Relative Positioning Research Articles

Development of anthropomorphic computational phantoms at the UFPE

To evaluate the amount of energy deposited in radiosensitive organs and tissues of the human body, when an anthropomorphic phantom is irradiated, researchers in numerical dosimetry use the so-called exposure computational models (ECMs). One can imagine an ECM as a virtual scene composed of a phantom in a mathematically defined position in relation to a radioactive source. The source in these ECMs produces the initial state of the simulation: the position, direction, and energy with which each particle enters the phantom are essential variables. For subsequent states of a particle history, robust Monte Carlo (MC) codes are used. For the subsequent states of a particle's history, robust Monte Carlo (MC) codes are used, which simulate the average free path that the particle performs without interacting, its interaction with the atoms in the medium and the amount of energy deposited per interaction. MC codes also evaluate normalization quantities, so the results are printed in text files in the form of conversion coefficients between the absorbed dose and the selected normalization quantity. From the 2000s, the authors have published ECMs where a voxel phantom is irradiated by photons in the environment of the MC code EGSnrc (EGS = Electron Gamma Shower; nrc = National Research Council Canada). The production of articles, dissertations and theses required the use of specific computational tools, such as the FANTOMAS, DIP (Digital Image Processing) and Monte Carlo applications, for the various steps of numerical dosimetry, which ranges from the preparation of input files to the execution from the ECM to the organization and graphical and numerical analysis of the results. This article reviews computational phantoms for dosimetry mainly those produced in DEN-UFPE dissertations and thesis.

Computed tomography-based angle measurements of the sagittal capitulum and trochlea position in relation to the humeral shaft

The radiologic evaluation of the sagittal angulation of the distal humerus is commonly based on standard lateral radiographs. However, lateral radiographs do not allow to examine the lateral angulation of the capitulum and the trochlea, separately. Although this problem could be approached via computed tomography, there are no data available describing the difference between the angulation of the capitulum and trochlea. Therefore, we aimed to assess sagittal angles of the capitulum and trochlea in relation to the humeral shaft based on 400 CT-scans of the elbow in healthy adults. Angles were measured in sagittal planes at the capitulum center and three anatomically defined trochlea locations and were spanned between the axis of the joint component and the humerus shaft. Angles were tested for differences between measurement locations and correlation with patient characteristics (age, sex, trans-epicondylar distance). Angles increased from lateral to medial measurement locations (107.4 ± 9.6°, 167.4 ± 8.2°, 171.8 ± 7.3°, 179.1 ± 7.0°; p < 0.05). Largest angle differences were detected between the capitulum and trochlea with smallest angles measured at the capitulum. Patient characteristics did not correlate with angles (p > 0.05). Intra-rater-reliability was r = 0.79–0.86. As CT-imaging allows to distinguish between sagittal capitulum and trochlea locations, it might benefit the radiologic diagnostic of sagittal malalignments of the distal humerus at the capitulum and trochlea, separately.

Parametric Investigation of Canards on a Flying Wing UAV Using the Taguchi Method

The current work investigates the effect of canard geometric characteristics on the performance of a lightweight flying wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), capable of both conventional and Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) flight. The canards are sized as horizontal stabilizers to enhance the UAV’s longitudinal stability and minimize trimming requirements during cruise. Using a Design of Experiments (DOE) approach and, specifically, the Taguchi method, six canards’ design parameters are investigated on three different levels. These parameters are the sweep angle (Λ), aspect ratio (AR), taper ratio (λ), vertical position in relation to the main wing (vpos), incidence angle (ic), and dihedral angle (Γ). An L27 orthogonal array (OA) is used to investigate the influence of these key design parameters using two performance criteria, namely the Lift-to-Drag ratio (L/D) and the pitching moment coefficient (Cm), at cruise conditions (designated as L/Dcruise and |Cm|cruise). The investigation is conducted by using high-fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods for each of the 27 configurations defined by the L27 OA, over a range of angles of attack. Based on the CFD results, two distinct combinations are derived for maximum L/Dcruise and minimum |Cm|cruise using the Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR) analysis. The optimal design parameter combinations for the two performance criteria are A2B1C1D1E1F1 and A2B2C1D2E2F3, respectively. Finally, the Pareto Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) technique is conducted to define the contribution of each of the six design parameters on the L/Dcruise and the |Cm|cruise. More specifically, ic seems to have the most significant effect on L/Dcruise, whereas Λ is the most important parameter for |Cm|cruise.

Anatomical Variations of Modiolus in Relation with Vestibular and Cranial Morphology on CT Scans

Background: Fundamental knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the inner ear is necessary to understand otologic diseases and therapeutic strategies. Aim: Evaluate the inter- and intraindividual variability of the modiolar position in relation to vestibular landmarks and cranial morphology on computed tomography scans (CT scan). Methods: Thirty CT scans of normal temporal bones (25 adults, 5 children) were analyzed after multiplanar reconstruction (MPR). The measurements for each ear included the angle of each semicircular canal (SCC) made by a line passing through the chosen plane and a line passing between the apex and the ampulla of the SCC studied and the angle of the modiolus in the transverse and sagittal planes. Results: Intraindividual asymmetries with a moderate to good right/left correlation were observed for the lateral SCC in the transverse plane, posterior SCC in the frontal plane, and the superior SCC in the sagittal plane and for the modiolus in the transverse plane. Conclusions: An anatomical variability in the cochlea, independent of other surrounding anatomical elements, seems to exist, but the SCCs seem to remain symmetrical. Significance: The orientation of the modiolus is an important knowledge to acquire during presurgical planning prior to transmodiolar auditory nerve implantation.

State regulation and management of the system of ownership and use of agricultural land

A huge country, sparsely populated over large areas, with an abundance of natural resources, inherited from the ancestors, this is a blessing and a burden at the same time - the territory and resources must not only be protected from envious neighbors and countries that are historically accustomed to obtain natural resources at an inexpensive price, but also populate and equip vast territories by establishing production, and not mainly engage in gathering and selling the gifts of nature, constantly being in a state of “lagging development model”. With an abundance of land resources, and at least half of the untapped potential of productive agricultural lands, the ever-increasing need for food in the world creates geopolitical and economic opportunities for increasing agricultural production through a more complete use of vacant agricultural lands of the Non-Black Earth Region and intensification of agriculture in regions with more fertile black soil. Land policy plays a decisive role in realizing the existing opportunities to increase agricultural production, legislation, and the quality of legal regulation of land relations, management of the use of productive agricultural land, institutional environment and land management infrastructure. The article considers long-term problems of land policy, land legislation, the quality of regulation and management of land resources in agriculture and the need to determine ways and means of their improvement. “Administrative labor occupies a dominant position in relation to executive labor, as well as to the services of the land. It forms “the third factor” of production (capital + land + labor. A significant part of capital is knowledge and the organization of production). Labor is as passive as natural objects (for economic theory). Labor and land are just an instrument” (Josef Alois Schumpeter, 1883-1950, Theory of Economic Development, p. 69).

Low-Cost Dual-Frequency GNSS Receivers and Antennas for Surveying in Urban Areas.

Low-cost dual-frequency global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers have recently been tested in various positioning applications. Considering that these sensors can now provide high positioning accuracy at a lower cost, they can be considered an alternative to high-quality geodetic GNSS devices. The main objectives of this work were to analyze the differences between geodetic and low-cost calibrated antennas on the quality of observations from low-cost GNSS receivers and to evaluate the performance of low-cost GNSS devices in urban areas. In this study, a simple RTK2B V1 board u-blox ZED-F9P (Thalwil, Switzerland) was tested in combination with a low-cost calibrated and geodetic antenna in open-sky and adverse conditions in urban areas, while a high-quality geodetic GNSS device was used as a reference for comparison. The results of the observation quality check show that low-cost GNSS instruments have a lower carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N0) than geodetic instruments, especially in the urban areas where the difference is larger and in favor of the geodetic GNSS instruments. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the multipath error in the open sky is twice as high for low-cost as for geodetic instruments, while this difference is up to four times greater in urban areas. The use of a geodetic GNSS antenna does not show a significant improvement in the C/N0 and multipath of low-cost GNSS receivers. However, the ambiguity fix ratio is larger when geodetic antennas are used, with a difference of 1.5% and 18.4% for the open-sky and urban conditions, respectively. It should be noted that float solutions may become more evident when low-cost equipment is used, especially for short sessions and in urban areas with more multipath. In relative positioning mode, low-cost GNSS devices were able to provide horizontal accuracy lower than 10 mm in urban areas in 85% of sessions, while the vertical and spatial accuracy was lower than 15 mm in 82.5% and 77.5% of the sessions, respectively. In the open sky, low-cost GNSS receivers achieve a horizontal, vertical, and spatial accuracy of 5 mm for all sessions considered. In RTK mode, positioning accuracy varies between 10-30 mm in the open-sky and urban areas, while better performance is demonstrated for the former.

Accuracy of the maxillomandibular relationship at centric relation position recorded by using 3 different intraoral scanners with or without an optical jaw tracking system: An in vivo pilot study

PurposeTo measure the accuracy (trueness and precision) of the maxillomandibular relationship at centric relation position recorded by using 3 different intraoral scanners with or without an optical jaw tracking system. Material and methodsA completely dentate volunteer was selected. Seven groups were generated: conventional procedure (control group), 3 IOSs: Trios4 (Trios4 group), Itero Element 5D Plus (Itero group), i700 (i700 group), and 3 groups with a jaw tracking system for each corresponding IOS system (Modjaw-Trios4, Modjaw-iTero, and Modjaw-i700 groups) (n = 10). In the control group, casts were mounted on an articulator (Panadent) using a face bow and a CR record captured with the Kois deprogrammer (KD). The casts were digitized by using a scanner (T710) (control files). In the Trios4 group, intraoral scans were obtained by using the corresponding IOS and duplicated 10 times. The KD was used to obtain a bilateral occlusal record at CR position. These same procedures were followed for the Itero and i700 groups. In the Modjaw-Trios 4 group, the intraoral scans acquired by using the corresponding IOS at MIP were imported into the jaw tracking program. The KD was used to record the CR relationship. For acquiring the specimens in the Modjaw-Itero and Modjaw-i700 groups, the same procedures were followed as in the Modjaw-Trios4 group, with the scans obtained with the Itero and i700 scanners respectively. The articulated virtual casts of each group were exported. Thirty-six inter-landmark linear measurements were used to calculate the discrepancies between the control and experimental scans. The data were analyzed by using 2-way ANOVA followed the pairwise comparison Tukey tests (α=0.05). ResultsSignificant trueness and precision discrepancies were found among the groups tested (P<.001). The Modjaw-i700, Modjaw-iTero, Modjaw-Trios4, and i700 groups obtained the best trueness and precision among the groups tested, and the iTero and Trios4 groups obtained the worst trueness. The iTero group obtained the worst precision among the groups tested (P>.05). ConclusionsThe maxillomandibular relationship recorded was influenced by the technique selected. Except for the i700 IOS system, the optical jaw tracking system tested improved the trueness value of the maxillomandibular relationship recorded at CR position when compared with the corresponding IOS.

Bridge Deformation Analysis Using Time-Differenced Carrier-Phase Technique

Historically, monitoring possible deformations in suspension bridges has been a crucial issue for structural engineers. Therefore, to understand and calibrate models of the “load-structure-response”, it is essential to implement suspension bridge monitoring programs. In this work, due to increasing GNSS technology development, we study the movement of a long-span bridge structure using differenced carrier phases in adjacent epochs. Many measurement errors can be decreased by a single difference between consecutive epochs, especially from receivers operating at 10 Hz. Another advantage is not requiring two receivers to observe simultaneously. In assessing the results obtained, to avoid unexpected large errors, the outlier and cycle-slip exclusion are indispensable. The final goal of this paper is to obtain the relative positioning and associated standard deviations of a stand-alone geodetic receiver. Short-term movements generated by traffic, tidal current, wind, or earthquakes must be recoverable deformations, as evidenced by the vertical displacement graphs obtained through this approach. For comparison studies, three geodetic receivers were positioned on the Assut de l’Or Bridge in València, Spain. The associated standard deviation for the north, east, and vertical positioning values was approximately 0.01 m.

Prospective cohort study of the venous system through duplex mapping in the puerperal pregnancy cycle

Objective: To evaluate the changes in the venous system during pregnancy and childbirth in pregnant and postpartum women without previous venous disease. Methods: This is an observational, analytical prospective cohort study carried out from May 2021 to October 2021, in pregnant women undergoing caesarean section on their first postoperative day, with duplex mapping being performed to assess the diameter and reflux of the great and small saphenous veins, mean venous flow velocity in the common femoral veins in dorsal decubitus and the comparison of velocities when adopting the left and right lateral decubitus position before caesarean section and on the first postpartum day. Result: 49 pregnant women were evaluated, and an increase in flow velocity was observed when adopting the right and left lateral positions in relation to pre- and post-cesarean section in dorsal decubitus. The mean velocity of venous flow from the common femoral vein increased in the postpartum period, regardless of the decubitus adopted. Conclusion: There was an improvement in flow in the femoral vein with the change from dorsal decubitus to right and left lateral decubitus and after termination of pregnancy.

“Understand where you're coming from”: Positionality and higher education disability resources

AbstractDespite their significant influence on the experiences of disabled college students, disability resource professionals are provided limited guidance on how to carry out the functions of their role. As a result, during the accommodations process, disability resource professionals generally rely on their instincts and “gut” reactions when responding to accommodation requests after quickly processing information from a student's self‐report and relevant medical documentation. However, hidden within these quick decisions are disability resource professionals' positionalities—or frameworks for considering the world—that have an innate influence on the outcome of accommodation decisions and, ultimately, disabled students’ access to higher education. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore disability resource professionals’ views on positionality in the context of higher education disability resources and its relationship to accommodation decision‐making. After a review of findings from interviews with 13 disability resource professionals, the authors conclude with recommendations for higher education disability resources and directions for future research.Practical Implications It is important for disability resource professionals to cyclically examine their positionalities (e.g., identities, experiences) before, during, and following the accommodations process and working with disabled college students. When examining their positionalities, disability resource professionals should critically examine their positions in relation to power and privilege, with a focus on their reactions to students’ identities and experiences. Leadership in the field of higher education disability resources should also create time and space for disability resource professionals to engage in meaningful positionality‐focused professional development opportunities.

5G Advanced: Sidelink Evolution

Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standardization studied sidelink operation for 5G New Radio (NR), targeting advanced vehicle-to-everything (V2X) services in Release 16/17. 3GPP recently approved 5G Advanced study item, which includes NR sidelink for unlicensed operation, NR sidelink positioning for commercial devices, public safety, and V2X services. This article presents an overview of NR sidelink use case, requirements to be studied in 5G advanced, and discusses potential improvements needed in the physical layer. Furthermore, this article outlines design improvements needed in the NR sidelink physical layer, addressing it to meet regulatory requirements to operate in the unlicensed band, relative positioning calculation between peer sidelink devices, using sidelink relative positioning methods, and, finally, to meet ultra-low latency. Very high reliability enhancement is required for Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) use case, such as end-to-end latency of 1msec, hi gh reliability up-to 99.9999 percen, t and tight requirement for clock synchronicity at <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$1\ \mu\mathrm{s}$</tex> .

Evolution of the Chief Medical Officer Role in Teaching Hospitals and Health Systems.

Clinical physician leaders have become an increasingly important asset to hospitals and hospital systems in a changing healthcare environment. Specifically, the role of the chief medical officer (CMO) has expanded and evolved amid the shift to value-based payment models and sharpened focus on patient safety, quality, community engagement, and equity in healthcare, as well as a global pandemic. In light of these changes, this study examined the transformation of CMOs and similar roles and evaluated the current needs, challenges, and responsibilities of clinical leaders today. The primary data source used in this analysis was a survey fielded to 391 clinical leaders in 290 Association of American Medical Colleges-member hospitals and health systems in 2020. In addition, this study compared responses to the 2020 survey with findings from two prior iterations of the survey from 2005 and 2016. The surveys collected information regarding demographics, compensation, administrative titles, qualifications for the position, and the scope of the role, among other questions. All surveys consisted of multiple-choice, free response, and rating questions. The analysis was conducted using frequency counts and percentage distributions. Thirty percent of eligible clinical leaders responded to the 2020 survey. Twenty-six percent of the clinical leader respondents identified as female. Ninety-one percent of the CMOs were members of the senior management team in their hospital or health system. CMOs reported that they were responsible for five hospitals, on average, with 67% indicating they were responsible for more than 500 physicians. This analysis provides hospital and health systems with insight into the expanding scope and complexity of CMOs as they take on greater leadership responsibilities within their institutions amidst a shifting healthcare landscape. In reflecting on our results, hospital leaders can understand the current needs, barriers, and responsibilities of today's clinical leaders.

Partnership relaxation

Therapeutic relaxations, as psycho-corporal practices, weave the body-mind links. The relaxation partnership, a structured and flexible approach, is inspired by the same principle, by specifically remodeling the relational positions and postures of professionals and users. Itresponds to precise indications and contraindications and is proposed to the patient in an individual or group approach.

Valuing soccer players: on the valuation dynamics of an online user community

PurposeThis paper studies the interactive valuation discourses of an online user community (transfermarkt.de) that seeks to determine market values for soccer players. Despite their seemingly casual nature, these values have featured in newspapers, transfer negotiations, academic research, and capital market communication – and have thus become reified.Design/methodology/approachThe paper employs netnographic research methodology to collect and thematically analyze a wide range of user entries on the platform. These entries are studied using theoretical insights from the sociology of quantification and valuation.FindingsThe analysis reveals how values are constructed in constant interaction between value-proposing users and value-justifying “experts.” This dynamic form of relational valuation positions players relative to one another as well as to actual transactions on the transfer market. In the absence of authoritative guidelines, it is this possibility and affordance for interaction that enacts a coherent valuation regime. The paper further reveals the platform's response to a disruptive event, which risked bringing the user-expert dynamics to a halt, requiring intervention from the platform to repair its valuation frame.Originality/valueThe paper responds to increased scholarly interests in the valuation of professional athletes. It contributes to the extant literature on valuation, first, by analyzing the dynamic valuation work that feeds into the social construction of values and, second, by studying platform participation and user interaction in a socially engineered online space.

Description of the Three Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Sitta (S. himalayensis, S. nagaensis, and S. yunnanensis) and Phylogenetic Relationship (Aves: Sittidae).

Nuthatches (genus Sitta; family Sittidae) are a passerine genus with a predominantly Nearctic and Eurasian distribution. To understand the phylogenetic position of Sitta and phylogenetic relations within this genus, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genomes of three Sitta species (S. himalayensis, S. nagaensis, and S. yunnanensis), which were 16,822-16,830 bp in length and consisted of 37 genes and a control region. This study recovered the same gene arrangement found in the mitogenomes of Gallus gallus, which is considered the typical ancestral avian gene order. All tRNAs were predicted to form the typical cloverleaf secondary structures. Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses of sequences of 18 species obtained a well-supported topology. The family Sittidae is the sister group of Troglodytidae, and the genus Sitta can be divided into three major clades. We demonstrated the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Sitta (S. carolinensis + ((S. villosa + S. yunnanensis) + (S. himalayensis + (S. europaea + S. nagaensis)))).

Orientation of Cel5A and Xyn10B in a fusion construct is important in facilitating synergistic degradation of plant biomass polysaccharides

One approach to achieve efficient and economical saccharification of plant biomass would be using thermostable and multifunctional enzymes from hyperthermophiles such as Thermotoga maritima. Thus, the bifunctional constructs, Cel5A-Xyn10B and Xyn10B-Cel5A, were produced by fusing cellulase Cel5A at the N- and C-terminals of xylanase Xyn10B, respectively. The Cel5A-Xyn10B fusion construct showed cellulase activity of 1483 Uμmol-1 against carboxymethyl cellulose, which was nearly the same as that of Cel5A in the free form. However, xylanase activity of this construct increased by 2-fold against beechwood xylan as compared to that of Xyn10B in free form. The synergistic effect between Cel5A and Xyn10B in the form of Cel5A-Xyn10B fusion resulted an overall increase in the release of reducing sugars. However, Xyn10B-Cel5A showed about 60% decrease in activities of both the component enzymes as compared to their activities in the free form. Both the fusion constructs were active in a wide range of pH from 4.0 to 9.0 and temperatures from 50 to 90°C. Nearly 80% of cellulase and xylanase activities were retained in Cel5A-Xyn10B fusion after incubation at 60°C for 1h. Secondary structures of the component enzymes were retained in the Cel5A-Xyn10B fusion as observed by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Docking and simulation studies suggested that the enhanced xylanase activity in Cel5A-Xyn10B was due to the high binding energy, favorable orientation of the active sites, as well as relative positioning of the active site residues of Cel5A and Xyn10B in closer vicinity, which facilitated the substrate channeling.

Прецедент в римском праве: основные термины и их содержание

Introduction. Until today, the prevailing opinion is that precedent did not play a significant role in the legal system of Rome. However, a number of sources, in particular the papyrus entries of judgement which record the provincial legal practice in Roman Egypt in the period from the 1st to the 3rd centuries, say otherwise. The significant role of precedent in the legal system of Rome is also evidenced with the texts of M. Tullius Cicero, M. Fabius Quinctilian, Pseudo-Asconius, G. Julius Victor. Theoretical analysis. The study of these texts makes it possible to understand what terms the Romans used to denote an authoritative judicial decision, what semantic content they put into them, and how close this content is to the modern idea of a judicial precedent. To designate a court decision that becomes a model, and which judges will be guided by when considering other cases with similar circumstances, Roman talkers use the terms res iudicata, praeiudicium, and exemplum. The precedent, in its classical sense, contains the fundamental legal provisions formulated by the judge in relation to this case, which are usually denoted by the term ratio dicendi. The question arises whether the decision of the court in Rome could establish these legal principles followed by other judges. Empirical analysis. The answer to this question can be obtained by considering the case of the so-called Fulcinian Estate. Being the representative of Caecina in this case, Cicero warns the recuperators against accepting the arguments of his opponent, Piso, based on the legal consequences of their possible decision. Thus, in this case, the judges could issue a decision containing a new legal principle, formulate a generalized legal position in relation to this case. Results. Court decisions in the legal system of Rome had the power of authority. They possessed it for a reason, due to the generalized legal reasoning or legal principles formulated by the judges in relation to the situation under consideration. That is why they became precedents. There were many such court decisions in Rome, they had sufficient authority and contained certain legal principles that judges applied when considering cases with similar circumstances.

Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Autogenous Ramus Block Graft Donor Site and Its Relation to Mandibular Canal.

Sufficient bone volume is necessary for placing a dental implant in an ideal position. To restore severely insufficient bone volume, autogenous block graft procedures with various intraoral donor sites are presented in the literature. The aims of this retrospective study are to present the dimensions and volume of the potential ramus block graft site, and to evaluate possible effect of mandibular canal diameter and its position in relation to mandibular ramus block graft volume. Two-hundred cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were evaluated. The maximum length, width, height, and volume of the potential ramus block graft site, mandibular canal diameter, mandibular canal-mandibular basis distance, and mandibular canal-crest distance were measured. Mandibular canal diameter, mandibular canal-crest distance, and mandibular canal-mandibular basis distance were 3.139 ± 0.446 mm, 15.376 ± 2.562, and 7.834 ± 1.285 mm, respectively. In addition, the dimensions of the potential ramus block graft sites were measured 11.156 ± 2.297 mm × 10.390 ± 3.420 mm × 8.816 ± 1.720 mm (height × length × width). Moreover, the potential ramus bone block volume was calculated as 1.076 ± 0.398 cm3. While a positive correlation was detected between mandibular canal-crest distance and the potential ramus block graft volume (r = .160, P = .025), a negative correlation was found between mandibular canal-mandibular basis distance and the potential ramus block graft volume (r = -.020, P = .001). Mandibular ramus is one of the predictable intraoral donor sites for bone augmentation procedures. However, ramus has some volumetric limitations related to its neighboring anatomic structures. It seems to be important to evaluate lower jaw in a 3-dimensional manner to prevent surgical complications.

The intersections of socioeconomic position, gender, race/ethnicity and nationality in relation to oral conditions among American adults.

The objective of the study was to evaluate how gender, socioeconomic position (SEP), race/ethnicity and nationality intersect to structure social inequalities in adult oral health among American adults. Data from adults aged 20 years or over who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2018 were analysed. The outcomes were poor self-rated oral health and edentulism among all adults (n= 24 541 and 21 446 participants, respectively) and untreated caries and periodontitis among dentate adults (n= 16 483 and 9829 participants, respectively). A multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA) was conducted for each outcome, by nesting individuals within 48 intersectional strata defined as combinations of gender, SEP, race/ethnicity and nationality. Intersectional measures included the variance partition coefficient (VPC), the proportional change in variance (PCV) and predicted excess probability due to interaction. Substantial social inequalities in the prevalence of oral conditions among adults were found, which were characterized by high between-stratum heterogeneity and outcome specificity. The VPCs of the simple intersectional model showed that 9.4%-12.7% of the total variance in the presentation of oral conditions was attributed to between-stratum differences. In addition, the PCVs from the simple intersectional model to the intersectional interaction model showed that 84.1%-97.1% of the stratum-level variance in the presentation of oral conditions was attributed to the additive effects of gender, SEP, race/ethnicity and nationality. The point estimates of the predictions for some intersectional strata were suggestive of an intersectional interaction effect. However, the 95% credible intervals were very wide and the estimations inconclusive. This analysis highlights the value of the intersectionality framework to understand heterogeneity in social inequalities in oral health. These inequalities were mainly due to the additive effect of the social identities defining the intersectional strata, with no evidence of interaction effects.

Gender Influence on Authorship Pattern: A Case Study

ABSTRACT Little is known about the existing gender disparities in library and information science research. The current study aims to analyze research articles from the Annals of Library and information studies journal from a gender perspective. The study looked at the author’s position in relation to their gender, various patterns of collaboration, and if this has affected citations. This study also attempts to determine the male and female authors’ research interests as the first author. The data were gathered from the Scopus database between 2011 and 2019 and were quantified using bibliometrics. Six distinct authorship patterns were recognized. The findings reveal men in first and last author positions constitute the highest research articles and citations indicating male authors to be more influential compared to females. Additionally, the study findings have provided an overview of the current state of women in library and information science research and highlighted areas where improvements can be made.