Positive Bacterial Growth Research Articles

A Single-Center Retrospective Study of Bacterial Infections After Acute Ischemic Stroke: The Prevalence Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background and Objectives: The management of ischemic stroke involves care that is integrated and comprehensive, including the prevention of infection complications. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and profile of bacterial infections after acute ischemic stroke both before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study examined the medical records of hospitalized acute ischemic stroke patients who had microbiological cultures taken at the National Brain Center Hospital Prof. Dr. dr. Mahar Mardjono, Jakarta, Indonesia, from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2021. The percentage of positive bacterial growth in the microbiological cultures was used to determine the prevalence of bacterial infection after acute ischemic stroke. Results: A total of 519 patients met the study criteria, including 48 and 471 patients with infections before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The prevalence of bacterial infection after acute ischemic stroke was 17.9%. There were significant differences in the prevalence of bacterial infection after acute ischemic stroke before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (87.5% vs. 10.8%). Staphylococcus sp. and Klebsiella sp. were the most frequently observed. The risk factors that influenced bacterial infection after acute ischemic stroke were intensive care stay (OR 0.22; 95%CI 0.13–0.39, p-value < 0.001), sepsis (OR 1.99; 95%CI 1.12–3.53, p-value = 0.019), COVID-19 infection (OR 4.81; 95%CI 2.64–8.76, p-value < 0.001), the use of steroids (OR 0.31; 95%CI 0.14–0.67, p-value = 0.003), and the use of TPN (OR 0.34; 95%CI 0.13–0.86, p-value = 0.022). Conclusions: Following the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a decrease in the prevalence of bacterial infections after AIS. Patients with bacterial infections had different profiles before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Estimation of the concentration of some biochemical parameters and bacterial profile in patients with periodontitis and its relationship with cardiovascular disease

Background: Concerning the widespread occurrence of hyperlipidemia, a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and unclear findings on the connection between periodontal disease and the levels of lipids in the blood. Aim of the study: This study aimed to isolation different bacterial type from periodontitis patients and evaluated level of lipid profile in the same patients Material and methods: The study included a collection age group of 90 samples swaps (patient and control), 60 samples from patients with periodontitis attending outpatient clinics and Balad General Hospitalthe sample were collected for different ages between 15-55 years old and both sexes, from july 2023to December 2024. The sample was taken using a sterile cotton swab (transport cotton swab). The blood samples were taking from their arms from (cubital vien), 5cc of venous blood taken from patients & control healthy individual, Samples were cultured directly using the plotting method on culture media suitable for bacterial growth, which included blood agar, MacConkey agar, mannitol salt agar, MSB agar, and chromo agar. The plates were incubated upside down at 37°C for 18–24 days. The bacterial isolates were identified based on physiological tests and biochemical tests. Result: The present study’s result showed About (60%) showed positive bacterial growth which were Prophyromonas gingivalis (30%), Staph. aureus (16.7%), Strep. pneumonia (11.7%), Staph. epidermidis (10%), Strep. pyogenes, Strep. Viridans, Strep. mutans (8.3% %) for them, and (6.7%) for Enterococcus fecalis that was diagnosed based on biochemical tests, and the diagnosis of some bacterial species was confirmed with the VITEK device., whereas (40%) showed no growth, And there were a high significant differences between the periodontitis patient compared with control group in mean level of cholesterol, HDL and LDL which scored (151.1±42.7, 139.9±41.4, 184.9±25.4) respectively in patient compared with controls (80.0±16.8, 46.2±14.6, 99.1±27.1). While Triglyceride and VLDL showed no differences between studied groups. Conclusion: This study concluded increase cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein in periodontitis patient, While no differences in Triglyceride and VLDL level

Microbial Isolates and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Adults with Inborn Errors of Immunity: A Retrospective Longitudinal Analysis of Sputum Cultures

Introduction: Individuals with inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are at increased risk of respiratory infection and frequently receive prolonged broad-spectrum antibiotics, leading to antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to identify respiratory pathogens and antibiotic resistance patterns in IEI patients. Methods: We retrospectively studied 36 IEI patients with positive bacterial growth in sputum cultures between 2014 and 2023. Data covered hospitalizations, respiratory infections, yearly antibiotic prescriptions, past sputum cultures, and antibiotic sensitivities. Patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) and bronchiectasis served as a control group. Results: A total of 314 sputum cultures were analyzed from patients with IEI, alongside 585 cultures from individuals with PCD and 113 cultures from patients with bronchiectasis. Patients with IEI had a median age of 23.5 years, with 61% male participants. The study compared the differences in bacterial isolates from sputum cultures and antibiotic resistance between patients with IEI and the control groups. The most common bacterial isolates across all groups were Haemophilus influenzae (159 isolates in IEI vs. 314 in PCD and 26 in bronchiectasis), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. In IEI patients, 992 symptomatic respiratory exacerbations and 43 pneumonia-related hospitalizations were recorded. Notably, H. influenzae in IEI patients showed high resistance rates to cefuroxime (82%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (66%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (59%), and ampicillin/sulbactam (49%). P. aeruginosa in IEI patients displayed significant resistance to ciprofloxacin (85%), ceftazidime (42%), and aminoglycosides (23–33%). Additionally, all S. pneumoniae isolates in IEI patients were tetracycline resistant, with high resistance rates to penicillin, clindamycin, and erythromycin. It is essential to highlight the substantial resistance of common pathogens to oral antibiotics. In contrast, the control groups exhibited lower resistance rates across all bacterial isolates. Conclusion: Antimicrobial resistance is a growing concern among vulnerable IEI patients. We suggest conducting similar investigations in other regions to address this issue. The findings should inform future infection management guidelines for IEIs.

Study of Bacterial Contamination in the Operating Room and Newborn Intensive Care Unit: Effects of the Predominantly Used Antibiotics at Sabratha Teaching Hospital

Contamination by bacteria in the operating room (OR) and newborn intensive care units (NICU) has continued to increase the incidence of nosocomial infections and a center point of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. This study was to examine the spread of bacteria isolated from inanimate surfaces in the operating room and neonatal intensive care units at Sabratha Teaching Hospital and find out the effectiveness of the most antimicrobial used. Methods: At the Sabratha Teaching Hospital in Sabratha, Libya, a cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in the OR and NICU from February to May 2024. A total of 22 swab samples were collected from high-contact environmental surfaces. Isolation, identification, and antibiotic sensitivity patterns were performed via standard techniques. Results: After 48 hours of incubation, (54.5 %) of the swabbed surfaces showed positive bacterial growth and 45.5% showed no bacterial growth, of which 25% had gram-positive bacteria and 75% had gram-negative bacteria. Staphylococcus saprophyticus 3 (25%) was the identified gram-positive bacterial isolate, and Klebsiella spp. 5 (55.5%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4 (44.4%) were the probable gram-negative bacterial isolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of clinical pathogens tested Staphylococcus epidermides and Klebsiella spp showed similar patterns which were sensitive to most antimicrobials used, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa was highly resistant to Cotrimoxazole, Cefatoxime, Cefixitin, Ceftazidime, Ceftricillin, and Calvu amoxicillin. Conclusion: This study confirms the need for rigorous disinfection protocols and hand hygiene to reduce the spread of these pathogens in the OR and NICU.

Risk Factors for Orbital Complication in Odontogenic Rhinosinusitis

Background: Orbital involvement is the most common complication in rhinosinusitis presenting about 60-75%. The manifestation of orbital complications such as eyelid edema, proptosis, eye movement disorder and loss of vision. The potential risk factors for developing complications are described in several studies. Purpose: To examine the risk factors for orbital complication in odontogenic rhinosinusitis. Methods: A retrospective case control study of 34 patients from July 2022 to July 2023 based on medical records. The subjects were classified into two groups, the case group involving odontogenic rhinosinusitis patients with orbital complication and the control group involving patients without orbital complications. Risk factors were sex, onset of odontogenic sinusitis, sinonasal symptoms, diabetes, histopathological findings, laboratory findings and CT scan images of sinus. The characteristics of orbital complications and the types of pathogenic bacteria cultivated were recorded. Results: There number of patients in each group were 17, with the female to male ratio of 2,4:1, aged 8 to 81 years were enrolled in this study. The most common orbital complication was sub periosteal abscess (41%). We found 64% positive bacterial growth from tissue culture dominated by Staphylococcus sp. (54.5%). Histopathological examination showed the main inflammatory cell of the sinus mucosal epithelium was neutrophil in both groups. The logistic regression test showed that the risk factors for orbital complication were absolute neutrophil count p 0.008, OR 81.062, mucopurulent discharge p 0.009, OR 0.006 and sinus involvement p 0.027, OR 0.152. Conclusion: Orbital complications were associated with sinus involvement with main symptom involving mucopurulent discharge and higher absolute neutrophil count.

Screening and Isolation of Protease Producing Bacteria from Diabetic Foot Ulcers

This study was conducted to detect bacterial causative pathogens in patients with diabetes foot ulcer infections and determine the protease enzyme. Samples were collected from 75 swabs were collected from patients suffering from diabetic foot ulcers referred to The Diabetic Center /Thi-Qar province. Data collected from patients included: age, gender and Period of infection. The results revealed that positive bacterial growth appeared in 54 (72 %) of diabetic foot ulcer specimen, and the most common isolates were Enterobacter cloaca 15(27.77%), followed by proteus mirabilis 12 (22.22%), Staphylococcus aureus 10 (18.51%), Escherichia coli 8 (14.81%), for each one Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogens 3(0.84%). The results of the Protease enzyme test were performed for all 54 isolates to determine the variable ability of these bacterial species isolated from didactic foot ulcers to produce this enzyme. The highest percentage production protease enzyme was 100 % for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and 76.92% for proteus mirabilis, while the isolates showed a low production of 20.0 % for Enterobacter cloaca.

Investigation of Interleukine-1 Beta in Urinary Tract Infection Patients

Objective: The study aims to investigate interleukin -1 beta (IL-1 ) in patients with urinary tract infections in the holy governorate of Karbala. Methods: This study was conducted during the period from October 2023 to February 2024 at Imam Hussein Hospital in the holy city of Karbala and the laboratories of the College of Applied Medical Sciences/University of Kerbala. The current study included collecting urine samples (for use in general urine examination) and blood (using blood directly to measure the complete blood count CBC and serum to measure interleukin -1 beta (IL-1 ) from 70 patients with urinary tract infection (35 patients with positive bacterial growth and 35 patients with negative bacterial growth) in addition to 70 healthy people. The following general criteria were also investigated: age, sex, height, and weight. Results: Eight bacterial species were obtained. From the findings of the study is the increase in concentration of IL-1 in patients with urinary tract infections compared to the control group. The presence of a negative correlation between LBP and IL-1 . Conclusions: Increase the concentration of IL-1 in patients with urinary tract infections. There is a negative correlation in patients with bacterial growth between LBP and IL-1 .

Detection of the Virulence Factors of Bacteria that Cause Bacterial Vaginosis in Women

Objectives: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a vaginal microbiota ecological imbalance that primarily affects women of reproductive age. The study's objectives were to evaluate the risk variables' associations with BV and examine the particular bacteria responsible for BV. Methods: From May to August 2023, 65 samples obtained from pregnant and non-pregnant women who were registered at the Outpatient Albatool Teaching Hospital participated in this study. In this study, the Vitek 2 compact device was utilized to diagnose BV. Results: 15 samples showed no clear growth and only 50 samples showed positive bacterial growth. These samples included 15 (30%) samples from pregnant women and 35 (70%) from non-pregnant women, who showed clinical symptoms associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV). Depending on the color of the homogeneous vaginal secretions, showed that bacterial isolation was from the yellow secretion, and it was at a rate of 19 (38 %), then it was followed by the yellow-green secretion, the percentage of isolation was It contained 18 (36 %), while the percentage of bacterial isolation from white vaginal secretions was 13 (26%). Conclusions: They were diagnosed using the Vitec device to diagnose bacterial isolates, isolated from vaginal secretions and determine their types. the results show that the 20 bacterial isolates were distributed to S. haemolyticus 20 (40%), S. aureus 8 (16%) S. epidermidis 5(10%) E. coli 8 (16 %) Klebsiella pneumonia 6(12%) Gardnerella Vaginalis 3(6%).

DETECTION OF OQXAB EFFLUX PUMPS GENE IN ESCHERICHIA COLI AND KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIA ISOLATED FROM PREGNANT WOMEN SUFFERED FROM URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS AND DIABETES MELLITUS IN BASRAH

Considerably, pregnant women with diabetes mellitus are highly susceptible to urinary tract infections. The aim of the study is investigate the incidence of OqxAB efflux pumps gene among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia isolates from urine of pregnant women suffered from urinary tract infections and Diabetes mellitus. E.coli and K.pneumonia were identified using conventional methods and confirmed by specific 16S rDNA primers. Antibiotic susceptibility test of E. coli and K. pneumonia isolates against several antibiotics were examined using Vitek®-2 compact system .The production of efflux pump by E. coli and K. pneumonia isolates were investigated phenotypically using ethidium bromide-agar cartwheel method (EtBr CW). Moreover, OqxAB Efflux Pumps genes were tested. The results showed that among 100 urine samples, 40 urine samples showed positive bacterial growth where 21(51%) E coli isolates, 8(20%) K. pneumonia isolates. In terms of antibiotic sensitivity, all E.coli and K.pneumonia isolates were resistant to ampicillin, piperacillin and ticarcillin, respectively. The prevalence of OqxAB efflux pump genes frequency ranges from 72% in E. coli and 50% in K. pneumonia.

Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Urine Culture in Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital Islamabad, Pakistan

Background: Urine cultures are performed in laboratories to identify any bacteria or other microorganisms present in urine samples. The purpose of this study was to investigate the microorganisms growing resistant to antibiotics in the urine culture and their antibiotics susceptibility testing. Methods: For this investigation, the Microbiology Department's hospital management information systems records provided the culture and sensitivity data of the uropathogens found in urine samples. Urine samples collected midstream were prepared for microscopy and culture, and the organisms were identified using globally accepted methods. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to determine antibiotic susceptibility in accordance with hospital clinical and laboratory standards as well as international protocols. In this investigation, the information and data were assessed using descriptive statistics. Results: A total number of 207 urine culture data were extracted from the hospital management information system records of which, 116 samples showed positive bacterial growth. Candida had positive growth in 16.4%. Out of positive samples gender-wise, females were in the majority 66.4% and males were 33.6%. Escherichia coli bacteria frequently isolated in positive samples 58/116 (50%), whereas, Enterococcus spp were positive in 17 patients out of 116 (14.7 %). Gram-negative rods were positive in 16 patients out of 116 (13.8%), Klebsiella spp were positive in 4 patients out of 116(3.4%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were least positive in only 2 patients out of 116 positive samples (1.7 %). Conclusion: In our study according to gender distribution female frequency was higher than males. Escherichia coli bacteria were the most common isolate in positive samples, whereas, Enterococcus spp were observed. Vancomycin was most sensitive in all urine cultures against all organisms and Erythromycin was most resistant in urine culture. Antimicrobial resistance is a serious subject on national and international levels that needs continued surveillance and resolute management.

Use of thioglycolate broth as a pre-analytic transport medium in the diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection.

This study aimed to investigate whether adding tissue samples directly into thioglycolate (TG) broth yielded a greater number of anaerobic organisms than freshly sampled tissue in suspected hip and knee prosthetic joint infections (PJIs). Between January 2017 and December 2020, a total of 90 patients (46 males, 44 females; median age: 71.7 years; range, 50.8 and 87.8 years) who underwent revision hip or knee arthroplasty were included. Intraoperative samples were taken, with five placed in TG broth and five in standard containers (PC) with subsequent aerobic and anaerobic culturing conducted. Demographic and baseline data of the patients were recorded. The primary outcome was positive bacterial growth from a PJI specimen inoculated directly into TG broth at the time of collection or standard PJI specimen processing. Secondary outcomes investigated were the presence of Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) and the curative success of revision procedure. A total of 900 samples (450 PC and 450 TG) were taken from 90 revision arthroplasty patients (47 knees and 43 hips). There was no statistically significant difference in the number of positive bacterial growth samples between TG broth and standard processing (p=0.742). This was consistent with subgroup analysis analyzing C. acnes (p=0.666). In hip and knee arthroplasty, there is no benefit in substituting or adding TG broth as a culture medium to better identify both general bacterial species and C. acnes infections specifically. However, the use of TG may be useful in confirming a true positive result for infection.

Retrospective analysis of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens from pet rabbits in Hong Kong, 2019-2022.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing threat to human and animal health. Data are limited on the prevalence of resistant bacteria in pet rabbits. Therefore, we aimed to identify prevalent bacterial infections and AMR profiles among pet rabbits in Hong Kong (HK). Our search of the CityU Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL) database found 301 cases of pet rabbits submitted for bacteriologic and antimicrobial susceptibility testing by veterinarians at 20 exotic veterinary clinics across HK between 2019 and 2022. The rabbits were of 8 different breeds and had a median age of 6.5 y, with 54.8% males, 40.2% females, and 5% unspecified. Of the 301 samples received, 168 (55.8%) had positive bacterial growth; 125 (74.4%) had single bacterial isolates, and 43 (25.6%) had mixed cultures. Cultures included Enterococcus faecalis (21.3%) as the most frequently isolated gram-positive bacterium, followed by Streptococcus intermedius (12.5%), and Staphylococcus aureus (11.3%). The most frequently isolated gram-negative bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.1%), followed by Escherichia coli (8.3%), Pasteurella multocida (6.9%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.2%). Approximately 83% of the isolates had acquired resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent, and 49.4% were multidrug-resistant. The isolated bacteria had high levels of resistance to penicillin (69.8%), clindamycin (47.4%), and doxycycline (46.9%). Our findings highlight the high levels of AMR in bacteria isolated from pet rabbit clinical samples in HK; many of these bacteria are zoonotic and pose a public health threat.

Molecular detection of antimicrobial resistance genes among ciprofloxacin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is an opportunistic pathogen that is considered one of the most important causes of nosocomial infections, especially in burns and immunocompromised individuals. So this study was aimed todetection of quinolone-resistant genes among ciprofloxacin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Data showed out of 168 specimens obtained from burns patients the rate women and men in this study were 107(63..69%) and 61(36.3%) respectively, positive bacterial growth were 159 (94.64 %) while 9(5.3%) of specimens were no growth. According to result of the vitek-2 system recorded 75 isolates as P. aeruginosa. Results of ciprofloxacin susceptibility recorded 29(38.67%) of P.auroginosa was resistance to ciprofloxacin, while was 34(45.33%), and 12(16%) of isolates were intermediate and sensitive respectively. Results of antibiotic susceptibility showed that the highest bacterial resistance was imipenem 29(100%), while the least resistance were meropenem and Piperacillin-Tazobactam reached 22(75.8%). Results of Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed that 29(100%), 28 (96.06%), 26(89.65%), 23(79.31%) and 21(72.41%) of ciprofloxacin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were harbored aac(6’)-Ib, parC, qnrS, qnrB and qnrVC respectively, while qnrA, qnrC, qnrD, and qepA genes were not detect in present study. Sequence results for qnrB, qnrvc showed that they are identical to qnrB2, qnrvc1 when compared with international NCBI isolates.

Isolation and identification of some predominant bacteria and assessment of TNF-α level in serum of patients with gingivitis

This study was conducted to diagnose the aerobic bacterial species causing gingivitis, reveal the antibiotic susceptibility pattern and assess the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in serum of patients with gingivitis. In total, 110 samples (including patient group and control group) were collected during the period from November 2021 until March 2022. Of which, 80 samples were collected by using oral swabs from patients attending the College of Dentistry at Tikrit University and outpatient clinics of both gender with different age groups. While the remaining 30 samples were collected from healthy individuals representing the control group. Identification of bacterial isolates was performed depending on micro and macroscopic cultural characteristics and biochemical tests. In addition to assessing the biochemical characteristics of the isolates, a VITKE2 compact system was used to ensure the identification of species level. The TNF-α concentrations in the serum were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay known as a sandwich ELISA. Out of 80 samples, 60 (75%) samples showed positive bacterial growth cultures, while 20 (25%) samples showed no bacterial growth. The most common isolated bacteria species was Streptococcus mutans (18%), followed by Streptococcus mitis (13%), Staphylococcus aureus (12%) Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus pyogenes (8%) Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus feacalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsilla pneumoniae (6%), Rothia dentocariosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4%), and Streptococcus pneumonia, Kocuria kristinae, Granulicatella adiacens (3%). The sensitivity of the bacterial isolates under study was tested to 11 antibiotics. Different species of bacteria showed various sensitivity patterns to several kinds of antibiotics. The study recorded a high significant difference (P=0.0007) between the patients (56.54 + 9.32 pg/ml) and the control group (31.88 + 7.44 pg/ml) concerning the level of TNF-α. In conclusion, the predominant bacteria identified from gingivitis patients were S. mutans and S. mitis. In addition, the levels of TNF-α in gingivitis patients were significantly higher than in the control group.

Viability of Anaerobic Bacteria in Dental Sub-Gingival Calculus and Its Minerlization – An Observational Microbiological Study

Background: Dental calculus, a mineralized product of plaque, remains ignored and is considered as a fossilized remnant of minor significance. Dental plaque is still considered as the main culprit in etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease. Several studies suggest that calculus has a porous and spongy nature because of which it may act as a reservoir for endotoxins and bacterial antibodies. However, the viability of bacteria in sub gingival calculus and its role in the pathogenesis and disease progression still remains a mystery. The present study aims to investigate the viability of bacteria within sub-gingival calculus and to assess the degree of mineralization of dental calculus and the variation of viable micro flora corresponding to the extent of mineralization. Materials and Methods: Eighteen samples of sub gingival calculus were harvested from patients with chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. The samples were divided into two groups, Group 1 (non-irradiated) and Group 2 (samples exposed to UV radiation) and Group 3 (samples assessed for mineralization). Group 1 and 2 samples were utilized for anaerobic culture to detect the presence of anaerobic bacteria. Group 3 samples were crushed in a Universal testing machine and mineralization was assessed according to the force required for crushing. Results: All study specimens showed positive bacterial growth under anaerobic conditions. The bacterial cultures revealed decrease in the bacterial count in Group 2 i.e. Irradiated group (I) when compared with Group 1 i.e. Non-irradiated group (NI). The results obtained from computerized Universal Testing Machine showcased varying values required to crush the sub-gingival calculus samples suggesting variation in mineralization of each sample. The correlation between mineralization and viable anaerobic bacterial count revealed an inverse relation. Conclusion: Sub-gingival calculus plays a key role in harbouring pathogenic anaerobic bacteria, owing to its porous ....

Blood Stream Infection: Identification & Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Microorganisms in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Dhaka City

Background: Blood stream infections are an important cause of mortality & morbidity in all age group worldwide. Aim & Objective: The aim of this study was to perform bacteriological analysis and assess antibiotic sensitivity patterns of isolates from bloodstream infections in a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka city. Material & methods: The study is a retrospective observational analysis of blood culture isolates received in the Department of Microbiology, Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College & Hospital from January to December, 2021. A total sample size was 2371, out of them positive aerobic bacterial growth was observed in 85 (3.58%) isolates. Sampling technique was used to collect data from the laboratory records and written consent was taken from concerned authority collected data were compiled and analyzed with the help of SPSS version 20. All samples were collected in BacT/ ALERT 3D 60 aerobic bottles irrespective to antibiotics administration. One to five (1-5) ml blood for children and 5-10 ml blood for adult were collected respectively. Samples were incubated in the automated BacT/ ALERT 3D. Subculture was done on blood agar, chocolate agar media & MacConkey’s agar media. Identification of organisms by Gram stain & biochemical tests were done as per the standard methods. Negative signal blood culture bottles were kept in machine for up to 5 days. No mixed cultures (the association of two microorganisms) were identified. All the isolates were tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern by Kirby-Bauer’s disk diffusion technique according to the Clinical and Laboratory standards institute guideline. Results: Overall, 45/874 (5.14%) positive blood cultures were isolated from adult followed by neonate 31/709(4.37%), children 6/390(1.54%) & infant 3/398(0.75%). Bacteremia was more or less equal in both sexes, female 44 (51.77%) & male 41(48.23%). Trend of pathogens recover in highest in November 13(15.29%). The most common organism isolated was Staph. aureus 26(30.58%) followed by Klebsiella species 15(17.64%), Acinetobacter species 13(15.29%), Pseudomonas species 11(12.94%), Salmonella Typhi 10(11.76%) and E. coli 10(11.76%). In Staph. aureus, linezolid and vancomycin were 100% sensitive. In Klebsiella spp. meropenem was 87% & in E. coli 80% sensitive. In Acinetobacter spp. amoxicillin/ clavanic acid 85% & colistin 70% sensitive. In Pseudomonas spp., meropenem and piperacillin tazobactum 100% sensitive followed by ciprofloxacin 82%, ceftazidime 82% & amikacin 81.8% sensitive. In Salmonella Typhi, ceftriaxone was 100% sensitive. Conclusion: Drug resistant bacteria are increasing over the years, so, antibiotic policy which formulates according to local sensitivity pattern will be implemented effectively. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Education Vol.14(2) July 2023: 84-91

Identifying and Isolating Bacterial Pathogens Causing Acute Pharyngitis

Acute pharyngitis is a prevalent inflammatory condition primarily caused by viral or bacterial infections. Accurate identification of the causative agent is crucial for appropriate treatment selection. This study aimed to investigate the bacterial profile of patients with tonsillitis admitted to Marjan Teaching Hospital, as well as evaluate the potential psychological impact on affected individuals. Tonsil swabs were collected from male and female patients presenting with symptoms such as fever, dysphagia, swollen lymph nodes and pharyngeal tissues, voice alterations, and vomiting. Customized growth media was utilized for culturing the samples. Out of 250 samples, all exhibited positive bacterial growth (100%). Phenotypic and biochemical analyses were conducted to identify the bacteria. The most prevalent bacterium found was Staphylococcus aureus (40%, or 10 isolates), followed by Bacillus cereus (20%, or 5 isolates), Streptococcus pyogenes (16%, or 4 isolates), Streptococcus viridans (12%, or 3 isolates), Staphylococcus epidermidis (8%, or 2 isolates), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (4%). The results indicated a higher susceptibility to infection among male patients compared to females, particularly within the age range of 6-12 years old. These findings contribute to understanding the etiology of acute pharyngitis and underline the importance of accurate pathogen identification for effective treatment strategies.

Bacteriological Investigation of Pathogenic Bacteria Causing Urinary Tract Infections: A cross-Sectional Study

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common health problem. They are caused by bacteria from the environment getting into the urinary tract. A total of 118 urine samples were collected from 102 patients (Men and Women) with UTIs admitted to a general hospital in AL-Najaf City, Iraq, between October to 2022 and February 2023. Standard laboratory methods were used to culture urine and to diagnose all bacterial isolates that were grown on laboratory media. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to test antibiotic susceptibility. Out of a total of 118 urine samples there were 106 urine samples with positive bacterial growth and 12 urine samples without bacterial growth. E. coli was the most predominant bacteria with 50 isolates, K. pneumoniae 18, P. mirabilis 13, S. saprophyticus 10, S. aureus 9, E. faecalis 6. Gram-negative bacterial isolates were good resistance to amoxicillin 25 μg and Amoxicillin+clavulanic acid 25/10μg. Gram-positive bacterial isolates were good resistance to penicillin 6 μg and ampicillin 10 μg. The most effective antibiotic was imipenem 10μg, which inhibited all bacterial growth.

An Investigation of Bacterial Infections in the Urinary Tract of Babylon City Women in Iraq, a Cross-Sectional Study

Urine infection, also known as a urinary tract infection (UTI), is an inflammation of the urinary system, while it is most common in women, UTI can occur in both men and women. A total of 719 urine samples were collected from women with UTI admitted to a general hospital in Babylon City, Iraq, between March 2022 and February 2023. Standard laboratory methods were used to culture urine and to diagnose all bacterial isolates that were grown on laboratory media. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to test antibiotic susceptibility. Out of a total of 719 urine samples, 646 urine samples with positive bacterial growth and 73 urine samples without bacterial growth. E.coli was the most predominant bacteria with 309 isolates, K.pneumoniae 112, S.saprophyticus 62, E.faecalis 48, P. aeruginosa 31, S.aureus 20, S.haemolyticus 19, St.agalatiae 16 and C. freundii 8 isolates. E.coli, K.pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa were highly resistance to amoxicillin 25 μg with percentages 81%, 82% and 90% respectively; S.saprophyticus had good resistance to penicillin 6 μg and ampicillin 10 μg with percentages 74%. The most effective antibiotic was imipenem 10μg, which inhibited all bacterial growth.

Gram-Positive Bacteria Increase Breast Implant-Related Complications: Prospective Analysis of 100 Revised Implants.

Breast implant-related complications can be reduced by strict antiseptic precautions during insertion, but bacteria can often be found on implant surfaces on the occasion of revision surgery. The authors prospectively analyzed the association of bacteria found on breast implant surfaces with implant-related complications in breast implant revision cases. The authors analyzed a total of 100 breast implant revisions in 66 patients between August of 2018 and January of 2021. Capsular swabs and capsular samples were taken intraoperatively. Analyses on the occurrence of bacteria and the occurrence of implant-related complications were performed. In addition, correlations between bacteria-contaminated breast implant surfaces and implant-related complications were performed. Implant-related complications (perforation, rupture, capsular contraction) were observed in 42 implant sites: eight unilateral and 34 bilateral cases. In total, 16 swabs showed positive bacterial growth, 10 of which were associated with a breast implant-related complication (χ 2 = x, y, and z; P = 0.006). The most common implant-based complication at contaminated prosthetics was implant rupture. The association of contaminated breast implants and implant rupture was statistically significant. The authors identified a correlation between implant complications and Gram-positive bacteria found on breast implant surfaces. The most common implant-based complication seen at simultaneously positive samples was implant rupture in 50% of the authors' cases. No capsular contraction or other complications were seen. Risk, III.