Positions Of Authority Research Articles

Incest - A Legal Paradox: Point of View in Personal Laws and the Growing Criminal Concerns

Incest means sexual intercourse between a male and a female who are closely linked by blood or affinity provided that such people are prohibited by law to marry or to conduct a sexual activity. Though the majority in the society treat this as an immoral act, the law does not have the strong stand over incest. Nevertheless, an act becomes a crime when it is expressly declared to be a crime under the legislation, not just because of an act which is immoral. Even though Section 376(2)(f ) talks about incest in a implied way by having this wordings “being a relative, guardian or teacher of, or a position of trust or authority towards woman ,commits rape on such woman”, that provision was found to be ineffective because of less number of cases being reported on that arena according to statistics. And punishing the accused under Rape is found to be inappropriate because of the key difference called “trust” because rape is committed by a person who is unknown and incest is committed by a person who holds a position of trust. Therefore, an amendment have to be brought in IPC or any criminal legislation which separately have a provision for incest. The basic object behind this paper is an attempt to critically examine the legality of the incestuous relationship in the personal laws and analyse the reporting of cases pertaining to incest according to statistics and suggesting the lawmakers to make an amendment which provides an effective provision for incest.

The social life of precision instruments: artisans’ trials in early-modern England, 1550–1700

ABSTRACT This paper examines the role of mathematical instrument makers in establishing a public culture of precision measurement in early-modern England. I argue that this culture was promoted through trials and demonstrations, in the context of which artisans held a privileged position. The trials described here cover land surveying, the measurement of magnetic variation, and standards of measurement for customs and excise. These trials were decisive moments in the ‘cultural biographies’ of precision instruments. I ask how it was that instrument makers were able to assume positions of authority, and what this means for our understanding of the socio-material system of precision measurement in the early-modern period, and the contemporary rise of ‘experimental’ and ‘philosophical’ trials. Because practical mathematics was a self-consciously economic activity – motivated by trade, commerce, exploration and colonization – direct connections to natural philosophy are significant, a point explored in my conclusion.

The perspectives of agents working in positions of authority within health sector organisations regarding the involvement of experts by experience with an intellectual disability: An exploratory study

ABSTRACT Background In this study, agents working in positions of authority within health sector organisations shared their perspectives concerning both the involvement of experts by experience with intellectual disabilities within their own organisations and their recommendations as to how best to involve experts by experience in policy and practice. Method Using purposive sampling, eight agents were selected for semi-structured interviews. The interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Results The results indicated the importance of involving experts by experience. However, they also highlighted several barriers such as a lack of emphasis on genuine attention, insufficient visibility and recognition of expertise, and a lack of support for sustainable inclusion. Conclusions Agents are willing to involve experts by experience in health sector organisations, but practical challenges hindered them from actually doing so. This study emphasises the importance to find solutions for better inclusion in policies.

'Enter the Memory': Interactivity, Authorship, and the Empowered Spectator in the Digital Audio-Visual Essays of Chris Marker

This article theorizes the cinematic essay as a fluid, self-reflexive form which addresses the spectator directly in order to engage them in an intellectual process of dialogical exchange. Because it encourages the active involvement of the viewer in the determination of essayistic meaning, the cinematic essay challenges traditional models of authorship. Asopposed to relaying information to a passive viewer from a position of authority and omniscience, the cinematic essayist offers tentative thoughts and ruminations which the spectator is called upon to critically think through and use as the foundation for their own essayistic reflections. The evolution of digital filmmaking technologies over the past few decades has opened new creative avenues through which cinematic essayists may construct interactive viewing situations andtreat the spectator as an empowered co-creator of artistic meaning. Thisarticle focuses on two of Chris Marker’s late-period worksto examine the relationship between dialogical exchange, interactive spectatorship,and the capabilities of the digital database: Immemory (1997)and Ouvroir (2012). In these works, Marker carries overhis career-long impulse towards dialogism to the realm of the digitized database, composingintricate, intermedial constellations of archival materials which theviewer may peruse in whatever order they please. Rejecting the fixed sequential ordering of causal film editing, as well as the strict classificatory systems of chronological archiving, Marker embraces new media to enable the spectator to traverse historical time through a dynamic, rhizomatic structure which fosters the forging of dynamic and individualized intertextual linkages. 

Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Kriminalisasi Jabatan Notaris Ditinjau Dari Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris

In essence, the function of the Notary's position is to provide services to the public in making authentic deeds and the Notary is not an interested part in the deed being made, but only as consolidates or records in writing a legal action from the interested parties. However, nowadays, due to increasingly complex legal issues, the position of Notary Public is often criminalized, namely appointing or making an act that was not originally a criminal act into an act that can be punished, the act in question includes the authority of the Notary position which the Notary tries to implement in accordance with statutory regulations. which applies in Indonesia. The formulation of the problem in this research is how legal protection against the criminalization of Notary authority is reviewed based on the Law on Notary Positions. The aim of this research is to analyze and describe how the legal protection of Notary's authority occurs if there is a form of criminalization of the authority of public officials reviewed based on the Law on the Position of Notaries. This type of research uses normative juridical research. The result of this discussion is that there is still a need for some form of legal protection against the criminalization of Notary's authority because in the Notary's Position Law there are no strong regulations protecting the authority of Notaries in carrying out their position if there is a conflict of regulations or interests

Perceptions of women in authority positions: The role of warmth and competence

Background Warmth has been shown to disproportionately affect how we perceive women socially, resulting in different standards for men and women in authority roles that emphasize competence. Methods We conducted two studies to determine whether warmth-related traits play a more central role in the evaluations of female lecturers than in their male counterparts such that women are disproportionately “punished” in perceivers’ eyes for lacking warmth, but not rewarded for possessing it. In Study 1, we assessed university students’ ratings of their male and female lecturers’ warmth and competence traits and compared them with their overall evaluations of those lecturers. In Study 2 we followed this up by analysing the warmth- and competence-related word frequency in Rate My Professor reviews of male and female lecturers. Results We found that when lecturers received low warmth ratings, this rating was much more integral to how female lecturers were evaluated on other dimensions than it was for male lecturers, while at high levels of warmth there was no gender difference. This provided some support for the idea that women are “punished” for lacking warmth traits while men are not. In study 2, we found that references to several warmth-related traits followed a pattern where reviews of men and women did not differ on the positive end of the trait spectrum, but women were more likely than men to be referred to with words on the negative end of the same spectrum, once again suggesting that women may be more likely than men to be punished for lacking warmth (but not necessarily praised for possessing it). Conclusions Overall, these studies provide some support for the idea that women in authority are viewed disproportionately negatively for lacking warmth and set the basis for future research into the role of warmth in evaluating high-status women.

Effect of corruption on achievement of construction project goals

In order to gain illicit benefits or abuse power for one's own benefit, corruption is a type of dishonesty or a criminal offense committed by a person or organization in a position of authority. This study examined the effect of corruption on achievement of construction project goals. This study collected data through the use of structured questionnaire that were administered to registered professionals in Ondo State. The target population comprises of Quantity Surveyors, Architects, Builders, and Engineer. Sixty-one questionnaires were administered; fifty questionnaires were retrieved from professionals. The data retrieved were analyzed using descriptive statistics, mean score response analysis frequency and percentages. The study concluded that the three major effect of corruption on achievement of construction project are: increase in cost of materials, high cost of the construction project as results of inflated price of bill of quantities and un-realistic claims during the course of execution of the project, creation of monopoly and also it was concluded that corruption is having major effects on cost more than on quality, client’s satisfaction, time, safety. Moreover, the study recommends that corruption should be eradicated in order to prevent increase in the cost of materials, high cost of the construction project as results of inflated price of bill of quantities and un-realistic claims during the course of execution of the project, creation of monopoly.

Can Woman Leaders Shatter the Glass Ceiling? A Systematic Literature Review

Gender equality is an essential aspect of human rights. However, gender-based discrimination is widespread to different degrees in many international organizations, including Indonesia. Currently, gender-related issues center around inequalities in situations and responsibilities between males and females, with females facing significant barriers to achieving positions of high authority. This inquiry aims to provide evidence of the efficacy of female leaders in promoting gender equality, with a specific focus on instances in Indonesia. This research is based on secondary data obtained from the Scopus database, specifically acquired using the keyword 'women's leadership' and the document study approach. The text is free from grammatical, spelling, and punctuation problems, and the content remains unaltered. After screening 1,129 papers, a total of 23 were selected for analysis using the Miles and Huberman methodology. The wording used is clear, concise, and unbiased, utilizing a formal style and accurate vocabulary. The material follows established norms for structure and formatting, including the use of standardized citation and footnote formats. The data suggest that women in Indonesia have made advancements in terms of their roles, positions, careers, and leadership achievements, despite facing ongoing obstacles from patriarchal society and cultural standards. Within this particular framework, preconceptions pertaining to the presumed vulnerabilities of female leaders have been discredited. These women have demonstrated their ability to adjust to changing environments, exerted a positive impact, prioritized the well-being of employees, encouraged intellectual growth, developed strategies for organizational development, shown responsiveness to change, improved organizational performance, stimulated innovation and creativity, facilitated flexibility for change, and actively promoted sustainable development. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2023-04-04-09 Full Text: PDF

Addressing Native Hawaiian historical trauma: Opportunities for increased economic, environmental, and social advancement

Many people view Hawaiʻi as a tropical paradise where people can relax on idyllic beaches. However, for many Native Hawaiians, the Indigenous people of Hawaiʻi, the desire to continue to reside in their homelands has become impossible. Native Hawaiians have lower socio-economic status, home ownership, and educational attainment compared to non-Hawaiians. Simultaneously, Native Hawaiians have higher rates of chronic disease, asthma, and mental health issues, which impact their quality of life. Despite efforts to address these stubborn problems, the gap between the Indigenous Native Hawaiian community and those that settled these islands continue to exist. Native Hawaiian scholars have attributed these persistent challenges to the historical trauma that the community has experienced and continues to experience stemming from the mass trauma events of colonization. Although the community acknowledges the heavy impact that historical trauma has had on Native Hawaiians, many policymakers and individuals in position of authority have expressed a need for evidence of this concept. This project seeks to develop a scale to measure Native Hawaiian historical trauma to support evaluation and advocacy efforts. Moreover, healing Native Hawaiian historical trauma would facilitate increased economic mobility, improved environmental policies, and an enriched social advancement.

Confronting Propaganda

Education is facing a critical threat as those in positions of authority utilize propaganda to advance and promote an exclusionary worldview that serves their own interests. This essay focuses on one such misinformation campaign, which seeks to limit the rights of transgender individuals, including their very existence—a cause championed by right-wing politicians. The paper investigates how the American educational system fuels discrimination towards marginalized bodies, particularly transgender people, and suggests performative pedagogy as a strategy to counteract this oppression.
 The essay begins by examining how the concept of performative pedagogy is used in contemporary drag shows and how deeply ingrained the idea of white supremacy is in transgender oppression. Through case studies, the paper shows how performative pedagogy serves as a powerful counter to the fundamental ideology of hatred. It explains how, through performative pedagogy, marginalized voices can be strengthened and serve as an effective communication tool for influencing society’s future by expressing what cannot be spoken through actions. This study argues that equipping today’s children with performative pedagogy enables them to withstand the challenges that they may face and helps them become more resilient in the face of difficulties. It draws attention to the fundamental responsibility of educators to teach for the benefit of society and to provide students with the skills necessary to face and overcome the challenges that will be used against them. Through the embracement of performative pedagogy, contemporary society can raise and foster a generation that actively opposes the oppressive forces that are reinforced and perpetuated by those in power.

FakePoI: A Large-Scale Fake Person of Interest Video Detection Benchmark and a Strong Baseline

Deepfake technique can synthesize realistic images, audios, and videos, facilitating the thriving of entertainment, education, healthcare, and other industries. However, its abuse may pose potential threats to personal privacy, social stability, and even national security. Therefore, the development of deepfake detection methods is attracting more and more attention. Existing works mainly focus on the detection of common videos for entertainment purposes. In contrast, fake videos maliciously synthesized for Person of Interest (PoI, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i.e</i> ., who is in an authoritative position and has broadly public influences) are much more harmful to society because of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">celebrity endorsement</i> . However, there is no particular benchmark for driving related research in the community. Motivated by this observation, we present the first large-scale benchmark dataset, named <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FakePoI</i> , to enable the research on fake PoI detection. It contains numerous fake videos of important people from all walks of life, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e.g</i> ., police chiefs, city mayors, famous artists, and well-known Internet bloggers. In summary, our <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FakePoI</i> includes 11,092 synthesized videos where only a few clips rather than the entire are fake. Previous fake detection algorithms deteriorate heavily or even fail on our <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FakePoI</i> due to two main challenges. On the one hand, the rich diversity of our fake videos makes it pretty difficult to find universally applicable patterns for detection. On the other hand, the high credibility contributed by the presence of real frames easily confuses a common detector. To tackle these challenges, we present an amplifier framework, highlighting the feature gap between real and generated video frames. Specifically, we present a quadruplet loss to narrow the distance of all real PoIs and meanwhile push away each real and fake PoI in embedding space. We implement our framework and conduct extensive experiments on the proposed benchmark. The quantitative results demonstrate that our approach outperforms existing methods significantly, setting a strong baseline on <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FakePoI</i> . The qualitative analysis also shows its superiority. We will release our dataset and code at https://github.com/cslltian/deepfake-detection to encourage future research on this valuable area.

Bibliometric and visual analysis of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension from 2013 to 2022

Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) is caused by chronic persistent hypoxia, which leads to the continuous increase of pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in research on HPH. To study the trends of HPH research over the last decade, we used WOSCC to search for relevant research on this topic, and dealt with the relevant information using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and R-tool. Our results show that the number of publications on HPH has generally increased in the last decade, albeit not significantly, while the average number of citations has been declining year by year. Researchers from the USA top the list with 5498 publications, who widely cooperate with researchers from other countries, followed by those from China. Kurt R. Stenmark has an authoritative position in this field, ranking first with 635 citations. American Journal of Physiology Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pulmonary Circulation have published 151 articles on HPH in the last 10 years, but the former has higher impact factor and article quality. Circulation proved its leadership in this field with 8812 citations. Our findings reveal the trends in HPH research and should provide researchers with plenty of useful information.

Gender Based Violence: Psychosocial, Economic and Physical Impacts and Proposed Mitigating Measures

Gender-Based-Violence is the use of physical force or physical power to threaten an individual or group of people that you will harm or kill them. It is more common within the patriarchy system where men fill positions of authority and generally belief that what is good is associated with norms of masculinity and the focus is within themselves and for their actions. In Botswana GBV is common with 67 % of women having experienced some form of GBV in their lifetime. 44% of men also admitted having perpetrated violence against women at one time in their lives. The World Health Organization (WHO) classified GBV into sexual, physical or emotional violence. The psychosocial effects of GBV include intense guilt, bearing the responsibility for the problems that have happened, enduring the illtreatments quietly and shamefully without retaliation. Victims experience overwhelmingly chronic anxiety, uncertainty, and distress over their own situation as they are expected to retain the socially acceptable appearance of being strong. Economically, they incur out-of-pocket expenditures that are normally unbudgeted for, while physically they are exposed to all kinds of injuries and aches, sometimes permanent deformities. GBV requires multi-disciplinary approach to mitigate. This can start from individual to government level.

Jugaad Authorities

This article analyzes the figures of four contemporary Sufi peers who have established a formally unrecognized yet authoritative position despite their lack of ties to established Sufi transmission lineages or access to either symbolic or concrete capital. These peers operate in the lower strata of Delhi's urban society, in ‘economies of despair’, composed of concentric circles of unfavourable life circumstances, limited resources, under-recognition and the deepening communal divide.&#x0D; Through a methodological combination ­of ethnography, participatory observation and textual analysis I examine their life trajectories to better understand the ways in which hyperlocal peers craft jugaad (improvised) authorities­­­­­; the issue of space–the aspiration to exert power over a shrine and the transformation of the space, in some cases, from concrete to virtual. Finally, I address the transformations in peer-mureedi relations in the neoliberal era through the prism of the consumer society.

Fake kindness, caring and symbolic violence.

The article starts by offering a definition of fake kindness focused on the dissociation between the behavioural components of kindness and the intent to sincerely pay some heed to the needs of others. Using the sociological theory of Pierre Bourdieu, this definition is then used to articulate how fake kindness can be conceptualized as a specific form of symbolic violence. Such a view allows explanations as to how and why the prevalence and effectiveness of fake kindness vary according to microsociological norms and values. The generic definition and conceptualization of fake kindness as a form of symbolic violence are then used to discuss how nursing's enthrallment with the concept of caring and its operationalization as a moral compass likely fosters the growth of fake kindness within the profession. In this view, the institutional enforcement of propriety and well-behaved professionalism is more likely to lead to toxic environments than to healthy workplaces. We hope that being able to understand how professional norms and institutional rules are sometimes turned into social tools to enforce obedience and existing hierarchies can empower victims of those phenomena to resist them more effectively. It might also contribute to increasing the awareness of well-meaning nurses or people in position of authority who have been socialized in environments where fake kindness is normalized.

An Assessment of Medical Doctors - Nurses Collaborative Working Relationship and Associated Factors Towards Improving Clients ' Healthcare in ATB University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi

The study was carried on the assessment of medical doctors' - nurses' perception on their collaborative working relationship and associated factors towards improving client’s health care problems in ATBU Teaching Hospital Bauchi. It adopted a descriptive survey research design and collected data from medical personnel in ATB University Teaching Hospital Bauchi. The number of respondents used in this study was 720 doctors and nurses. Out of this population, sample of 254 respondents were selected in this study based on stratified proportionate sampling and the accidental sampling techniques. The instrument for data collection used in this study was a structured questionnaire. It was validated and a pilot study was carried on 30 doctors and nurses in Specialist hospital in Bauchi metropolis. A reliability coefficient of 98 of the instrument was obtained. The result shows that nurses and doctors perceived their working relationship positively and that nurses’ and doctors’ responsibilities is collaborative and complimentary to each other. Factors that influences positive working relationship between doctors and nurses the study discovered, include effective mutual respect and trust, and effective communication. In addition, the study also discovered that providing opportunities for joint training programs and workshops between doctors and nurses will encourage mutual respect and recognition, and will improve the collaborative working relationship between them. However, majority of the respondents did not believe that all the positions of authority in the hospital should be held by the medical doctors.

“They Are Perfect Victims”—A Qualitative Study Examining Elder Care Professionals’ Perceptions of Elder Maltreatment

Many older vulnerable adults live in care facilities or are in frequent contact with healthcare professionals, which in this article means professionals specializing in elder care such as nurses, social workers, and specialized elder care ombudspersons. Healthcare professionals are in a position of authority and can strongly influence the well-being of older vulnerable adults in their care. This article examines how such healthcare professionals perceive elder maltreatment and its contributing factors. A total of 25 elder healthcare professionals working in the United States were interviewed about what types of maltreatment they have observed working in healthcare facilities and the reasons to which they attribute this maltreatment. The findings in this study highlight two major themes in what healthcare professionals perceive impact the occurrence of elder maltreatment. The first theme reflects factors related to the individual care worker such as organizational and private stressors and healthcare professionals’ mental state, attitudes, and training. The other theme reveals that characteristics of the older vulnerable adults such as reduced capabilities and combativeness can, according to the healthcare professionals, contribute to maltreatment occurring. Implications of these findings and future research avenues are also discussed.

The Urgency of Presidential Institution Regulations in Strengthening the Presidential Government System

The existence and authority of the executive, legislative and judicial institutions are regulated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, then regulated in more detail in the law, except for the President. There is no law on presidential institutions yet, so there is concern that the President will exceed or abuse his authority in carrying out his duties. This research discusses the importance of regulating presidential institutions in strengthening the presidential system. The research approach was normative juridical; examining legal rules or regulations as a building system related to a legal event. The data used were secondary data in the forms of primary and secondary legal materials. Based on the results of the analysis, it is concluded that: 1) the regulation of presidential institutions is only found in the Constitution. There is no description of the position and division of authority between the President and Vice President and other positions in the presidential institution. 2) The position of the Vice President is as assistant to the President, and the Vice President replaces the President when the President dies, resigns, is dismissed, or is unable to carry out his obligations during his term of office. 3) Regulation of presidential institutions in strengthening the presidential government system is very urgent to prevent arbitrary actions by the President and to provide clarity on the authority of positions within the presidential realm so that they can carry out their duties well in supporting the President as head of state and head of government. With clear arrangements, each person has responsibilities, and there will be no overlapping of authority.

No Dramas: Using applied theatre to explore youth health issues in regional Central Queensland.

Young people in a regional Central Queensland community identified concerns related to their health and health behaviours, but have limited access to health information. To explore the youth health perspectives and priorities of young people in regional Queensland and identify how young people prefer to access health information. A participatory action research approach, using applied theatre methods and technology. The key challenges to youth health in regional Queensland identified by participants were substance use, in particular vaping, and bullying. Short-form social media videos are an effective channel for communicating youth health information, but to do so must closely align with the predominant formats and trends on social media platforms. Young people are not likely to read health information in printed form. Effective communication is the key to empowering young people to make decisions regarding their health behaviours. Our research shows that young people tend to share with other young people, and they are less likely to listen to older people and those in positions of authority. Health concerns raised ranged from cyberbullying and peer pressure to vaping, alcohol and chroming. Young people are more likely to engage with information that reflects their lived experience. The research concludes that we need to reconsider how information is provided for young people. Ways to empower young people and their voices via their preferred genre and format, not only to inform their health behaviours but also other aspects of their lives, is imperative.

What does it mean to follow? A critique of the followership literature and a conceptual model of the emergence of downward following.

What does it mean to follow? In this paper, we systematically review the followership literature for the period 2017-2021. Our review shows that the followership literature suffers from three major issues that limit its validity. The followership field is dominated by a role-based approach equating direct reports with followers; empirical studies fail to study actual following behaviors, and there are no studies of downward following, which we define as any behavior or effort aimed at achieving a shared goal, carried out by an individual in a position of formal power who is influenced by one or more individuals in a position of inferior authority. Our manuscript builds on the process approach to study what it means to follow. We argue that the followership field needs to study actual followership behaviors at the micro "interaction episodes" and rely on quantitative behavioral coding. We then propose a conceptual, multi-level model that details antecedents and boundary conditions of the emergence of downward following. We conclude by discussing the organizational implications of our approach and model.