Word Position Research Articles

Auditory Analysis of Segmental Phonemes in Kubeisa Iraqi Arabic with Reference to Standard English and Modern Standard Arabic

In this study, a dialect of Iraqi that is spoken in the western Iraqi town of Kubeisa is examined. With regard to Standard English and Modern Standard Arabic, it does an auditory analysis for phonemes in isolation which include consonants and vowels. It has not previously given significant attention by scholars despite having a range of phonological features compared to other dialects spoken in western Iraq in particular and Iraq in general. This may be because Kubeisa is a small town located outside of metropolitan areas and is still considered a "virgin territory," necessitating analysis and research into the dialect used by its residents in relation to SE and MSA. The auditory analysis of the segmental phonemes of KIA with reference to SE and MSA was the focus of the current study's explanatory qualitative design, which involved gathering and analyzing qualitative data. The analysis of taped content, comprising sentences and words said by KIA speakers using a tape-recording equipment, is the focus of the current work. According to Peter Roach's idea of the segmental phonemes, which is a branch of segmental phonology, speech is broken down into phonemes (or segmental phonemes), which generally correspond to the phonetic components of the examined speech. In order to determine how this dialect differs from Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and how it differs from the utterances chosen for examination, MSA was also consulted in this research.
 For this empirical study, the spontaneous speech of people who speak KIA was recorded in a natural setting. Relevant conclusions were reached based on the data analysis and findings. There are specific characteristics that set KIA apart from SE. This thesis found that speakers of KIA use CCs in middle positions of words more often than in initial or ending positions, that MSA and KIA speakers use less vowel sounds than speakers of SE.

Learning Arabic For Children (Analysis of the Application of the Amtsilati Method to MIT Nurul Islam Semarang)

Arabic language learning for children in urban areas is far from ideal. Arabic in Indonesia is commonly identified with Pesantren and does not receive enough attention in urban areas. However, at MI Nurul Islam Semarang City, Arabic language learning for children gets enough attention from the founding father. Parents through committees often hold meetings to discuss children's learning achievements, including Arabic. One of the forms of attempt is to apply the Amtsilati method in Arabic language learning. The Amtsilati method is an alternative for Arabic teachers to make it easier for children to understand grammatical and word form in Arabic. To find out the information, researchers use field-based qualitative research methods with a descriptive approach. The required data is obtained by observation, interview, and documentation. The study found that the Amtsilati method is based on memorizing Arabic rules through song verses that are equipped with examples and adjusted to the level of children's abilities. Using this method, students who are able to learn Arabic well can even explain the arrangement and position of words in Arabic sentences. So that this finding becomes a recommendation for Arabic teachers so it can be used in Arabic learning, especially for learning Arabic grammar.

Mandarin lexical tone duration: Impact of speech style, word length, syllable position and prosodic position

This study aims to increase our knowledge of Mandarin lexical tone duration in continuous Mandarin speech. Related variation factors such as the number of syllable(s) in word, the position of syllable in word, its prosodic position and speech style were also explored. Large corpora of casual and journalistic speech (total ∼1000 hours) were used. More than 90% of the words (tokens) used in spoken Mandarin are monosyllabic and disyllabic words. In casual speech, 67% of the wordtokens are monosyllabic and 30% of the word-tokens are disyllabic. In journalistic speech, however, disyllabic words (49%) are more frequently used than monosyllabic words (45%). Tone 4 is the most frequently used tone among the four lexical tones in both casual (34%) and journalistic (36%) speech. Tone 1, Tone 2 and Tone 3 have similar occurrence frequencies in causal speech. Tone 3 appears to be the least frequently used tone in journalistic speech. With regard to tone duration, the results show that Tone 2 tends to have the shortest duration in causal speech and Tone 3 appears to have the longest duration in journalistic speech. Nonetheless, the studied variation factors (number of syllable(s) in word, position of syllable in word and prosodic position) are all found to influence the duration of Mandarin lexical tones, for both causal speech and journalistic speech. Tone durations in monosyllabic words appear to be closer to those of word-final syllables than to other syllable positions in multi-syllabic words. In terms of prosodic position, tone duration tends to increase with higher prosodic level in both casual and journalistic speech. Regardless of tone nature and speech style, the longest tone duration is in phrase-final position, followed by word-final and then word-medial position. Regional variety for tone duration is explored using casual speech productions from speakers of five major cities of North and South-East China, namely Beijing, Shanghai, Wuxi, Suzhou and Nanjing.

THE MECHANISM OF SEMANTIC ANALYSIS IN LINGUISTIC TEXTS THE POEM "SANEA AL-NUJOOM" BY THE POET AHMED JARALLAH YASSIN AS A MODEL

Most of our students find some difficulties in analyzing linguistic texts, especially those who do not have neither linguistic talent nor intuition, and we must find an easy way to benefit them, so I did not find easier than asking questions using the interrogative tool (why), and after answering them, Starting with the lexical domain: the reason for choosing a word instead of its synonym, and looking at its exact meaning, sounds, and syllables, and the morphological domain: the reason for choosing a morphological form instead of another, such as the "base noun" instead of "increased noun" or "increased with a letter" instead of "increased with two letters", or "with a hamza" instead of "with double", and so on., And the grammatical domain: the reason for choosing a grammatical structure instead of another, such as submission and delay, the use of the nominal phrase instead of the verb phrase and vice versa, or to use of the addition instead of the omission, and so on. We must mention that any change in any of these domains affects the phonemic aspect, as synonyms have different sounds, and morphological forms may also change by changing their sounds, their sounds may increase, decrease, or change the sound syllables change in terms of type and number as well. The same is the case with changing grammatical structures, as the positions of words and their diacritics may change, and they are phonemes. The analysis mechanism develops linguistic skills and teaches the ability to distinguish the linguistic image at all linguistic levels. Language is not an ordinary means of communication, but rather a means that reveals the feelings that are hidden within the human soul and expresses them as body language, to reach the recipient. If he is a skilled linguist, he will understand that more than others. Based on this, we chose a recent linguistic text by the Iraqi poet Professor Dr. Ahmed Jarallah Yassin, an instructor at the Faculty of Arts at the University of Mosul in Iraq. The reason we chose this poem is that it simulates the life of those who lived in Iraq in the seventies, a difficult, dangerous, sad, painful, frightening life full of problems and worries that kill hope and wish to end the war and let love replace all that befalls destruction, devastation, ignorance, disease, and poverty, even children’s games were only weapons, which do not pay a price for human life and do not develop the spirit of help, but rather encourage revenge and killing. Key words: Semantic Analysis, The Poet Ahmed Jarallah Yassin, The Poem "Sanea AlNujoom

ЛАБІОДЕНТАЛЬНА ТА АЛЬВЕОЛЯРНА ДЗВІНКІ ЩІЛИННІ: ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ВИМОВИ В НАЦІОНАЛЬНИХ ВАРІАНТАХ НІМЕЦЬКОЇ МОВИ

The present paper deals with the synchronic variation of the labiodental and alveolar fricative phonemes in the national varieties of German in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Our research task was to describe the full range of modifications of these fricatives in the national varieties under investigation and to determine two conditional factors: 1) which modifications are due to positional and combinatorial conditions of sound realization; 2) which modifications can be taken to be typical of these national varieties of German. The data collected are based on the acoustic analysis of reproductive speech (a reading of short stories by Leonhard Thoma) of 12 German teachers from Northern Germany, from the Vienna area and from the cantons of Aargau and Lucerne. Our results showed that the frequent loss of tone by the lax labiodental fricative [v̥] mostly depends on the positional and combinatorial conditions of its realization and can be observed mainly in the positions of the absolute beginning of the phonetic word and after voiceless consonants in all the national varieties under investigation. The realization of the lax alveolar fricative /z/ in the speech of the German is also dependent on its position and the sound context. Instead, in the speech of the Austrians and the German Swiss the voiceless allophone of the lax alveolar fricative [z̥] prevails regardless of its position in the phonetic word and sound context. Therefore, the occurrence of this allophone can be taken to be typical of these national varieties of German.

WORD ORDER PROCESSING IN GERMAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

In an experiment on processing effort in sentence comprehension, preference hypotheses on word order and relative clause position were tested in German as a second or foreign language. The experiment involved 62 Slovenian students of German studies in Maribor as participants. The linguistic material consisted of 16 utterances, each with a main clause and a relative clause and each of them a subject-initial or object-initial. The relative clause could occur either after the first or second noun phrase. The procedure used was the self-paced reading paradigm. After each test unit, the participants were asked a comprehension question, either about the subject of the main clause or about the subject of the relative clause. The experiment confirmed the hypotheses that response accuracy to a comprehension question was higher when a clause was subject-initial and when the relative clause occurred after the first noun phrase of the main clause. The experiment did not confirm the assumed interaction between word order and position of the relative clause.

Relation Extraction in Biomedical Texts Based on Multi-Head Attention Model With Syntactic Dependency Feature: Modeling Study.

With the rapid expansion of biomedical literature, biomedical information extraction has attracted increasing attention from researchers. In particular, relation extraction between 2 entities is a long-term research topic. This study aimed to perform 2 multiclass relation extraction tasks of Biomedical Natural Language Processing Workshop 2019 Open Shared Tasks: relation extraction of Bacteria-Biotope (BB-rel) task and binary relation extraction of plant seed development (SeeDev-binary) task. In essence, these 2 tasks are aimed at extracting the relation between annotated entity pairs from biomedical texts, which is a challenging problem. Traditional research methods adopted feature- or kernel-based methods and achieved good performance. For these tasks, we propose a deep learning model based on a combination of several distributed features, such as domain-specific word embedding, part-of-speech embedding, entity-type embedding, distance embedding, and position embedding. The multi-head attention mechanism is used to extract the global semantic features of an entire sentence. Meanwhile, we introduced a dependency-type feature and the shortest dependency path connecting 2 candidate entities in the syntactic dependency graph to enrich the feature representation. Experiments show that our proposed model has excellent performance in biomedical relation extraction, achieving F1 scores of 65.56% and 38.04% on the test sets of the BB-rel and SeeDev-binary tasks. Especially in the SeeDev-binary task, the F1 score of our model is superior to that of other existing models and achieves state-of-the-art performance. We demonstrated that the multi-head attention mechanism can learn relevant syntactic and semantic features in different representation subspaces and different positions to extract comprehensive feature representation. Moreover, syntactic dependency features can improve the performance of the model by learning dependency relation between the entities in biomedical texts.

Stratification effects without morphological strata, syllable counting effects without counts – modelling English stress assignment with Naive Discriminative Learning

Stress position in English words is well-known to correlate with both their morphological properties and their phonological organisation in terms of non-segmental, prosodic categories like syllable structure. While two generalisations capturing this correlation, directionality and stratification, are well established, the exact nature of the interaction of phonological and morphological factors in English stress assignment is a much debated issue in the literature. The present study investigates if and how directionality and stratification effects in English can be learned by means of Naive Discriminative Learning, a computational model that is trained using error-driven learning and that does not make any a-priori assumptions about the higher-level phonological organisation and morphological structure of words. Based on a series of simulation studies we show that neither directionality nor stratification need to be stipulated as a-priori properties of words or constraints in the lexicon. Stress can be learned solely on the basis of very flat word representations. Morphological stratification emerges as an effect of the model learning that informativity with regard to stress position is unevenly distributed across all trigrams constituting a word. Morphological affix classes like stress-preserving and stress-shifting affixes are, hence, not predefined classes but sets of trigrams that have similar informativity values with regard to stress position. Directionality, by contrast, emerges as spurious in our simulations; no syllable counting or recourse to abstract prosodic representations seems to be necessary to learn stress position in English.

The implementation of the ‘Testing of Phonological Skills (TOPS)’ tool: a computer-based phonological analysis algorithm

ABSTRACT A computer-based algorithm was used for phonological analysis of Cypriot Greek (CG) word productions elicited from a sample of typically developing (TD) CG-speaking children. Specific focus was on (a) creating a complete CG phonetic and phonological test; (2) implementing a novel computer-based algorithm in the analysis of selected speech stimuli from CG-speaking TD children; and (3) examining independent and relational speech patterns based on the computer-based algorithm. The probe word list consisted of 182 target words and included all CG consonants in all word positions. Normative data were collected on a representative sample of 20 TD CG-speaking children aged 3;0 to 6;0 years. Productions were phonetically transcribed and inserted into the computer algorithm for automatic data reduction of measurable dependent variables including the percentage of consonants correct (PCC), phonetic inventory size (PIS), word-initial onset deletion (IOD), and Regressive Assimilation (RASS). Correlation analyses revealed significant interactions among phonetic and phonological patterns as well as predictive relationships of PCC and segmental word-position. The implementation of this specific probe word list permitted a homogeneous and inclusive sampling analysis. Participants presented specific developmental trajectories of segmental and phonological patterns as a function of age.

Sector-level sentiment analysis with deep learning

This paper presents new machine learning methods in the context of natural language processing (NLP) to extract useful information from financial news. Traditional NLP approaches, which are based on the use of lexicons or standard machine learning algorithms, ignore the importance of word position and combinations in texts, thereby resulting in low performance. More recently, NLP empowered by deep learning has achieved remarkable results in various tasks such as sentiment analysis. This paper proposes a deep learning solution for sentiment analysis, which is trained exclusively on financial news and combines multiple recurrent neural networks. Subsequently, our sentiment analysis models are enhanced using a semi-supervised learning method that relies on the detection and correction of presumably mislabeled data. The performance of our proposed solution compared favorably against both traditional and state-of-the-art models based on its performance on previously unseen tweet data. Additionally, this study provides a novel research on the prediction of specific economic sectors affected by news articles. Finally, we propose an ensemble of sentiment and sector models to provide a sector-level sentiment analysis with potential applications in the context of sector fund indices.

Trigonometric words ranking model for spam message classification

AbstractThe significant increase in the volume of fake (spam) messages has led to an urgent need to develop and implement a robust anti‐spam method. Several of the current anti‐spam systems depend mainly on the word order of the message in determining the spam message, which results in the system's inability to predict the correct type of message when the word order changes. In this paper, a new framework is proposed for anti‐spam filtering that does not depend on the word's position in the message, called the Trigonometric Words Ranking Model (TWRM). The proposed TWRM is based on restricting spammers over the network by measuring a theta angle, which is a relationship between message weight and spam. TWRM classifies messages by calculating the rank of each word that places the corresponding message in the correct class. The rank of words is derived from their frequency in the entire data category. The proposed method is applied to three datasets of spam messages: UCI spam email, Enron spam, and TREC spam data. The proposed model is proven as more efficient than the Minhash and vector space models. Moreover, the TWRM performance provided better retrieval time and defence, which is reflected in the accuracy of (99.64%), which is higher than that of Minhash (88.79%) and vector space (92.59%).

Beyond the Transformer: A Novel Polynomial Inherent Attention (PIA) Model and Its Great Impact on Neural Machine Translation.

This paper describes a novel polynomial inherent attention (PIA) model that outperforms all state-of-the-art transformer models on neural machine translation (NMT) by a wide margin. PIA is based on the simple idea that natural language sentences can be transformed into a special type of binary attention context vectors that accurately capture the semantic context and the relative dependencies between words in a sentence. The transformation is performed using a simple power-of-two polynomial transformation that maintains strict consistent positioning of words in the resulting vectors. It is shown how this transformation reduces the neural machine translation process to a simple neural polynomial regression model that provides excellent solutions to the alignment and positioning problems haunting transformer models. The test BELU scores obtained on the WMT-2014 data set are 75.07 BELU for the EN-FR data set and 66.35 BELU for the EN-DE data set—well above accuracies achieved by state-of-the-art transformer models for the same data sets. The improvements are, respectively, 65.7% and 87.42%.

An Earthquake Emergency Web Data Cleaning and Classification Method Based on Word Frequency and Position Weighting.

The speed of earthquake emergency web document data cleaning is one of the key factors affecting emergency rescue decision-making. Data classification is the core process of data cleaning, and the efficiency of data classification determines the speed of data cleaning. This article is based on earthquake emergency Web document data and HTML structural features, combined with TF-IDF Algorithm and information calculation model, improves the word frequency factor and location factor parameters, and proposes the weighted frequency algorithm P-TF-IDF for earthquake emergency Web documents. To filter out less frequent words and optimize the FastText model, N-gram Feature word vectors effectively improve the efficiency of Web document data classification; for text classification data, use missing data recognition rules, data classification rules, and data repair rules to design an artificial intelligence-based earthquake emergency network information data cleaning framework to detect invalid data sets value, complete data comparison and redundancy judgment, clean up data conflicts and data errors, and generate a complete data set without duplication. The data cleaning framework not only completes the fusion of earthquake emergency network information but also provides a data foundation for the visualization of earthquake emergency data.

Examination of Consonantal Phonetic Coverage in Standard Reading Passages

Purpose: To be effective for clinical and research purposes, materials for eliciting speech should have phonetic coverage of a language, which necessarily includes both phonemic coverage (including all phonemes) and allophonic coverage (including positional contexts). The purpose of this work was to quantify allophonic coverage in widely used standard passages. Method: A total of 466 allowable contexts for 24 consonants in English were determined by taking into account positional contexts in terms of word positions, lexical stress, and proximity to other phonemes. The Caterpillar, The Grandfather Passage , and The Rainbow Passage were analyzed with respect to their phonetic coverage of these allowable contexts. Results: The standard passages achieved phonemic coverage, but their phonetic coverage was minimal: 24.89% in The Caterpillar , 27.25% in The Grandfather Passage , and 35.84% in The Rainbow Passage . Conclusion: Our analysis of three standard passages suggests the need for new speech materials that provide not only phonemic but also allophonic coverage so that production and perception of consonants can be examined as a function of their positional contexts.

Chinese Children with Congenital and Acquired Blindness Represent Concrete Concepts in Vertical Space through Tactile Perception.

Many studies have tested perceptual symbols in conceptual processing and found that perceptual symbols contain experiences from multisensory channels. However, whether the disability of one sensory channel affects the processing of the perceptual symbols and then affects conceptual processing is still unknown. This line of research would extend the perceptual symbol theory and have implications for language rehabilitation and mental health for people with disabilities. Therefore, the present study filled in this gap and tested whether Chinese children with congenital and acquired blindness have difficulty in recruiting perceptual symbols in the processing of concrete concepts. Experiment 1 used the word-pair-matching paradigm to test whether blind children used vertical space information in understanding concrete word pairs. Experiment 2 used the word-card-pairing paradigm to test the role of tactile experiences in the processing of concrete concepts for blind children. Results found that blind children automatically activated the spatial information of referents in the processing of concepts through the tactile sensory channel even when the visual sensory channel was disabled. This finding supported the compensatory phenomenon of other sensory channels in conceptual representation. In addition, the difference between elementary school blind children and middle school blind children in judging the spatial position of concrete words also indicated the vital influence of perceptual experiences on perceptual symbols in conceptual representation. Interestingly, there were no significant differences between children with congenital or acquired blindness. This might suggest that the compensatory of other sensory channels did not have a sensitive period. This study not only provided new evidence for the perceptual symbol theory but also found that perceptual symbols could be developed by a compensatory mechanism. This compensatory mechanism can be used to develop a rehabilitation program for improving language learning in blind children. Improved language ability in blind children will also improve their mental health problems caused by difficulties in social interaction (e.g., social anxiety).

Memory resources recover gradually over time: The effects of word frequency, presentation rate, and list composition on binding errors and mnemonic precision in source memory.

Normative word frequency has played a key role in the study of human memory, but there is little agreement as to the mechanism responsible for its effects. To determine whether word frequency affects binding probability or memory precision, we used a continuous reproduction task to examine working memory for spatial positions of words. In three experiments, after studying a list of five words, participants had to report the spatial location of one of them on a circle. Across experiments we varied word frequency, presentation rate, and the proportion of low-frequency words on each trial. A mixture model dissociated memory precision, binding failure, and guessing rate parameters from the continuous distribution of errors. On trials that contained only low- or only high-frequency words, low-frequency words led to a greater degree of error in recalling the associated location. This was due to a higher word-location binding failure and not due to differences in memory precision or guessing rates. Slowing down the presentation rate eliminated the word frequency effect by reducing binding failures for low-frequency words. Mixing frequencies in a single trial hurt high-frequency and helped low-frequency words. These findings support the idea that word frequency can lead to both positive and negative mnemonic effects depending on a trade-off between an HF encoding advantage and a LF retrieval cue advantage. We suggest that (1) low-frequency words require more resources for binding, (2) that these resources recover gradually over time, and that (3) binding fails when these resources are insufficient. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Auditory motion as a cue for source segregation and selection in a "cocktail party" listening environment.

Source motion was examined as a cue for segregating concurrent speech or noise sources. In two different headphone-based tasks-motion detection (MD) and speech-on-speech masking (SI)-one source among three was designated as the target only by imposing sinusoidal variation in azimuth during the stimulus presentation. For MD, the lstener was asked which of the three concurrent sources was in motion during the trial. For SI, the listener was asked to report the words spoken by the moving speech source. MD performance improved as the amplitude of the sinusoidal motion (i.e., displacement in azimuth) increased over the range of values tested (±5° to ±30°) for both modulated noise and speech targets, with better performance found for speech. SI performance also improved as the amplitude of target motion increased. Furthermore, SI performance improved as word position progressed throughout the sentence. Performance on the MD task was correlated with performance on SI task across individual subjects. For the SI conditions tested here, these findings are consistent with the proposition that listeners first detect the moving target source, then focus attention on the target location as the target sentence unfolds.

Complexity resolved: profile of a Slovenian child with protracted phonological development over an intervention period

ABSTRACT This paper describes the complex phonological patterns of one Slovenian-speaking girl with protracted phonological development who received phonological intervention. At 4;6, the child’s word length, stress and vowels were age-level, but she showed reduced match levels (accuracy) for syllable structure and consonants. Unusual constraints on word position and sequences, particularly concerning fricatives and stops, resulted in many assimilations, reduplications and metatheses. Addressing these constraints in the first intervention period (to 4;9) led to higher overall accuracy and a transition from less typical to more typical mismatches (“errors”), e.g., sibilant grooving (stridency) and rhotic production as singletons and in clusters. The profile focuses on that initial pre- and post-treatment period, giving a brief overview of the follow-up intervention and outcomes and reflecting on implications for future research and clinical practice. 1 1 The abstract is available in Slovenian language (see Supplementary material).

A Polish five-year-old with protracted phonological development

ABSTRACT This case study examines the phonology of a five-year-old Polish-speaking boy with protracted phonological development. A multi-tier analysis of his phonology revealed that word length, stress patterns, vowels and most consonants were largely compatible with the adult target while coronal consonants requiring fine control of tongue shape (fricatives, affricates, liquids) and most consonant clusters posed difficulty for the child in all word positions. Labial and dorsal features were well-established; in fact, [Labial] outcompeted other places of articulation in problematic sequences of both singletons and clusters. The case profile demonstrates asynchronous development of individual phonological elements and tiers. A proposed treatment plan exploits the child’s strengths to address his needs and minimise the discrepancy between the tiers.

The neurophysiological mechanism of valence-space congruency effect: evidence from spatial Stroop task and event-related EEG features.

Metaphors commonly represent mental representations of abstract concepts. One example is the valence-space metaphor (i.e., positive word-up, negative word-down), which suggests that the vertical position of positive/negative words can modulate the evaluation of word valence. Here, the spatial Stroop task and electroencephalography (EEG) techniques were used to explore the neural mechanism of the valence-space congruency effect in valence-space metaphors. This study showed that the reaction time of the congruent condition (i.e., positive words at the top and negative words at the bottom of the screen) was significantly shorter than that of the incongruent condition (i.e., positive words at the bottom and negative words at the top of the screen), while the accuracy rate of the congruent condition was significantly larger than that of the incongruent condition. The analysis of the amplitudes of event-related potential components revealed that congruency between the vertical position and valence of Chinese words could significantly modulate the amplitude of attention allocation-related P2 component and semantic violations related N400 component. Moreover, statistical tests conducted on the post-stimulus inter-trial phase coherence (ITPC) found that the ITPC value of an alpha band region of interest (8-12Hz, 100-300 ms post-stimulus) in the time-frequency plane of the congruent condition was significantly larger than that of the incongruent condition. Above all, the current study proved the existence of the space-valence congruency effect in Chinese words and provided some interesting neurophysiological mechanisms regarding the valence-space metaphor.