Gear Position Research Articles

An Ergonomic Study on Gear Position Sequence and Gear Indicator Location of Automotive Dial-Type Gearshift

An Ergonomic Study on Gear Position Sequence and Gear Indicator Location of Automotive Dial-Type Gearshift

Extended influence coefficient method for meshing stiffness evaluation of spur gears considering rotor flexibility

Rotor-supported gears are applied in transmission systems, and the rotor flexiblility leads to the misalignment of the gear pair with multiple degrees of freedom, which ultimately leads to the decrease of meshing stiffness. To evaluate the meshing stiffness of rotor-supported gears, the extended influence coefficient method (EICM) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the gear contact position adjustment under misalignment condition is carried out. Then, the extended influence coefficients of bending, shearing, axial compression, Hertzian contact and fillet foundation deformation of gears are derived to obtain the extended influence coefficient matrix. Afterward, the load-deformation equations under different contact states are obtained, and the meshing stiffness is calculated. Subsequently, a cantilever rotor-gear coupling dynamic model is established by the rigid body element-extended influence coefficient method (RBE-EICM), and the dynamic meshing stiffness considering rotor flexibility is obtained. The accuracy of EICM and RBE-EICM is verified by comparison with finite element method, literature methods and experimental data, respectively. Finally, the effects of supporting layout, input torque and rotor diameter on the dynamic characteristics of cantilever rotor-supported gears are discussed.

Full-Scale Gear Tooth Bending Fatigue Tests Obtained Early in the Development of a Rotorcraft Transmission

A new gear testing method is introduced to reduce development cost and time. It allows component-level testing of individual gear meshes and new gear designs. Instrumented gear sets are tested at full load while the rest of gearbox components are still being built. Since the fatigue strength of the gears is determined earlier in the development cycle, design deficiencies are identified and understood earlier. In this new method, an individual gear mesh installed in a stiff facility housing is used to mimic the contact pattern and bending stress demonstrated by the same mesh in an actual aircraft housing. Analytical gear models are used to identify the displacement difference between the stiff test facility and the aircraft housing. The test stand is designed so it can be adjusted accurately to provide gear and pinion positions that are representative of the deflected positions under load in the aircraft housing. A spiral bevel mesh and a split torque double helical reduction stage with multiple meshes are evaluated using the developed method. The contact pattern and strain survey results of the gear meshes are correlated with predicted results.

Mathematical model and generation analysis for crossed helical gear system

Purpose Crossed helical gears have point contact and their surfaces are subject to high surface stress. Contact stress and root tooth stress are the most common sources of failure in crossed helical gear. This paper aims to study the load-carrying capacity and performance of crossed helical gear teeth with different gear tooth profiles. To overcome defects and reduce the sensitivity to small shaft angle changes. The combined tooth profile is designed to reduce the bending stresses, contact stresses and tooth deflection, and prevent pinion failure in the gearbox. Design/methodology/approach The principle of the method is a line contact is introduced instead of a point contact between two teeth in mesh with each other. The tooth surface of the helical gear is designed and cut by a modified tool. Higher normal pressure angles like 25° and 35° are used. The modified involute is accomplished to eliminate interference between the teeth. Engineering software packages have been applied to generate all crossed helical gears gear profiles. The modification is compounding curves consisting of an epicycloid-involute-hypocycloid gear teeth profile generated by the cutter modified. Findings The stresses in the crossed helical gear teeth profile were reduced by increasing the normal pressure angle values. Using a 35° pressure angle the enhancement percentage in contact stress and teeth fillet region will be about 29.345% and 15.421%, respectively. The best enhancement in a gear’s resistance is the epicycloid-involute-hypocycloid gear teeth profile. The enhancement was 32.610% and 18.588%. The skew in line of action in skewed helical gear will be sensitive when the crossing angles are small. Their teeth surface tends to be easily worn out; however, the wearing process will be reduced by using a proposed gear teeth profile. Practical implications The gear teeth to be modified are cut by a shaper process. The modifying rack cutter of this study can be used as a reference for creating a different helical gears sample. The helical teeth surface is modified to become an envelope of the other. This makes an original point contact change into a line contact. The epicycloid-involute-hypocycloid gear teeth profile is preferred for a higher contact ratio and a large load capacity. This work explicitly introduces a new method of kinematic consideration to improve the load capacity of crossed helical gear. Originality/value This paper showed some novel results by the unique shape of the rack-cutter designed to generate different helical angles and different gear positions. In the future, it will make valuable contributions to the further development of the dynamic performance of a crossed helical gear system through the study in the field of using asymmetric teeth profiles of helical gears with tip relief as the manner to enhance the crossed helical gear performance. Investigation of crossed helical gear by applying a predesigned parabolic function of transmission error enables the absorption of linear discontinuous functions caused by misalignment.

Crack initiation life of aviation gear pair

Abstract The gear transmission system is an important part of the aero-engine. The most serious fault is tooth root fatigue fracture. This paper mainly discusses the time of fatigue crack initiation stage of aviation gear tooth root position. The crack initiation state can be evaluated by analyzing the root stress. The static contact analysis is solved by using the generated aviation gear pair model. The maximum stress in the bending direction of gear teeth is calculated. The changing pattern of tooth root stress with meshing position is described in detail. According to the multi-axial stress fatigue theory, the surface damage parameters and fatigue life of the gear tooth root position are calculated, and the location of the crack initiation is obtained. Fatigue cracks often appear at half of the gear tooth width and near the tooth root circle.

PERSEPSI NELAYAN LOKAL TERHADAP KEBERADAAN MIMI DI WILAYAH PESISIR BANYUASIN, SUMATERA SELATAN

Horseshoe crabs (HSC) are marine arthropods, which are protected in Indonesia. Understanding fishermen's perceptions of HSC's existence was very important for the decision-making of conservation planning and management. This research aimed to analyze local fishermen's perceptions toward HSC's existence and the factors influencing their perceptions. Questionnaire-based interviews were conducted with 92 fishermen from the Banyuasin coast, from August to September 2023. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression. The results revealed that most fishermen knew HSC and could distinguish their species. The survey of fishing practices showed that the vast majority of respondents operate one-day fishing with only few hours at sea (53.3%), conducting day time operation (69.6%), using 5-10 GT vessels (52.2 %), and deploying fishing gear at the sea bottom (85.9%). Based on fishermen's perception scores toward HSC existence through six assessment aspects, the majority of their perceptions were in the moderate category (54%), followed by the low (28.7%) and high (16.2%) categories. In terms of the regression output, the results of the likelihood ratio test indicated that education, setting position of gear, fishing operation time, and village location were explanatory variables that significantly influenced fishermen's perceptions. Keywords: Ecological knowledge, Fishing practices, Multinomial logistic regression Protected species

ANALYSIS OF THE MIXED ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION CHARACTERISTICS OF DOUBLE CIRCULAR ARC GEARS CONSIDERING MICRO-MORPHOLOGY

Different machining methods result in diverse morphologies on the surface of gears. Under mixed lubrication, the friction and contact behavior of the real morphology interface becomes more complex. This study aims to analyze the influence of different process tooth surface micro-morphologies on the lubrication performance of the meshing area of double circular arc gears. Focusing on elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) characteristics of the double circular arc gears as the research object, the study involved measuring the three-dimensional morphology of the meshing position of the double circular arc gears. Non-Gaussian simulation technology was then used to characterize the micromorphology of the tooth surface resulting from different processes (i.e. hobbing process and skiving process). The tooth surface suction speed was determined based on the meshing characteristics of double circular arc gears. Based on the theory of point contact EHL, Reynolds equation and film thickness equation considering micromorphology were derived, and numerical solutions were obtained using the multi-grid method. A point contact EHL model for double circular arc gears was established considering the micromorphology of tooth surfaces in different processes. Results show that, the oil film pressure is positively correlated with rotational speed and torque. The oil film thickness is positively correlated with rotational speed, and negatively correlated with input torque. The negative of micro-morphology on the tooth surface on the lubrication performance could lead to an increase in pressure fluctuations and the absence of the second pressure peak. The uneven distribution of oil film and the lager roughness value could result in obvious fluctuations. The lubrication performance of the contact area in the gear hobbing process is superior to that in the gear skiving process. This study lays the foundation for further exploring the coupling characteristics between the double circular arc gear transmission system and elastic fluid dynamic lubrication. Keywords: Double circular arc gears, Point contact, Mixed EHL, Lubrication characteristics, Micro- morphology.

Vibration analysis of a double-row planetary gear set considering the sun gear axial position.

Double-row planetary gear set (PGS) is a common form of the PGS, which is relatively more complex than the regular PGSs. It consists of one sun gear, several long planets, several short planets, two ring gears, and one carrier. Due to the significantly wider tooth width of the long planet compared to the sun gear, the axial meshing position between the sun gear and the long planet can be adjusted. The vibrations of PGS should vary with different axial meshing positions. If the axial position of the sun gear is optimized, the vibrations of PGS can be reduced. This work establishes a dynamic model of a double-row PGS. The dynamic model considers the mesh forces of the gear pairs and the supporting forces of the bearing. The effect of the sun gear axial position on the sun gear and ring gear #2 vibrations are investigated. Finally, the recommended axial position for the sun gear is provided.

A New Calculation Method for Instantaneous Efficiency and Torque Fluctuation of Spur Gears

As a critical component of the joint gearbox, spur gear pairs play a crucial role in energy conversion, limiting the performance of a collaborative robot. Accurately assessing their instantaneous efficiency and torque fluctuation is essential for developing high-precision robot joint control models. This study proposes a computational model to predict the instantaneous efficiency and torque fluctuation of spur gears under typical operating conditions. The model incorporates a torque balance model, a load distribution model, and a friction model to reflect the relationship between gear meshing position and efficiency. The instantaneous efficiency and torque fluctuation of gear pairs were compared with the Coulomb friction model with an average friction coefficient and the elastohydrodynamic lubrication model with a time-varying friction coefficient. The effect of gear contact ratio on efficiency is analysed, while the instantaneous efficiency and torque fluctuation of gears are studied under varying operating conditions. The results indicate a maximum efficiency difference of 1.86 % between the two friction coefficient models. Under specific operating conditions, the instantaneous efficiency variation of the gear pair can reach 3.34 %, and the torque fluctuation can reach 5.19 Nm. Finally, this study demonstrates the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method through comparative analysis.

Development of Dibble Mechanism for Tractor Operated Two Row Semi – Automatic Vegetable Transplanter

Vegetables play a crucial role in daily human nutrition, and India ranks second in vegetable production globally. Despite this, manual transplantation is prevalent in India, characterized by labor-intensive practices. The study aimed to address this by developing a tractor-operated linear dibble mechanism for tomato and chili seedlings, designed with seedling spacings of 45 and 60 cm. The evaluation for optimal operating conditions included varying engine speeds (700, 800, 900, 1000 rpm), gear positions (L1, L2), and power take-off positions (P1, P2). Among these, L1P1 and L1P2, with seedling spacings of 57.57 cm and 45.20 cm respectively, aligned with the designed spacings, while L2P1 was excluded due to excessive dibble spacing. Evaluation concentrated on 800 and 1000 rpm, with 700 rpm causing jerks. The preference for 1000 rpm was driven by higher field capacity, as exceeding 1000 rpm posed difficulties for workers. Selections were made with a focus on achieving desired dibble spacings while taking into account worker comfort and field capacity.

LSTM‐based deep learning framework for adaptive identifying eco‐driving on intelligent vehicle multivariate time‐series data

AbstractIn the context of automated driving, the connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) technology unlock the energy saving potential. This paper develops an LSTM‐based deep learning framework for eco‐driving adaptive identification on Intelligent vehicle multivariate time series data. The framework can be adapted for Driver Assistance Systems (DAS) to reduce fuel consumption. Specifically, considering overtaking on rural road is a critical maneuver for operation and has potential to reduce consumption, a simulated driving experiment with 30 participants was conducted to collect the multivariate time series data of the overtaking operation behaviors in conditional automation driving. Driving behaviors were classified into eco‐driving operation behaviors and high fuel consumption operation behaviors based on fuel consumption calculated by using vehicle specific power (VSP). Significance analysis based on linear regression was adopted to identify operation behaviors, and an eco‐driving behavior identification model was established with the use of long short‐term memory (LSTM) for multivariate classification theory. Meanwhile, the other four classification algorithms were used to establish identification models for comparison. The results indicated that the gear position, lane position, the acceleration pedal depth, the clutch pedal depth, and the brake pedal depth had a significant influence on fuel consumption. The eco‐driving behavior identification model of overtaking demonstrated a high classification power and robustness with a classification accuracy of 89.16%. According to the simulation results, the developed adaptive identification model is with promising performance. The conclusions provide theoretical support for developing an adaptive strategy for connected eco‐driving.

Intelligent Simulation Technology Based on RCS Imaging

The target simulation of airplanes is an important research topic. It is particularly important to find the right balance between high performance and low cost. In order to balance the contradictions between realistic target simulations and controllable costs, the scientific formulation of the performance parameters of target simulation is the key to achieving high performance. This paper proposes an intelligent simulation technology based on RCS imaging simulation through the combination of 60° variation corner reflector and a Luneberg lens reflector. It is designed to simulate several important RCS characteristics of the aircraft. At the same time, the different RCS images are automatically shifted to the corresponding gear position to achieve the purpose of simulation, and the price is low and the performance is good. It can be used for the training of radar target searching.

A Hybrid Strategy for Profile Measurement of Micro Gear Teeth.

A hybrid strategy is proposed to meet the challenge of obtaining the profile of micro gear teeth with a small modulus. Firstly, the contact probe segmentally obtained the falling flank profiles with an auxiliary lifting mechanism to avoid interference when it climbs on the rising slope. Then, the noncontact chromatic confocal displacement sensor efficiently acquired the gear peak positions to carry out the two-point error separation with the gear peak positions from the probe measurement. Finally, actual experiments were carried out to obtain the profile of a harmonic drive flexspline. Compared with the commercial ultraprecise profiler, the proposed method provides measurement results with a deviation of less than 20 μm. In conclusion, the hybrid strategy is feasible and accurate for drawing the micro gear teeth profile without any collision between the measuring probes and the measured workpiece.

Design Of Building Gear Motion Control Systems On Bicycles Using Voice Comments

Voice recognition is also connected to the microcontroller connected to the servo motor to move the derailleur rear as a gear drive. The results of research on the gear motion control system on bicycles using voice comments can move in the correct gear position. Storage of voice commands is done 7 times and repetition of the same command no later than 4 times while the fastest 2 times repetition. Test results in a crowded condition obtained 72% success and an average delay of 1.38 seconds and the test results in a quiet state obtained the success of 88% and an average delay of 1.20 seconds. The results of this study indicate that this study is able to move the gear in a moving state with voice commands in a quiet state, the maximum level of voice commands is 96.1 dB and the minimum level of voice commands is 80.2 dB when crowded, the maximum level of voice commands is 101.9 dB and obtained the minimum level of voice commands is 88.1 dB, but this research still has shortcomings, namely if the voice command given is above the maximum voice command level and below the minimum level, the voice command cannot be processed and the gear cannot move. seen from the difference between the maximum crowded state and the maximum quiet state of 5.8 dB and the difference between the minimum crowded state and the minimum quiet state of 7.9 dB.

Dynamic modeling and vibration analysis of planetary gear sets concerning mesh phasing modulation

This paper studies the changes in behavior, in terms of mesh phasing modulation, of planetary gear transmissions (PGTs) due to various gear pinhole position errors. An advanced model of the spur PGT is established to explore the effects of the position errors on mesh phasing relations and an analytical determination of the relative mesh phasing variation is derived. Furthermore, the vibration performance of planetary gears is investigated by developing a novel dynamic model and components of the vibration signals are clarified using the proposed model. Additionally, we further perform several experiments to measure the mesh phasing variations using strain gauges and collect the gear vibration signals using accelerometers. Finally, simulation and experimental results are compared to verify the proposed models, and the results indicate that the presented models provide the opportunity for the researchers to quantify the mesh phasing relations relative to the gear position errors as well as clarify the frequency modulation mechanism of gear vibrations in PGTs.

Robust deep learning-based fault detection of planetary gearbox using enhanced health data map under domain shift problem

Abstract The conventional deep learning-based fault diagnosis approach faces challenges under the domain shift problem, where the model encounters different working conditions from the ones it was trained on. This challenge is particularly pronounced in the diagnosis of planetary gearboxes due to the complicated vibrations they generate, which can vary significantly based on the system characteristics of the gearbox. To solve this challenge, this paper proposes a robust deep learning-based fault-detection approach for planetary gearboxes by utilizing an enhanced health data map (HDMap). Although there is an HDMap method that visually expresses the vibration signal of the planetary gearbox according to the gear meshing position, it is greatly influenced by machine operating conditions. In this study, domain-specific features from the HDMap are further removed, while the fault-related features are enhanced. Autoencoder-based residual analysis and digital image-processing techniques are employed to address the domain-shift problem. The performance of the proposed method was validated under significant domain-shift problem conditions, as demonstrated by studying two gearbox test rigs with different configurations operated under stationary and non-stationary operating conditions. Validation accuracy was measured in all 12 possible domain-shift scenarios. The proposed method achieved robust fault detection accuracy, outperforming prior methods in most cases.

A spectral self-focusing fault diagnosis method for automotive transmissions under gear-shifting conditions

Transmissions are core components of automobiles in adjusting the speed. The time-varying operation conditions, particularly the frequent gear shifting, present significant challenges for condition monitoring and fault locating of transmissions. At present, most existing studies primarily focus on the issues arising from time-varying speed, but they do not consider the challenges introduced by gear shifting. Gear shifting changes the meshing gear pairs within the transmission, causing the monitoring indicator amplitude fluctuates greatly. Consequently, the indicator fails to reflect the overall degradation trend of the transmission. To address this problem, this paper proposes a fault diagnosis method for automotive transmissions with the consideration of gear shifting. Our contributions are as follows: Firstly, we propose a spectral variation sparsity indicator (SVSI) based on the order spectrum at each gear position. Secondly, we fuse SVSI from different gear positions and create a comprehensive indicator called weighted health indicator (WHI). Finally, a diagnosis method based on SVSI and WHI is proposed for automotive transmissions under gear-shifting conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated using datasets from four automotive transmissions. The results demonstrate that our method is capable of detecting faults prior to inspection and accurately identifying faulty gears. Moreover, the performance of WHI is compared with several existing indicators. The results demonstrate that WHI exhibits stronger correlation, monotonicity, and robustness. This indicates that WHI is able to effectively mitigate the influence of gear shifting, thereby better reflecting the overall degradation trend of the transmission. Consequently, our proposed method significantly contributes to the field of condition monitoring and fault locating for automotive transmissions.

Investigation of Crack Propagation Behaviour in Thin-Rim Gears: Experimental Tests and Numerical Simulations.

Thin-rim gears are widely used in industrial fields such as aerospace and electric vehicles due to the advantage of light weight. Yet, the root crack fracture failure of thin-rim gears significantly limits their application and further affects the reliability and safety of high-end equipment. In this work, the root crack propagation behavior of thin-rim gears is experimentally and numerically investigated. The crack initiation position and crack propagation path for different backup ratio gears are simulated using gear finite element (FE) models. The crack initiation position is determined using the maximum gear root stress position. An extended FE method coupled with commercial software ABAQUS is used to simulate the gear root crack propagation. The simulation results are then verified by conducting experimental tests for different backup ratio gears based on a dedicated designed single-tooth bending test device.

Changing behavior: Can intervention design from the public health sector help solve the problem of fishing gear conflict?

Abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear is associated with significant environmental and socio-economic impacts. Gear loss can be attributed to environmental and operational factors. Gear conflict, which can result in the loss of gear due to interactions within or between fleet métiers, is a significant contributor to gear loss in some fisheries. Traditionally interventions aiming to reduce the occurrence of gear conflict have been designed without a systematic approach and with minimal analysis of the fisher behaviors which lead to gear conflict. This study uses the Behavioral Change Wheel (BCW), a well-established intervention design framework originating from the UK health sector, and applies it for the first time in a fisheries management context in an attempt to understand the specific intervention functions and policy categories which could be used to reduce or avoid the occurrence of gear loss through gear conflict. Through a series of open-ended interviews with static and mobile fishers, ten behaviors were identified which were associated with either the prevention or mitigation of gear conflict (communication between sectors/individuals, marking fishing gear, moving gear when/if requested, adjusting fishing patterns to account for known gear positions, adherence to spatial separation agreements, regular gear maintenance, regular hauling of static gear, reporting snagged static fishing gear, bringing snagged fishing gear back into harbor, and attempting to locate lost fishing gear). While some of these behaviors (such as sharing details of fishing activities and locations) were found in both static and mobile fleet métiers, other behaviors were unique to specific fleet segments (e.g. gear marking behavior from static gear fishers). Analysis of the behavioral subcomponents of each behavior through the BCW framework reveal that intervention functions targeting fisher social and physical opportunities and automatic and reflexive motivations would be most effective when attempting to reduce the occurrence of gear loss between static and mobile métiers. Potential policy categories that would support this work include the introduction of guidelines, fiscal measures, regulation, legislation, environmental/social planning, and service provision- for example, the creation of behavioral contracts by fishers, enforced spatial management guidelines, and the creation of support structures for part-time fishers.

An evaluation methodology for the circumferential position error of the V-shaped apex of the double-helical gear.

Aiming to achieve an accurate evaluation of the circumferential position error of the V-shaped apex of double-helical gear, the definition of the V-shaped apex of double-helical gear and the evaluation method of the circumferential position error is studied based on the geometric characteristics of double-helical gear and the definition of shape error. First, the definition of the V-shaped apex of double-helical gear based on the helix and its circumferential position error is presented based on the (American Gear Manufacturers Association) AGMA940-A09 standard. Second, based on the basic parameters, the tooth profile characteristics, and the tooth flank forming principle of double-helical gear, the mathematical model of double-helical gear in a Cartesian space coordinate system is established, and the auxiliary tooth flank and auxiliary helix are constructed to generate some auxiliary measurement points. Finally, the auxiliary measurement points are fitted using the least-squares principle to calculate the position of the V-shaped apex of the double-helical gear in the actual meshing condition and its circumferential position error. The simulation and experimental results show that the simulation results verify the feasibility of the method, and the experimental results (the circumferential position error of the V-shaped apex is 0.0187mm) are consistent with the results of the literature [Bohui etal., Metrol. Meas. Technol. 36, 33 (2016)]. This method can effectively realize the accurate evaluation of the double-helical gear V-shaped apex position error, providing some guidance for the design and manufacture of double-helical gear.