Mouth Position Research Articles

Substantial intraspecific trait variation across a hydrological gradient in northern Australian fishes

AbstractTrait‐based models of ecological communities and ecosystem functioning often fail to account for intraspecific variation in functional traits, assuming that intraspecific variability is negligible compared with interspecific variability. However, this assumption remains poorly tested across vertebrate animals where past studies routinely describe species according to mean trait values without explicit consideration of individual trait variability. We assessed nine functional traits for 4254 individuals belonging to 15 freshwater fish species from 11 families in northern Australia, including body elongation, body shape, caudal peduncle throttle, eye size, eye position, gape shape, gape size, mouth position, and pectoral fin length. We quantified the extent and geography of intraspecific trait variability and its relationship with riverine hydrologic regimes using a structured sampling design. Using a combination of single‐ and multi‐trait analyses, we demonstrate that intraspecific trait variability can contribute up to 70% of the total trait variability depending on the attribute considered and averaged 31% across all traits. The magnitude of intraspecific trait variability also varied across the hydrological permanency gradient. Fish assemblages in intermittent streams subjected to frequent environmental disturbance had high intraspecific trait variability, most likely due to strong abiotic filters limiting interspecific divergence. Conversely, assemblages in perennial rivers with less harsh environmental filters but with a larger pool of species expressed lower intraspecific trait variability: This is most likely due to stronger resource competition (biotic filter), which promotes specialization of resource use and, consequently, interspecific divergence. Our study provides the first evidence of intraspecific trait variability driven by a disturbance gradient for an animal group and points to the need for additional research into the functional importance of intraspecific variability in animal ecology. A better understanding of the patterns, drivers, and implications of intraspecific trait variability will help guide mechanistic‐based predictions of the effects of environmental changes on community assemblage and ecosystem processes.

Can morphometrics help us predict the diet of land planarians?

AbstractThe use of morphometrics for taxonomy and to predict the diet of organisms based on related species has been applied to several groups. In this study, for the first time, we used morphometric data of land planarians to find patterns that could differentiate genera and feeding habits. We examined body shape, pharynx shape, mouth position and the thickness of the cutaneous musculature in 135 species of land planarians. Mouth position was explained, in part, by the position of the dorsal insertion of the pharynx, and transverse circularity by the relative thickness of the cutaneous musculature. The character that best separated genera and diet was the thickness of the cutaneous musculature. A principal components analysis recovered some patterns previously revealed by molecular phylogenetics, with some closely related genera appearing close to each other in the biplot. The same analysis also showed two clearly distinct groups, one of species that feed on woodlice and the other of species that feed on soft-bodied prey. We conclude that morphometrics can help to narrow down the potential prey of geoplaninid land planarians and aid taxonomic studies.

Correlative analysis of cervical curvature and atlantoaxial instability

To investigate the correlation between the changes of cervical curvature and atlantoaxial instability. The correlation between the changes of cervical curvature and atlantoaxial instability was retrospectively studied in 50 outpatients with abnormal cervical curvature (abnormal cervical curvature group) from January 2018 to December 2019. There were 24 males and 26 females in abnormal cervical curvature group, aged from 18 to 42 years old with an average of(30.62±5.83) years. And 53 patients with normal cervical curvature (normal cervical curvature group) during the same period were matched, including 23 males and 30 females, aged from 21 to 44 years with an average of(31.98±6.11) years. Cervical spine X-ray films of 103 patients were taken in lateral position and open mouth position. Cervical curvature and variance of bilateral lateral atlanto-dental space(VBLADS) were measured and recorded, Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was used to study the correlation between the changes of cervical curvature and atlantoaxial instability. Atlantoaxial joint instability accounted for 39.6%(21/53) in normal cervical curvature group and 84.0%(42/50) in abnormal cervical curvature group. There was significant difference between two groups(P<0.01). VBLADS in abnormal cervical curvature group was (1.79±1.01) mm, which was significantly higher than that in normal cervical curvature group(0.55±0.75) mm(P<0.01). Pearson correlation coefficient analysis showed that the size of cervical curvature was negatively correlated with VBLADS. Cervical curvature straightening and inverse arch are the cause of atlantoaxial instability, the smaller the cervical curvature, the more serious the atlantoaxial instability.

P-OGC64 High Fidelity Patient-Reported Outcome Monitoring following Upper Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Cancer Surgery. Early Experience with a Novel Application

Abstract Background Patients undergoing complex upper-gastrointestinal and hepatopancreatobiliary resections experience a high incidence of post-operative symptoms. There is significant scope to expand clinicians’ understanding of longitudinal symptom progression and recognise a greater range of post-operative symptoms than those traditionally recorded. By identifying symptoms most troublesome to patients we anticipate improvement in patients’ symptom management, the surgical consent process and, ultimately, patient experience. The myICUvoice application provides patients with the opportunity to report symptoms across a wide range of domains in real-time. We report our early experience using this application with patients in the post-operative setting. Methods Following institutional governance approval, consecutive patients undergoing pancreatic, or hepatic (H) or oesophagogastric (U) resectional surgery during a four week period at a single tertiary centre were offered the opportunity to use the application. From day-1 post-op to discharge, each patient completed surveys at least twice daily, reporting their experience across a list of 34 symptoms together with pain, breathing, mood and physical state. Both individual and cohort time-series data were obtained for each symptom and stratified by resection type. A dashboard has been developed as part of the application to allow summary data to be easily displayed. Results 342 symptom surveys were completed by a total of 15 patients (5U, 10H). The median length-of-stay was 11-days and 91% of patients completed 2 surveys/day (Table-1). High frequency symptoms were tiredness (reported in H:80%;U:86% of surveys), dry mouth (14/15 patients, H:91%,U:59%) and uncomfortable position (13/15 patients, H:27%,U:43%). Whilst most patients remained happy, there were frequent reports of psychological distress; 53% reported nightmares (H:6%,U:12% of surveys), 67% felt depressed, (H:12%,U:6% of surveys) and 53% anxious (H:14%,U:6% of surveys). Pain statement analysis (Figure-1) revealed distinct profiles providing high resolution data on the efficacy of analgesic regimes/techniques. Conclusions As expected, our patient cohort experienced a wide range, and high frequency, of post-operative symptoms. Experience conducting symptom surveys demonstrated a high incidence of disconnect between clinical expectations and reported symptoms. Our data illustrate the value of detailed symptom monitoring and this application could be used routinely to measure and improve the patient experience. Further research is planned to compare the performance of these standardised symptom surveys to current methods of identifying symptoms. Furthermore, data from specific patient populations could better inform patient expectations of the post-operative symptoms they may experience, thus improving the surgical consent process.

Automatic detection of anteriorly displaced temporomandibular joint discs on magnetic resonance images using a deep learning algorithm.

This study aimed to develop models that can automatically detect anterior disc displacement (ADD) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) on MRIs before orthodontic treatment to reduce the risk of developing serious complications after treatment. We used 9009 sagittal MRI of the TMJ as input and constructed three sets of deep learning models to detect ADD automatically. Deep learning models were developed using a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on the ResNet architecture and the "Imagenet" database. Five-fold cross-validation, oversampling, and data augmentation techniques were applied to reduce the risk of overfitting the model. The accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) of the three models were compared. The performance of the maximum open mouth position model was excellent with accuracy and AUC of 0.970 (±0.007) and 0.990 (±0.005), respectively. For closed mouth position models, the accuracy and AUC of diagnostic Criteria 1 were 0.863 (±0.008) and 0.922 (±0.009), respectively significantly higher than that of diagnostic Criteria 2 with 0.839 (±0.013) (p = 0.009) and AUC of 0.885 (±0.018) (p = 0.003). The classification activation heat map also improved our understanding of the models and visually displayed the areas that play a key role in the model recognition process. Our CNN model resulted in high accuracy and AUC in detecting ADD and can therefore potentially be used by clinicians to assess ADD before orthodontic treatment, and hence improve treatment outcomes.

Sağlıklı Çocuklarda Temporomandibular Eklemin Ultrason ile Değerlendirilmesi

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate normative values of the distance between the most lateral point of the articular capsule and the most lateral point of the mandibular condyle (LCCD), in children and adolescents. Since the disc is not always visible on ultrasound, LCCD measurement is a very practical indirect indicator for evaluating TMJ.Methods: This prospective study evaluated 141 temporomandibular joints distance of 141 pediatric individuals with a median age of 9 years (5-13) for boys and 11 years (6.5-14) for girls, comprising 69 boys and 72 girls. LCCD measurements were made with the participants in the closed mouth position, and the relationship of these values with weight, height, age, gender and body mass index (BMI) was evaluated.Results: Median LCCD values in age groups 2 and 3 were significantly higher than the age group 1 (p=0.001). There was no significant difference between median LCCD values in age group 2 and age group 3 (p=0.5). No significant difference was found among the median LCCD values of the males 1.5 mm (1.2-1.8) and females 1.4 mm (1.1-1.6).Conclusion: LCDD values increased with age, but no significant difference shown among the genders. However, a negative relation was detected with BMI. This study provides the normative quantitative values of TMJ distance which could be a reference point for upcoming studies. US is a diagnostic method that can be used in the follow-up and screening of children with TMD risk and general population. Since it does not include radiation, it can be safely repeated.

Evaluation of proper sensor position for classification of sheep behaviour through accelerometers

Automated classification and identification of feeding behaviour through sensors, has the potential to allow improvements in animal health and welfare. Sensor position, as well as epoch setting of segmented signal data, affects classification accuracy in behavioural activity discrimination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of position, at different time epoch setting, of a tri-axial accelerometer-based device (BEHARUM) on the classification of behaviour types such as grazing, ruminating and other activities in sheep grazing a chicory-based sward. Sheep were video recorded, during accelerometer deployment, by fixed camera. Mean, variance and inverse coefficient of variation (i.e., mean/ standard deviation), of the raw acceleration data for each axis, as well as the resultant variance and inverse coefficient of variation values of the three axes, were calculated for the following positions: mouth, nape, collar and epoch settings: 5 s, 10 s, 30 s, 60 s, 120 s, 180 s, 300 s. Video recordings were coded manually assigning to each position and epoch the prevailing behaviour. Multivariate discriminant analysis (DA) was used to distinguish between the three behaviour types. To evaluate the performance of DA in discriminating the three activities, overall accuracy and Coehn’s k coefficient were calculated, based on the error distribution in assignment. Mouth position recorded the highest accuracies and Coehn’s k coefficient in 300 s time epoch setting (88 % and 0.8 respectively), as well as collar position (90 % and 0.8 respectively), while nape position showed the best performance in 180 and 300 s (80 % and 0.6 respectively). Overall, the best performance of DA was obtained using collar position in particular at 300 s time epoch.

B-PO01-097 DO APPLE IPHONE 12 MAGSAFE MAGNETS TRIGGER MAGNET MODE IN CARDIAC DEVICES?

Cardiac devices (pacemaker and defibrillators) have a magnet sensitive switch. Magnet application on a pacemaker generally causes an asynchronous pacing mode. Magnet application on a defibrillator temporarily suspends all anti-tachycardia therapies. Suspending anti-tachycardia therapies on a defibrillator can result in inhibition of potential life-saving therapies. The new Apple iPhone 12 line contain new magnets as part of their MagSafe charging system. Apple has recently released a warning for their iPhone 12 series and MagSafe accessories to keep a safe distance of more than 6 inches away from cardiac devices. This study aims to study the safety of Apple iPhone 12 with MagSafe near cardiac devices and to see how often then may trigger magnet mode. During clinic device checks or in hospital new cardiac device implant or generator changes, an Apple iPhone 12 with MagSafe cover will be used to see if magnet mode can be triggered on the cardiac device. Three sites were tested (<6 inches), holding the phone near the mouth, near the ear on the cardiac device implanting side and physically on top of the device. Magnet mode was first confirmed by using a standard medical grade device magnet while connected to an ECG or device interrogator. The Apple iPhone 12 with MagSafe cover was tested at 3 different sites to see if magnet mode could be triggered. The Apple iPhone 12 was tested on 30 devices for a total of 90 different positions. Manufacturer breakdown was 18 from Abbott, 10 from Medtronic and 2 from Boston Scientific. Device type breakdown was 20 pacemakers, 10 transvenous ICD and 1 SubQ ICD. Magnet response occurred in 0/30 near mouth position, 0/30 ear position and 3/30 over the device position. The 3 magnet responses were on Abbott pacemakers. One magnet response was easy to induce on an older generation of Abbott CRT pacemaker before generator change. The other 2 magnet responses were on current generation of Abbott pacemakers but was very positional. Apple iPhone 12 with MagSafe can be safely used with cardiac devices in normal phone use. Even with extreme close contact, only 10% of the time we were able to elicit magnet response. On current generation of devices, it was very positional to elicit magnet response.

Quantitative assessment of temporomandibular disc and masseter muscle with shear wave elastography.

To assess the normal stiffness values of temporomandibular joint disc (TMJ) and masseter muscle by shear wave elastography (SWE) in a healthy adult population. This may be helpful in diagnosing and understanding the mechanism of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). This prospective study evaluated a total of 160 healthy adult volunteers (77 males, 83 females). The stiffness values of anterior, intermediate and posterior parts of the TMJ disc and masseter muscle were measured. Study cohort was classified into four groups based on age. Additionally, we investigated the changes in mean shear wave elasticity (kPa) and shear wave velocity(m/s) values of disc parts and masseter muscle in closed and open mouth positions, and the correlation of these SWE values with age and gender. Mean stiffness values of the disc were 37.02 ± 23.75kPa and 3.28 ± 1.09m/s in the anterior part, 30.47 ± 18.89kPa and 2.97 ± 1.04m/s in the intermediate part, 22.61 ± 13.97kPa and 2.55 ± 0.88m/s in the posterior part. Stiffness values showed significant decrease in the posterior part compared to the rest of the disc both in males and females. No significant differences in mean stiffness values of masseter muscle related to mouth position, age or gender. This study provides the normative quantitative elasticity values of disc and masseter muscle which could be a reference point for upcoming studies. Disc elasticity values are higher in women than men. Maybe this is one of the reason why TMD is more common in women. TMJ disc stiffness was significantly lower in the posterior part. SWE is a useful imaging method that can be used with routine ultrasonography in evaluation of the TMJ disc and masticatory muscles .

Determining the optimal magnetic resonance imaging sequences for the efficient diagnosis of temporomandibular joint disorders.

To compare and analyze nine MRI sequences of the TMJ and determine the optimum sequence for the rapid diagnosis of TMDs so as to develop new clinical guidelines. Twenty young volunteers (a total of 40 joints) aged 22-26 years were recruited. Three basic sequences, T1-weighted imaging (T1WI), T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), and proton density-weighted imaging (PDWI), together with three positions, oblique sagittal (OSag) with closed mouth, oblique coronal (OCor) with closed mouth, and OSag with opened mouth, were selected in combination for testing. In the OCor position, four regions of interest (ROIs), the condyle (C), the disc (D), the disc outside (DO), and fat (F), were analyzed. For the OSag with closed mouth position and the OSag with opened mouth position sequences, the four ROIs were the condyle (C), the disc (D), the disc ahead (DA), and the disc rear (DR). The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and signal intensity ratio (SIR) were calculated and analyzed using independent sample t-tests and one-way analysis of variance. Two senior radiologists scored the images of the nine MRI sequences subjectively and selected three optimal sequences. Using the three selected sequences, 1479 patients with anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDwR) or anterior disk displacement without reduction (ADDwoR) were evaluated by comparing the preoperative TMJ MRI with the outcomes of the maxillofacial arthroscopy or open surgery. The T1WI sequence showed the highest SNR while the T2WI group had the lowest SNR. The ROIs of the T2WI group had the highest CNR and SIR values in the OCor and OSag sequences. In the OCor sequence, the value for the SIR F/DO group was higher than the SIR C/D and SIR C/DO values. Using subjective analysis to evaluate the quality of the scans, the highest total scores were obtained for the OSag T2WI with opened mouth and OSag PDWI with closed mouth sequences. From the objective and subjective analysis, the three optimal sequences selected were OSag PDWI, OCor T2WI with closed mouth, and OSag T2WI with opened mouth. In patients with anterior disc displacement, the comparisons of the surgery and the selected MRI sequences indicated that the total diagnostic accuracy of the MRI was 96.3% (1,425/1,479 cases). For patients with ADDwoR, the diagnostic accuracy was 98.5% (1,372/1,393 cases), and for those with ADDwR it was 61.6% (53/86 cases). There were significant differences between the ADDwoR and ADDwR groups (χ2=312.92, P<0.01). The three optimal MRI sequences for the rapid and efficient diagnosis of TMD were determined to be OSag PDWI, OCor T2WI with closed mouth, and OSag T2WI with opened mouth.

A LITERATURE STUDY TO UNDERSTAND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES OF PRE-VENEPUNCTURE SIRAA UTTHAAN IN HEAD –NECK REGION OF PATIENT W.S.R. TO SUSHRUTA SAMHITA

Position of patient in surgical procedures is an important assisting factor. Position of patient in minor and major surgical procedures are mentioned in Ayurveda as well as modern medical science. One of such po-sition is mentioned in Sushrut Samhita Sharirsthan chapter 8 and Shloka number 8. This reference is about Siravedh/venipuncture procedure. Siravedh is done at Sira or vein. Before this procedure a position is giv-en to patient by Vaidya. Patient is in specific sitting and Vaayu Purna Mukh i.e. air-filled mouth position. This study is about the correlation between specific sitting with Vaayu Purna Mukh and its expected effect on venous pressure in head and neck region. Venous pressure can be explained with the help of modern physiology. Specific sitting posture and Vaayu Purna Mukh can be correlated with forced expiratory effort with closed glottis. Its expected effect on peripheral veins of head and neck can be studied and correlated with Vaayu Purna Mukh position in Uttamaangiya Siravedh procedure or bloodletting or venipuncture procedure at veins of head and neck.

Eye\u2010body allometry across biphasic ontogeny in anuran amphibians

Animals with biphasic lifecycles often inhabit different visual environments across ontogeny. Many frogs and toads (Amphibia: Anura) have free-living aquatic larvae (tadpoles) that metamorphose into adults that inhabit a range of aquatic and terrestrial environments. Ecological differences influence eye size across species, but these relationships have not yet been explored across life stages in an ontogenetic allometric context. We examined eye-body size scaling in a species with aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults, the common frog Rana temporaria, using a well-sampled developmental series. We found a shift in ontogenetic allometric trajectory near metamorphosis indicating prioritized growth in tadpole eyes. To explore the effects of different tadpole and adult ecologies on eye-body scaling, we expanded our taxonomic sampling to include developmental series of eleven additional anuran species. Intraspecific eye-body scaling was variable among species, with 8/12 species exhibiting a significant change in allometric slope between tadpoles and adults. Traits categorizing both tadpole ecology (microhabitat, eye position, mouth position) and adult ecology (habitat, activity pattern) across species had significant effects on allometric slopes among tadpoles, but only tadpole eye position had a significant effect among adults. Our study suggests that relative eye growth in the preliminary stages of biphasic anuran ontogenies is somewhat decoupled and may be shaped by both immediate ecological need (i.e. tadpole visual requirements) and what will be advantageous during later adult stages.

Shear wave elastography of temporomandibular joint disc and masseter muscle stiffness in healthy children and adolescents: a preliminary study.

Shear wave elastography (SWE) are promising techniques in diagnosing temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc and masseter muscle disorders. To investigate normative stiffness values of the TMJ disc and masseter muscle by SWE in children and adolescents. This prospective study evaluated 123 TMJ discs and masseter muscles in 123 subjects. The stiffnesses of anterior, middle, and posterior parts of the disc and the masseter muscle were measured. This study investigated differences in mean elasticity [kilopascal (kPa)] and velocity [metre/second (m/s)] values of the different disc parts and the masseter muscle in closed and open mouth positions, and the correlations of these SWE values with age, body mass index (BMI), height, and weight of the subjects. The median stiffness disc values of all participants were 28.7kPa (elasticity) and 3.07m/s (velocity) for the anterior, 29.10kPa and 3.07m/s for the middle, and 23.2kPa and 2.77m/s for the posterior parts. Posterior stiffness was significantly lower than other body regions in all subjects and across all age groups. The mean stiffness values of the muscle were 16.96 ± 9.01kPa and 2.33 ± 1.2m/s for the closed mouth, and 28.7 ± 10.2kPa and 3.23 ± 1.32m/s for the open mouth. The stiffness of the TMJ disc was significantly lower in the posterior part than in the anterior or middle parts. The mean stiffness was significantly higher in the open mouth than in the closed mouth position. Neither elasticity nor velocity were associated with age, height, weight, or BMI.

Evaluation of morphometric and volumetric measurements of temporomandibular joint structures on patients with disc displacement

Introduction: To evaluate the morphometric and volumetric measurements of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) structures, of healthy, anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDWR) and anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDWoR) joints using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Material and Methods: Fifty-two TMJs of 38 patients with TMJ disorders and 26 TMJs of 13 healthy patients were evaluated on MRI images. The disc length and volume, the condylar height, width and volume, and the height and inclination of the articular eminence were measured on MRI. A one-way analysis of variance was used to establish the differences between the values with regard to the ADDWR, ADDWoR, and control groups. The differences in the disc volumes of each group with respect to open and closed mouth position statuses were evaluated using the Bonferroni test. Results: The articular disc mean volume was larger in the control group than the other two groups for both the closed and open mouth positions (P

Можливості неінвазивного лікування обмеженого відкривання рота, обумовленого захворюваннями та внутрішніми порушеннями скронево-нижньощелепного суглоба

Abstract. Magnetic resonance imaging is widely used in the presence of such patient complaints as clicking, locking and pain in the temporomandibular joint. The different problems in the treatment of temporomandibular joint pathology, which is accompanied by limited mouth opening, requires certain recommendations for magnetic resonance imaging, supported by current classifications. The purpose of the study: to substantiate the need for the use of an individual mandibular fixator, made before magnetic resonance imaging in the open mouth position to systematization of the treatment outcomes. Materials and methods. On the basis of clinical examination and objectification of the temporomandibular joint status by magnetic resonance imaging the results of treatment of diseases and internal disorders of the temporomandibular joint, which can be obtained by a dentist-gnathologist using non-invasive methods, was analyzed. To obtain images after treatment of the temporomandibular joint an individual mandibular fixator was used, which provided the possibility of evidencebased determination of the articular head position in the open mouth state. To systematize the analysis results of magnetic resonance imaging of the temporomandibular joint, the most convenient classification was chosen. Results. From a clinical sight, the gnathological treatment of temporomandibular joint dislocation without reposition is considered effective if the distance between the incisors, at maximum mouth opening, is 41–50 mm, the articular head is located at the apex of articular tubercle, and in the questioning and isometric tests the patient complaints are absent. Conclusions. The most effective non-invasive treatment of limited mouth opening is possibly with early ambulation, i.e. from three to seven months after onset. Key words: temporomandibular joint, gnathologist, magnetic resonance imaging.

MRI characteristics of the asymptomatic temporomandibular joint in patients with unilateral temporomandibular joint disorder.

To determine the association between unilateral temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) and the presence of imaging abnormalities in the contralateral, asymptomatic joint. MRI studies of 219 subjects with symptoms of unilateral TMD were examined for signs of disc displacement, osteoarthritis, disc deformation, and effusion in both temporomandibular joints (TMJ). The Chi-Square test and stepwise logistic regression analysis were performed. Disc displacement, osteoarthritis, disc deformation, and effusion were more common on the symptomatic side. However, in the category of disc displacement with a reduction in open mouth position (DDWR), the difference was not significant between the symptomatic and the asymptomatic TMJs. Stepwise logistic regression showed that the presence of any imaging abnormality other than DDWR was related to osteoarthritis and disc deformity on the symptomatic side. On the other hand, the presence of any MRI abnormality (including DDWR) on the asymptomatic side was related only to the presence of osteoarthritis on the symptomatic side. Unilateral symptomatic TMD is related to the presence of imaging abnormalities on the contralateral, asymptomatic side, suggesting that the development and progression of joint changes in symptomatic and contralateral asymptomatic TMJs are interrelated.

Three Dimensional Ultrasound of Pelvic Floor to Evaluate the Anatomical and Functional Changes of Primipara After Delivery

Objective: During pregnancy and childbirth, a series of remodeling processes may lead to the occurrence of pelvic floor dysfunction. Our aim was to explore the influence of different delivery methods on pelvic floor in primipara after delivery through three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound examination. Method: A total of 48 primiparas were selected as the study object. Among which, 21 primiparas underwent cesarean section were selected as observation group, 27 primiparas in vaginal delivery were selected as the control group. The 3D ultrasound examination of pelvic floor was carried out 6–8 weeks postnatally to observe and compare the prolapse of anterior, middle and posterior pelvic organs of parturient women in Valsalva movement. The posterior ureterovesical angel (PUA), urethral tilt angel (UTA), cervical mouth position (CMP), and bladder neck position (BNP) were measured. The changes of hiatus of levator ani muscle in patients with anal constriction, rest and Valsalva were observed and measured. Result: Compared with the data in control group, the number of cases of anterior, middle and posterior pelvic organ exfoliation in observation group was lesser, the UTA and BNP were higher, the CMP was lower, and the area of hiatus of levator ani muscle was smaller both at the time of calm, contraction and Valsalva movements. Conclusion: The damage of pelvic floor in primipara during transvaginal delivery is great. The 3D ultrasound is an objective and simple imaging method to screen the diseases of pelvic floor dysfunction.

0451 Fully Automatic Detection of Sleep Disordered Breathing Events

Abstract Introduction Evaluation of sleep apnea involves manual annotation of Polysomnography (PSG) file, a time-consuming process subject to interscorer variations. The DOSED algorithm has been shown to be helpful in detecting Central Sleep Apnea (CSA), Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), and Hypopnea when merged into a single event type. This work uses a modified version of DOSED capable of detecting each event type separately. Methods The network consists of 3 blocks of 1D convolutional layers followed by 6 blocks of 2D convolutional layers. The network has 2 classification layers, one determines the probability of each class, and the other determines the start and duration time of the event with the highest probability. Four channels from nasal and mouth airflow and position of abdomen and thorax are used as input to the model. The model was trained using 2800 PSG from 4 different cohorts (MESA, MROS, SSC, WSC) and tested on 70 PSG, which have been scored by six technicians (Stanford, U Penn, St Louis). Results On an event by event basis, model F1-scores versus a weighted consensus score based on 6 technicians were 0.60 for OSA, 0.43 for CSA, and 0.34 for Hypopnea. Average F1-scores for the 6 technicians were 0.48 (std 0.04) for OSA, 0.29 (std 0.145) for CSA, and 0.54 (std 0.183) for Hypopnea, indicating that the model functions better on an event-by-event basis than an average technician. Correlations between indices/hr for central apnea, obstructive apnea, and hypopnea indicate excellent correlations for apneas, but poor correlation for hypopnea. We are now adding the snoring channel to explore if predictions can be improved. Conclusion The result shows that deep learning-based models can detect respiratory events with an accuracy similar to technicians. The poor agreement between technicians from different universities indicates that we need better definitions of hypopnea. Support

A Procedure for Analyzing Mandible Roto-Translation Induced by Mandibular Advancement Devices.

Background: Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders are characterized by repeated episodes of complete or partial obstruction of the upper airway during sleep. Mandibular advancement devices represent a non-invasive treatment in reducing the number of respiratory events and in decreasing symptoms. The advancement extent of these devices is responsible for the mandibular roto-translation and its effects on the temporomandibular joint. Methods: This study defined a systematic method to assess the mandible roto translation that is caused by MADs according to a scan-to-CAD approach. Starting from a closed mouth position and simulating the oral appliance at different settings it was possible to define a local reference system that is useful for the evaluation of the mandibular roto-translation. This latter was then applied to evaluate the movements of the condyle and the mandibular dental arch. Results: MAD1 resulted in a reduced mouth opening and protrusion, while MAD2 enabled a higher degree of motion of the mandible useful for patients who need an important protrusion. Conclusions: The two devices present different dynamics. Results that are achievable employing this method can be directly used by practitioners in comparing MADs, as well as by researchers in evaluating MADs effects.

Effects of spinning process and core yarn contents on yarn shape retention

Purpose In order to develop high shape retention yarn and investigate the effects of spinning process and core yarn contents on the shape retention of yarn, in this paper, three kinds of yarns, JC/T400 18.5tex (55.6dtex) core-spun yarn, JC/T400 18.5tex (44.4dtex) core-spun yarn and JC18.5tex pure cotton yarn were spun by using the complete condensing Siro-spinning technology. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the core-spun yarns were spun by using the complete condensing spinning and Siro-spinning technology. Two key spinning processes, yarn twist factor and core yarn pre-draft ratio, were optimized by using the orthogonal test method first. Then, via the variable control method, the position of the core yarn, the position of the bell mouth and the center distance between two bell mouths were optimized, respectively, and corresponding optimal spinning process of the three yarns was determined. Finally, the yarns were spun under the optimal process, and the performance of the spun yarns was tested and compared. Findings Results show that the yarn twist factor affects yarn strength and hairiness, the position of bell mouth affects the evenness and hairiness of the yarn mainly, and the position of the core yarn affects the coverage and hairiness of the yarn. For the Z-twist spinning, the core yarn enters the front roller from the left side of two strands center, which is beneficial to improve the covering effect of core yarn, and reduce the pilling phenomenon of the yarn. The contents of core yarn affect indicators of the yarn shape retention, such as yarn strength, elastic recovery and abrasion resistance. Originality/value The shape retention of yarns affects the shape retention of fabrics, and the production of yarn with high shape retention is a key step in achieving shape retention of fabrics. At present, there are little studies on the shape retention of yarns, most researchers shave focused on shape retention of fabrics. Using the complete condensing Siro-spinning method to spin the core-spun yarn can improve the quality of the yarn. Compared with traditional ring-spinning yarns, the addition of the core yarn can improve the shape retention of the yarn.