Class Position Research Articles

The institutional logics of love: the order of passion in an intimate field

AbstractWe use Multiple Correspondence Analysis to capture the institutional logics of love and intimacy among a random sample of American university students. Comparing the theoretical assumptions of field theory and the institutional logics approach we explore whether institutional logics of intimacy exist, what kinds of practices are gathered in these logics, and whether these institutional logics are shaped by the actors’ field capitals, viz. gender and social class. Using survey data collected from a random sample of 1315 students from a large Pacific university (PU) we find that institutional logics of intimacy come in multiple forms: abstinence, loving sex and hookup sex, each characterized by its specific doings, feelings, and sayings. Our analyses further suggest that the logics of intimate practice have their own internal order, or grammar, which is only weakly conditioned by persons’ class or gender positions in the social structure. Although the perduring logics of intimacy are largely autonomous from persons’ positions in the field, the effects we do find largely echo Armstrong and Hamilton’s account of college life as a class project of young privileged women whose social networks formed through the Greek party scene (Armstrong and Hamilton in Paying for the Party. How College Maintains Inequality, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2013). Constellations of meaningful practice, not distributions of capitals among persons, overwhelmingly organize the pathways of practice.

The class differentiation of older age: Capitals and lifestyles.

Older people have been overlooked in recent debates over the relationship between age, class and culture despite their prevalence and the conceptual questions they raise. Seeking to bridge mainstream class analysis with debates in social gerontology, especially via a shared turn to Pierre Bourdieu's relational sociology, this paper draws on survey data from the US to examine not only the class position of older people but their internal social and cultural differentiation. I use geometric data analysis to construct a model of the class system, locate older people within it and then explore differences among older people. I then proceed to compare the cultural symbolisations of social positions among older people to those of the larger sample. The core structures of social and cultural differentiation among older people are roughly homologous with those of the broader sample, but there are also notable differences and even inversions pointing toward the specificity - and autonomy - of ageing as a principle of difference and practice.

Two Racial Capitalisms: Marxism, Domination, and Resistance in Cedric Robinson and Stuart Hall

AbstractThe popularity of the concept of “racial capitalism” has exploded over the past decade, penetrating both academic and activist circles. Two thinkers have been foundational to this revival: Cedric Robinson and Stuart Hall. Whereas previous scholarship has tended to merge these two thinkers into a single framework, we argue that they develop divergent, and potentially irreconcilable, theories of racial capitalism. Robinson and Hall both challenge an orthodox Marxism that crudely reads politics from class position, and both point to the constitutive roles of culture and racism in mass mobilisation. Yet they diverge in two key ways. First, they root their theories in incongruous systemic logics: Robinson emphasises racial differentiation and domination, whereas Hall emphasises the maintenance of capitalist hegemony. And second, Robinson's theories of domination and resistance are rooted in spatial connections, most importantly via Western racialism and what he calls the Black radical tradition, both of which envelop the globe. By contrast, Hall insists on the spatial fragmentation of domination and resistance, which emerge as conjunctural articulations in specific contexts. Challenging the idea that there is a singular racial capitalism lens or frame, we urge scholars and activists alike to rigorously interrogate the specific mechanisms linking racism and capitalism.

Researching in solidarity with marginalised groups: A meta-ethnography about research for educational justice and social transformation

This article uses meta-ethnography to identify the challenges of working in solidarity with the experiences and interests of marginalised and exploited social groups. It focuses on what the main challenges seem to be, and on how to overcome them in struggles to change education in just directions by means of educational research. It is therefore a paper of interest from a methodological and a research political perspective relating to how critical researchers challenge the status quo and undermine the dominant hegemony in education and education policy in their research. A clear message from the analysis concerns the importance of understanding of the ontological class position of research for change and what to do in research in the interests of justice based on this understanding. Another message relates to the subjective and objective sides of transformative action, and a third a two directional threat towards it.

Lower incisor position in skeletal Class III malocclusion patients: a comparative study of orthodontic camouflage and orthognathic surgery.

To determine the difference between orthodontic camouflage and orthodontic-orthognathic surgery using the traditional cephalometric measurement IMPA and the newly proposed IA/PAMD, the angle between the long axis of the lower incisor (IA) and the principal axis of the mandibular alveolus (PAMD). This study included 40 cases each in the orthodontic camouflage group (OG) and orthodontic-orthognathic surgery group (SG). The differences between the IMPA and IA/PAMD before and after treatment were compared between the two groups. T0 lateral cephalometric images of the 10 cases with the highest and lowest increase in the IA/PAMD were analyzed to identify characteristics associated with a higher risk of overdecompensation of the lower incisors during presurgical orthodontic treatment. Both the OG and SG showed a significant improvement in hard- and soft-tissue measurements. However, in the OG, there was significant lingual inclination of the lower incisor but only a small change in the IA/PAMD. In the surgical group, the IMPA was close to 90° after treatment, but the IA/PAMD significantly increased. In orthodontic camouflage, the lower anterior teeth were significantly moved lingually with a better root-bone relationship. However, this relationship deteriorated in some surgical patients. Therefore, it is important to conduct cephalometric or cone-beam computed tomography examinations during preoperative orthodontics to identify and prevent possible periodontal risks.

Engendering migrant counterpublics: fun, care, solidarity, and resistance among Ethiopian domestic workers in Lebanon

ABSTRACT Research documenting the re-configurations of ‘public–private’ boundaries encountered by migrant domestic workers has observed how they often create a sense of ‘home’ in public spaces in destination countries. Migrant workers’ occupation of, and interactions in, public spaces such as parks, malls, restaurants, and churches in effect create ‘private spheres’ where they can relax and be themselves with friends and sometimes partners. Yet migrant women also often face a double exclusion from the public sphere as political subjects, first as women and second as migrants. Their physical presence in the public sphere may be highly regulated by gender norms, and their participation in the public sphere is limited due to their exclusion from citizenship or even labour entitlements. Drawing on Nancy Fraser’s concept of subaltern counterpublics, this paper argues that migrant domestic workers’ experiences of re-configuring public and private spaces within Lebanon contribute to the creation of ‘migrant counterpublics’ that challenges the methodological-nationalist limitations of conceptualisations of citizenship and participation in the public sphere. I make these reflections through an auto-ethnographic account of my experiences while researching the working lives and conditions of Ethiopian migrant domestic workers in Lebanon. Central to these reflections on our navigation of public spaces is the consideration of our embodied experiences as racialised women, which intersected with our differential class, sexuality, and migrant status positioning.

A 3D Evaluation of Condyle Position of Skeletal Class I and III Patients: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Technique

Purpose: The present study aims to assess the differences in the condyle position for two skeletal classes using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) reconstructions for both sides and genders.
 Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, the CBCT images of 96 patients (20-60 years) were assessed. The participants were divided according to their Angle malocclusion classifications (Angle Classes I and III). The variables of the Anterior-Posterior position of the Condyle (APC), condylar angle in the axial plane (ACA), the Lateral Position of the Condyle in the axial plane (LPC), the Vertical Position of the Condyle (VPC), condylar angle in coronal dimension (CCA), and the difference of APC and VPC on both sides were measured. The measurements were analyzed using a one‑way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test.
 Results: The variables of APC, LPC, ACA, VDC, and the difference of the APC on both sides in the two skeletal classes were similar. The VPC and CCA were greater in Class III than in Class I. All variables representing the 3D position of the condyle were similar in men and women, as well as on the right and left in both skeletal classes, I and III.
 Conclusion: Based on the 3D evaluation results of the condylar position, the skeletal classes III and I differed in the VPC and CCA; however, for the rest variables, there were no statistical differences.

Class Experience Mobility through Consumption, Work, and Relationships

Sociological analyses of class mobility focus on enduring class movement. How might we reconceptualize class mobility to capture more shifting experiences of class? I propose a new way to theorize class mobility that is oriented toward the analysis of short-term class mobility. Class experience mobility (CEM) is a form of class mobility in which people temporarily access a class lifestyle that does not correspond to their class position, tasting another life before returning to their own. In this theory-building article, I first conceptualize CEM, situating it relative to mainstream class analysis. I then describe six class experience processes that enable temporary upward class mobility through consumption, work, and relationships. Finally, I show how the processes by which people engage in CEM can serve as mechanisms shaping long-term class mobility and people’s classed self-understandings.

The role of the new institutional sociology in implementing the environmental agenda

The new institutional Sociology declares that organizations, whether public or private, are influenced by norms, customs and beliefs institutionalized in their structure. Therefore, it is possible to infer that these factors can also influence organizations' actions regarding the environment and sustainability. Based on this understanding, we sought to investigate the role of the new institutional Sociology in the implementation of the environmental agenda. Given the purpose of this work, it is possible to classify it as bibliographic and exploratory in nature. Scientific articles, books, reports and other secondary data of national and international origin were used as theoretical support for the research. In the context of the environmental agenda, institutions can materialize in the form of laws, regulations, public policies, positioning of the professional class, behavior of successful organizations, consumer preferences and many other factors. It was noticed that institutions pressure organizations to develop sustainable practices and these, in turn, enable environmental conservation without necessarily impeding economic development. It was also possible to identify that the pressures felt by organizations to adopt similar environmental practices are explained through the phenomenon understood as institutional isomorphism. This occurs in three ways: coercive; mimetic and normative. Furthermore, this study allowed us to understand the levels of implementation of an environmental agenda. However, it was observed that agendas can be implemented at global, national and local levels. And, the adoption of environmentally sustainable practices in organizations is motivated, above all, by the need to legitimize organizations.

Visibility, Precarity and Public Spaces: Reading Matthew Arnold’s “West London” in an Indian Classroom

This essay is an account of my experience of teaching Matthew Arnold's "West London" in an Indian classroom through the conceptual prism of vulnerability. The essay argues that the configuration of public space in Arnold's poem in terms of differential class relations in Victorian society offers a literary mode of visualizing vulnerablity and prompts an ethical recognition of the humanness of marginalized characters. It further demonstrates how the peadgogic exercise of 'reading' such poetry in the contemporary urban Indian context can alert students to the politics of occupying and negotiating public spaces in terms of (the lack of) class position and privilege across diverse cultural and historical contexts.

THE REFLECTION OF IDEOLOGY AND CONFLICT THEORY ON TV SERIES: SNOWPIERCER SERIES EXAMPLE

TV series, one of the visual arts, can include cultural phenomena of society, representations of power and everyday events. One of the basic points of visual arts is the law of conflict. In order for there to be conflict, each character in the series must have a goal, purpose and ideology. Marx's "false consciousness" discourse and the concept of "ideology", Althusser's grouping of "ideological apparatuses", Gramsci's "consent" and "hegemony" discourses have been a part of ideology criticism. Therefore, ideology and conflict cannot be separated from each other in TV series. The characters in Snowpiercer are directed towards different goals in line with their status differences. For this reason, the aim of the study is to reveal how the conflict and class differences between people in positions of power and individuals in lower class positions develop. The population of the study consists of all the TV series that were screened all over the world after 2010, in which there are indicators related to the concepts of ideology, conflict and power. The reason for choosing Snowpiercer as the study sample is that it is a study in which the concept of ideology, conflict theory, class conflict and elite theory are processed together. This study is important in that ideology, conflict and elite theory take place in the same series and in a single space and emphasize the difference between classes. This study concludes that keeping people with status and class differences in the same space for a certain period of time will lead to interpersonal conflict.

THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF A CIVILIZATIONAL SOCIETY

This article is devoted to the problem of civilizational society in the context of considering the socio-economic system. To date, there are a certain number of approaches to understanding this phenomenon. A classic example is the materialistic approach. Despite numerous attempts to criticize this approach, studying society through the prism of its socio-economic structure is largely possible due to the materialistic approach. The concept of K. Marx is considered and an analogy with modern realities is drawn. This approach has universal concepts and laws that can also be used in the analysis of all social systems. The article examines the conflicts of capital and labor, the place and role of the working class in the system of social relations, and also proves the importance of the proletariat class as the main driving force of modern society. The problems faced by the working class today are being studied. The types of socio-economic systems with individual criteria and the nature of property relations are considered. Goal. The article is devoted to the analysis of modern socio-economic systems within the framework of a civilizational society. The subject is the socio-economic system arising from the nature of public relations. The novelty lies in the fact that the working class is being studied in the context of modern scientific, technical and information breakthroughs, where competition for jobs increases with each new technology. The method or methodology of the work. The study is based on the teachings of K. Marx. Methods such as analysis, synthesis, comparative studies and historical and philosophical are also used. Results. The conducted research makes it possible to understand that despite the abundance of approaches to the concept of a civilizational society, the fundamental factor of studying remains its socio-economic sphere, as a result of public relations. The article reveals the Marxist approach, thanks to which it is possible to assess the position of the working class in modern civilizational society. Taking into account the growth of culture, the emergence of new technologies and the age of digitalization, the fundamental criterion for ensuring the vital activity of society was and remains – the worker. Different types of socio-economic systems and the methodology of the distribution of economic resources are given. The scope of the results. The results obtained can be used in the context of the implementation of state social policy, regulatory culture, as well as forecasting social and labor conflicts.

Effect of First Premolars Extraction with Maximum Retraction on Airway and Hyoid Bone Position in Class I Bimaxillary Dentoalveolar Protrusion Cases

Background: The aim was to determine the effect of first premolars extraction with maximum incisor retraction on airway magnitude and hyoid bone position in cases with bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion. Methods: Lateral cephalograms of patients with Class I skeletal and dental relationships were retrospectively recruited. Inclusion criteria were 15-30 years old patients having bimaxillary proclination who had undergone all first premolar extractions with maximum incisor retraction. Patients with dentofacial anomalies, chronic mouth breathing and those who had undergone tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy were excluded. Pre-and post-treatment lateral cephalograms were digitally analyzed for airway measurements and hyoid bone position. Paired samples T-test was used for statistical analysis. P-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 33 patients, comprising 22 females and 11 males, with a mean age of 24.39 ± 6.92 years were included. Statistically significant differences were found in airway dimensions from pre-treatment to post-treatment; upper airway size between soft palate and posterior pharyngeal wall (SPP-SPPW) was reduced by 1.91mm (12.78%), at uvula & middle posterior wall (U-MPW) by 2.51mm (20.60%), at tongue base to posterior-inferior point on middle pharyngeal wall (TB-TPPW) by 3.39mm (24.26%) and vallecular to lower pharyngeal wall by 1.51mm (9.94%). The vertical position of hyoid bone also significantly reduced as indicated by inferior movement of hyoidale (H) by 4mm (3.8%). There was no significant changes in the horizontal position of the hyoid bone. Conclusion: Premolar extraction with maximum retraction in bimaxillary protrusion cases can decrease the airway dimension and increase vertical position of hyoid bone.

Mealtime emotion work: Gendered politics of care and power at the table

AbstractObjectiveThis study examined how family members managed emotions ‐ or produced emotion work ‐ during family mealtimes and how this affected eating together in contexts where positive feeling rules, such as expectations of feeling happy together at the table, shaped commensality.BackgroundThe happy family meal ideology is widespread, but few studies have specifically investigated the way emotions are managed at the table.MethodsBased on 90 h of observations and 47 interviews with parents and children in 14 households across France and Australia, this ethnographic study examined emotions during family mealtimes. The data was analyzed using grounded theory.ResultsPositive feeling rules affected family mealtimes and led the mothers and fathers to produce significant, but different types of mealtime emotion work. The mothers were seen as caring, loving, and patient, whereas the fathers were seen as fun, but also impatient and authoritative. The lower the social class position of the family, the more parents distanced themselves from normative feeling rules—or from the happy family meal ideology—which meant emotions were not moderated as much.ConclusionThe type and intensity of emotion work repositioned parents in unequal roles of care and power relationships in relation to each other.ImplicationsThe amount and type of mealtime emotion work are key to understanding the barriers and burdens that families face when wanting to eat together.

The Class Ceiling in the United States: Class-Origin Pay Penalties in Higher Professional and Managerial Occupations

Abstract Gender and racial pay penalties are well-known: women (of all races) and people of color (of all genders) earn less, on average, even when they gain access to occupations historically reserved for White men. Studies of social mobility show that people from working-class backgrounds in the US have also been excluded from top professional and managerial occupations. But do working-class-origin people who attain top US jobs face a class-origin pay penalty? Despite evidence of class-origin pay gaps in higher professional and managerial occupations elsewhere, we might expect that the central role of race and racism in US stratification processes, along with the relatively low salience of class identities, would render class origins irrelevant to earnings in exclusive occupations, at least within racial groups. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to link childhood class position to adult occupation and earnings, we describe the racial and class-origin composition of different high-status occupations and the earnings of people within them. We show that when people who are from working-class backgrounds are upwardly mobile into high-status occupations, they earn almost $20,000 per year less, on average, than individuals who are themselves from privileged backgrounds. The difference is partly explained by the upwardly mobile being less likely to have college degrees, but it remains substantial (around $11,700) even after accounting for education, race and other important predictors of earnings. The gap is largest among White people; there is a class-origin penalty in top US occupations that is distinct from the racial pay gap.

The importance of being privileged: Digital entrepreneurship as a class project

Abstract Established professional occupations can become the preserve of elites when fitting in is driven by class-based criteria. In contrast, digital entrepreneurship has been proposed as a means by which people may emancipate themselves from societal constraints. We interrogate digital entrepreneurship’s meritocratic foundations by way of a 36-month ethnography of a startup incubator. Attending to the dispositions of digital entrepreneurs, we reveal they use cultural tastes and manners to create the incubator as a place where members of the privileged class can reinvent themselves at their leisure, all the while adopting the meritocratic mythologies of digital entrepreneurship to disavow their own privilege. This opens up a two-fold contribution to the study of professions and occupations. Firstly, we demonstrate how professional and occupational roles are epiphenomenal to class positioning. Secondly, the parallels between the legitimating discourses of entrepreneurs and more established professional jurisdictions attest to a community that is in the process of professionalization.

Evaluation of Glenoid Fossa Position in Class II Malocclusion Associated with Mandibular Retrusion and Class III Malocclusion Associated with Mandibular Protrusion

ABSTRACT Objective: This study examined the glenoid fossa in Class II and Class III malocclusions with mandibular retrusion and protrusion. Materials and Methods: A retrospective investigation examined 60 Class II and 60 Class III cephalometric radiographs. Cephalometric landmarks and glenoid fossa measurements were taken. Statistical analysis contrasted the two malocclusion groups’ glenoid fossas. Results: Class II malocclusion had a much lower mean Sella–Nasion–Condylion (SNCd) angle (glenoid fossa sagittal position) than Class III (14.6° ± 1.9). Class II malocclusion had a lower mean Sella–Nasion–Gonion (SNGo) angle (32.5° ± 4.3) than Class III (36.2° ± 3.9). The SNCd angle and SNGo angle in both groups demonstrated a negative correlation, demonstrating a relationship between the glenoid fossa and the mandibular sagittal axis. Conclusion: The glenoid fossa location differs significantly between Class II malocclusion with mandibular retrusion and Class III with protrusion. Class II malocclusion has a posterior glenoid fossa, while Class III has a less posterior one. Understanding these links may help patients receive more personalized treatment.

DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES IN THE RETURN OF SHERLOCK HOLMES NOVEL: A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

In the context of a language must have their respective positions as an effort to classify sentences in several positions. The main purpose of the classification of positions is to provide direction and explanation regarding the meaning of a sentence when it is collaborated with others sentences. Words that have initial positions as nouns or adjectives to verbs and adverbs will be in their position if they get an addition at the end of the word according to their context and use. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the reasons for the change of each basic word and to find out the context of the changes made so that the reader has a deep understanding when reading the novel "The Return of Sherlock Holmes". The research method used is a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques used in the form of reading and note-taking techniques. While the data analysis techniques used a step of analysis is to use the theory that underlies this derivational suffix and use some supporting references to produce a scientific finding. As a step to describe research, it is easier to use a concept map because it is easy to understand. The results of the research show that there are 2 words that are classified as changes in the suffix of adjective, there are 1 word that is classified as changes in the suffix of adverb, 2 words that are classified as changes in the suffix of verb and 2 words that are classified as the suffix of noun. Of the several changes, the majority of the reasons for changing are as a way to change the position of the word class.

Doing style for Saraswati Puja: Girlhood, Class, and Community Identity among Muslim girls in Assam

Saraswati Puja, a celebration of the Hindu goddess of learning, is organised by youth clubs and educational institutions in eastern India. We draw on debates on girlhood, codes of respectable femininity in a neoliberal world, and how these play out for Muslim girls in the school context. These ideas frame our analysis of the dressing up practice among Muslim girls in a government school. We argue that the middle-class and ethnicised ideals of girlhood are amplified and reconfigured by the popular discourses on Saraswati Puja and add to the tensions over the appropriate code of dressing within the context of Puja at school. While the reality of girls’ lives is being shaped in novel ways, the Muslim girls engagement with the ideals of ‘respectable femininity’ through varied modes of ‘doing style’ put them under contrary pressures in public places like school. In such a scenario, their accounts of dressing up and participating in this event serve as a vantage point to understand how girlhood is being construed and experienced from varied positions of class, caste, age, and community. These accounts highlight Muslim girls’ engagement with the codes of femininity in the majoritarian cultural universe of a school.

Class and racial inequalities in the criminal justice system of the United States of America

The subject of this paper is a theoretical consideration of the relationship between class and racial inequalities and the criminal justice system in the United States of America (USA), based on a review of relevant studies and data sources. The author concludes that the class and race of the defendant influence the outcome of criminal proceedings in the USA. They are non-normative factors that have an impact on the judge's decision-making. Within the US criminal justice system, racial and class inequalities intersect so that poor, low-educated African Americans receive the harshest treatment in the US criminal justice system. The presented research shows a milder treatment of other categories of the USA population, whose criminal acts are not perceived as too dangerous due to the social position of the perpetrator and the non-violence of those acts, as well as the absence of direct victims. Also, the author concludes that although there are more studies on the influence of race on the outcome of criminal proceedings in the USA, class shows a greater influence than race, even though the term class is rarely used in the presented research and class position is most often shown using indicators of class position.