 0·01, -0·01 to 0·03; p=0·27). We also found evidence for a dose-effect relation between campaign awareness and regional improvement in knowledge (p=0·004) and attitudes (tolerance and support p<0·0001; prejudice and exclusion p=0·001), but not intended behaviour (p=0·20). The positive effects of Time to Change seem to be significant and moderate. Although attitudes are probably more at risk of deterioration during times of economic hardship, anti-stigma programmes might still play an active part in long-term reduction of stigma and discrimination, especially in relation to prejudice and exclusion of people with mental health problems. UK Department of Health, Comic Relief, Big Lottery.

Tackling childhood overweight. Treating parents exclusively is effective

In general, treatment of childhood obesity focuses on treating the obese children. The results of child-directed treatments are disappointing in the long run. In the current study, it is tested whether a treatment aimed solely at obese children’s parents results in positive effects on the children’s weight status. In addition, potential predictors of treatment success are identified. The parents of 98 overweight or obese children (aged 7–13 years) were randomly assigned to either the cognitive-behavioural group treatment (eight sessions) or the waiting-list control group. With respect to child body mass index (BMI) percentile, the parents’ treatment was successful in reducing overweight from pre-treatment to post-treatment: BMI percentile decreased significantly by 2.4% in the treatment group, whereas there was no change in the waiting-list control group. There was no significant relapse at follow-up (3 months). Child BMI percentile did not decrease in the waiting-list control group. In addition, significant main effects of time were found for both groups with respect to eating psychopathology (decrease), self-esteem (increase) and negative thoughts (decrease). Finally, parental BMI decreased significantly only in the treatment group. Four predictors were identified with respect to treatment success, namely, lower socioeconomic status, younger age of the child, higher parental attendance and lower BMI percentile of the child before treatment. The parents’ treatment had significant effects on child and parent BMI. Long-term endurance of these positive effects needs to be studied. Striking are the positive effects of time in the waiting-list control group for some psychological outcome measures. Obviously, waiting for treatment already affects psychological processes (but not behaviour) in the children.

Tackling childhood overweight: treating parents exclusively is effective

In general, treatment of childhood obesity focuses on treating the obese children. The results of child-directed treatments are disappointing in the long run. In the current study, it is tested whether a treatment aimed solely at obese children's parents results in positive effects on the children's weight status. In addition, potential predictors of treatment success are identified. The parents of 98 overweight or obese children (aged 7-13 years) were randomly assigned to either the cognitive-behavioural group treatment (eight sessions) or the waiting-list control group. With respect to child body mass index (BMI) percentile, the parents' treatment was successful in reducing overweight from pretreatment to posttreatment: BMI percentile decreased significantly by 2.4% in the treatment group, whereas there was no change in the waiting-list control group. There was no significant relapse at follow-up (3 months). Child BMI percentile did not decrease in the waiting-list control group. In addition, significant main effects of time were found for both groups with respect to eating psychopathology (decrease), self-esteem (increase) and negative thoughts (decrease). Finally, parental BMI decreased significantly only in the treatment group. Four predictors were identified with respect to treatment success, namely, lower socioeconomic status, younger age of the child, higher parental attendance and lower BMI percentile of the child before treatment. The parents' treatment had significant effects on child and parent BMI. Long-term endurance of these positive effects needs to be studied. Striking are the positive effects of time in the waiting-list control group for some psychological outcome measures. Obviously, waiting for treatment already affects psychological processes (but not behaviour) in the children.

INVESTIGATION OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION OF PUERARIN FROM PUERARIA LOBATA

ABSTRACT Puerarin, which is the most abundant isoflavone in Pueraria lobata, has many pharmacological effects. In this study, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was employed as a novel and efficient technique to extract puerarin from Pueraria lobata. Effects of four variables (pressure, temperature, time and co‐solvent amount) on the puerarin yield of Pueraria lobata were investigated. Up to a certain value, the puerarin yield increased with increasing pressure; thereafter, puerarin yield decreased as pressure increased. A similar effect of temperature was also found. When the temperature was at 50C or the pressure was at 20 MPa, the highest puerarin yield obtained was 5.8 ± 0.3 mg/g. Positive effects of time and co‐solvent amount were observed on the puerarin yield. However, when the time was longer than 100 min or the co‐solvent amount was greater than 120 g, no significant improvement was detected in the puerarin yield. It was therefore important to define the level of each variable for an efficient preparation of puerarin. From the results obtained, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was proved to be an efficient technique for extraction of puerarin from Pueraria lobata.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Pueraria lobata is a famous Chinese traditional medicinal herb which has been consumed by many people all over the world. Puerarin is the most abundant isoflavone in this herb, and it has been proven to have some important pharmacological properties. In this study, a novel technique called supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was employed to prepare puerarin from Pueraria lobata. Effects of pressure, temperature, time and co‐solvent amount on the puerarin yield were evaluated. The results were helpful in understanding the extraction process of puerarin and could give evidence for further developments on this special medicinal herb.

Long-Term Outcomes of Free Muscle Transfer for Smile Restoration in Children

Evaluation of long-term outcomes of free-muscle transfer for smile restoration is overdue. Arguments for and against free-muscle transplantation in children are considered, and the debate on the influence of the growing skeleton on muscle function is revisited. This study evaluated the fate of free-muscle transfer over long follow-up periods in pediatric patients. Thirty-two children with follow-up of 5 years or longer who received a free-muscle transfer for smile restoration were reviewed. To better analyze the effect of time, patients were classified into groups based on the length of follow-up: group A, 5 to 6 years; group B, 7 to 10 years; group C, 11 to 15 years; and group D, more than 15 years. Patients were videotaped at three stages: preoperatively, 2 years after free-muscle transfer, and at the last follow-up visit. Four independent observers graded patients' videotapes using a five-category scale ranging from poor to excellent. Panelists were asked to comment on any noticeable craniofacial disharmony with growth. All patients exhibited improved function and symmetry at 2 years after free-muscle transfer (averaged scores, p < 0.0001). A positive effect of time was seen in the long-term evaluation; observers' scores (p < 0.0001) and motor units on electromyography (p = 0.001) showed further improvement. No significance was found when comparing measured outcomes among the four follow-up groups, indicating that despite the growing skeleton, muscle function was maintained over time. These clinical data support the use of free-muscle transfer for smile restoration in children. The transplanted muscle appears to grow harmoniously with the craniofacial skeleton, and muscle function and aesthetic outcomes improved over time.

Effects of diabetes and cadaveric organs on functional performance and health-related quality of life after kidney transplantation

Background The current study was undertaken to identify factors specific to kidney transplantation that are associated with posttransplant functional performance (FP) and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Methods Karnofsky FP status was assessed longitudinally in 86 adult kidney transplant recipients. Patients reported HRQOL using the Short Form-36 (SF-36) health survey and the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale (PAIS). Results FP improved ( P <0.001) after kidney transplantation (from 75 ± 1 to 77 ± 1, 81 ± 1, and 82 ± 1 at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively). Patients receiving organs from living donors showed continued improvement through posttransplant year 1 while those receiving cadaveric organs stabilized at month 6 (simple interaction contrast, year 1 versus pretransplant; P <0.05). Patients receiving dialysis therapy for 6 months or more prior to transplantation demonstrated lower SF-36 posttransplant physical component scores in comparison with patients who were transplanted preemptively (38 ± 1 versus 45 ± 2, P <0.05). Path analysis demonstrated the positive direct effect of time on FP with kidney transplantation (β = 0.23, P <0.05), and the negative direct effects on FP of diabetes (β = −0.22) and cadaveric organs (β = −0.22, both P <0.05). In turn, FP had a positive direct effect on HRQOL (β = 0.40, P <0.001). Conclusions Overall improvement in FP is attenuated 1 year after kidney transplantation in recipients of organs from cadaveric donors. The positive effect of time after transplantation, and the negative effects of cadaveric organs and diabetes on posttransplant HRQOL, are indirect and are mediated by the direct effects of these variables on posttransplant FP.

Cessation of Drug Use: Impact of Time in Treatment

Many studies have found that the longer a drug user remains in treatment, the more positive the outcome. The majority of studies on the effects of time in treatment have followed subjects from the time they enter treatment. The subjects of the present study are injection drug users and crack users who were out of treatment at the time of their recruitment to the study. Between the initial and six-month follow-up interviews, some chose to enroll in drug treatment. The more time a subject spent in treatment during the follow-up period, the more likely it was that s/he was not using heroin or cocaine at follow-up (OR=.51; 95% C.I., .39–.67; p<.00l). Unlike the results of some prior studies, positive effects of time in treatment were found even when time in treatment was less than 90 days. The findings of the present study strongly suggest that treatment is beneficial even for those who remain for less than 90 days. Those who provide treatment services to drug users should attempt to maintain contact with dropouts, and support their return to treatment.

Glycoprotein hormones and their common A-subunit stimulate prolactin production by explant cultures of human leiomyoma and myometrium

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and human chorionic gonadotropin on prolactin production by human leiomyomas and myometrium. A secondary goal was to explore the effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone and the A-subunit common to all these glycoproteins in the same system. STUDY DESIGN: Explant cultures were established, and harvested medium was assayed for total protein and prolactin. Dose-response studies were performed with follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and human chorionic gonadotropin. A second set of studies was conducted with a single dose of human chorionic gonadotropin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and A-subunit. RESULTS: Gonadotropins, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and A-subunit all stimulated prolactin production in both leiomyoma and myometrium. Prolactin production was significantly higher in leiomyoma than in myometrium. A positive effect of time, dose, and gonadotropin treatment on prolactin production was seen in each tissue. There was no treatment effect on total protein secretion. CONCLUSIONS: All four glycoprotein hormones and their common A-subunit stimulate prolactin production. This appears to be a specific effect. (AM J OBSTET GYNECOL 1994;170:677-83.)

Self-Rejection and the Explanation of Deviance: Refinement and Elaboration of a Latent Structure

We estimate two models specifying aspects of a more inclusive multivariate explanation of deviant behavior. The models are estimated using the LISREL program for analyses of the linear structural relations among latent constructs in a three-wave panel data set. For the simpler model an earlier analysis is replicated using refined measurement variables. SelfRejection is modeled in terms of global self-derogation, and perceived rejection andfailure in family and school. Disposition to is measured in terms of disaffection with, and readiness to adopt antisocial alternatives to, conventional family, school and community patterns. Deviance reflects the commonality underlying the adoption of any of a range of deviant behaviors in three different groupings based on probability of occurrence. The latent construct Self-Rejection at Time I has the expected strong positive effect on the latent construct Disposition to at Time 2. Disposition to in turn, has the anticipated strong positive effect on the latent construct Deviance at Time 3. In the elaborated model, Deviance is included at Time I as well as at Time 3. The effects of the simpler model are again observed. In addition, the hypothesized direct negative effect of Tine I Self-Rejection on Time 3 Deviance, and the theoretically indicated direct positive effects of Time I Deviance upon Self-Rejection, Disposition to and Time 3 Deviance are observed. The results are interpreted as providing strong support for the general theory.