Portunus Sanguinolentus Research Articles

Concentrations of trace elements in the organs of commercially exploited crustaceans and cephalopods caught in the waters of Thoothukudi, South India

Concentrations of trace elements (arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead) in tissues (muscle, gills, and digestive gland) of three commercially exploited crustaceans (Portunus sanguinolentus, Charybdis natator, and Penaeus semisulcatus) and three cephalopods (Doryteuthis sibogae, Sepia pharaonis, and Cistopus indicus) were examined. The animals were captured in the waters of Thoothukudi, and the tissues of six individuals of each species were analyzed using ICP-MS. The highest concentrations of arsenic (16.5 μg/g) and mercury (0.052 μg/g) were recorded in the digestive gland of C. natator, and cadmium (69.9 μg/g) and lead (0.351 μg/g) in the digestive gland of S. pharaonis. The edible portion of the crustaceans and cephalopods contained lower concentrations of trace elements, and these were below allowable limits set by the European Union. The edible parts of the investigated samples are safe for human consumption, but accidental contamination of the edible tissues with material from the digestive glands could lead to concerns relating to metal toxicity.

Crustacean Decapod Assemblage Associated with Seagrass (Zostera marina) Beds in Southern Waters of Korea

Decapod assemblages in Zostera marina beds from two bays adjacent to unvegetated habitats were investigated to assess their influence on decapod assemblages. Thirty-eight decapod species belonging to four taxa were collected using a small beam trawl at four habitat types from two different locations off the coast of Namhae Island, South Korea. Dominant decapod taxon at all habitats was the caridean shrimps, with Eualus leptognathus, Heptacarpus pandaloides, Latreutes anoplonyx, La. Laminirostris, and Palaemon macrodactylus being the most abundant caridean species. Crabs were characterized with the highest biomass, but with moderate species richness and abundance. Penaeoid and sergestoid shrimps only accounted for <1% of the total decapod abundance. The number of species and their abundance of decapod assemblages varied greatly by habitat type, season, and diel patterns, but not diversity. Species number and abundance peaked in seagrass beds of southern exposed bays during the autumn and were lowest in unvegetated habitats during the summer months. Diel decapod catch rates were higher at night. Dense seagrass vegetation and nighttime supported higher decapod mean densities, but not species richness and diversity. Multivariate analyses revealed that habitat type and season significantly affected the structure of decapod assemblages, but diel patterns had a minor influence. Among decapod species, Pa. macrodactylus and Pugettia quadridens characterized the decapod assemblages in seagrass beds at the northern semi-closed bay, while Telmessus acutidens, Crangon affinis, Cr. hakodatei, Charybdis (Charybdis) japonica, and Portunus sanguinolentus were significantly associated with both vegetated and unvegetated habitats at the southern exposed bay, with the former two species more abundant during the colder season.

Bioaccumulation of trace metals in the coastal Borneo (Malaysia) and health risk assessment

The concentration of nine trace elements were analyzed in the different tissue organs of commonly available crabs (Portunus sanguinolentus, Portunus pelagicus and Scylla serrate) and bivalve (Polymesoda erosa) species collected from the Miri coast, Borneo in order to evaluate the potential health risk by consumption of these aquatic organisms. Among the analyzed organs, metal accumulation was higher in the gill tissues. The essential (Cu and Zn) and non-essential (Pb and Cd) elements showed the highest (i.e. Zn) and lowest concentrations (i.e. Cd) in their tissue organs, respectively. The estimated daily intake and hazard indices of all metals in the muscle indicate that the measured values were below the provisional tolerable daily intake suggested by the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Compared to Malaysian and international seafood guideline values the results obtained from the present study are lower than the permissible limits and safe for consumption.

Investigation on thermo-mechanical characteristics of treated/untreated Portunus sanguinolentus shell powder-based jute fabrics reinforced epoxy composites

The current study deals with the effective usage of Portunus sanguinolentus shell, which is a solid waste in the seafood industry. This Portunus sanguinolentus shell waste was powdered and used as untreated fillers in jute fabrics reinforced epoxy composites. Then Portunus sanguinolentus shell waste powder was treated with chemicals to perform fat removal, deproteination, decarbonization and deacetylation to obtain treated Portunus sanguinolentus shell filler. Three different composites were developed with traditional hand layup process consisting of four layers jute fabrics that were filled with 10 wt% untreated Portunus sanguinolentus shell filler, chemical treated 10 wt% Portunus sanguinolentus shell filler and unfilled one. The thermo-mechanical and fracture morphologies were assessed by tensile, flexural, compression, shear, impact, hardness thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The results showed an increase in the thermo-mechanical property of chemical-treated Portunus sanguinolentus shell powder-filled jute fabrics-based epoxy composite. This phenomenon is due to the increase in the chitosan, mineral contents and decrease in the organic content in the Portunus sanguinolentus shell powder due to chemical treatment, thus enhancing the bonding between the filler and fiber matrix with reduction of the void. A showcase stand was developed with the best performer, as an attempt in the perfection of application. The application is then analyzed using ANSYS to predict the deformation behavior when subjected to 0.25 kg, 0.5 kg and 1 kg loads.

Extracted chitosan disrupts quorum sensing mediated virulence factors in Urinary tract infection causing pathogens.

Quorum sensing (QS) plays an important role during the aetiology of urinary tract infection (UTI), as several virulence factors are under the regulation of QS. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens, the primary causative agents of UTI, employ acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) as signal molecules to coordinate various virulence factors. In this present study, chitosan extracted from the marine crab Portunus sanguinolentus was screened for its ability to inhibit the QS-signaling molecules of P. aeruginosa (PA01) and few clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa and S. marcescens. The extracted chitosan on comparison with a commercial chitosan showed significant inhibition of several QS-dependent virulence factors in P. aeruginosa and S. marscenes. Furthermore, qPCR analysis was carried out to confirm the down-regulation of fimA, fimC and flhD genes involved in adhesion and pathogenesis of S. marcescens and lasI and rhlI genes that governs the P. aeruginosa quorum sensing system. Moreover, the chitosan when coated on a catheter was also able to disrupt the mature biofilms which was revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Collectively, the present study showcases the QS inhibitory property of extracted chitosan from crab shells which is being discarded as a recalcitrant biowaste.

Một số ngoại ký sinh trùng ký sinh trên ghẹ ba chấm (Portunus sanguinolentus Herbst, 1783) thu tại vùng biển Khánh Hòa

This article presents the diversity, infected sites and status of ectoparasites on three-spot swimming crabs (Portunus sanguinolentus Herbst, 1783) in Khánh Hòa province. Observed 10 epibiont species; of these, 5 species were reported in the first time: O. neptuni, Carcinonemertes sp., 1 species of class Turbellaria, Loxosomella sp. and Vorticella sp.. Each crab infected maximum 5 species of parasites. O. angulata was the dominant species because of its prevalence was the highest (84,49%) and rather high medium intensity (20 O. angulata/infected crab) in the comparation with orther species; furthermore, 100% 100mm or more in size crabs were all infected by O. angulata. The prevalences of O. tridens and O. neptuni and intensity of infection with Carcinonemertes sp. of female were significantly higher than male’s. There were the positive correlations between infected prevalence of O. tridens, infected intensity of O. angulata and O. tridens with the size of the hosts.

Transcriptome sequencing and molecular markers discovery in the gonads of Portunus sanguinolentus

Crab culture has gained prominence in the last decade due to the large global market demand for live crabs and crab products. Portunus sanguinolentus is one of the economically important crab species in the Indo-Pacific region, with distinct differences in growth and size between male and female crabs, thus, leading to huge difference in their market values. The culture of P. sanguinolentus is still in its infancy, with crab supplies heavily dependent on wild catch. In order to unravel the molecular differences between male and female crabs, we generated a comprehensive transcriptomic dataset for P. sanguinolentus by sequencing the gonads of both sexes using the Illumina Hiseq 2500 system. Transcriptomes were assembled using Trinity de novo assembly followed by annotation. This transcriptomic data set for P. sanguinolentus would serve as an important reference data for genomic and genetic studies in this crab and related species.

Chitosan extracted from marine biowaste mitigates staphyloxanthin production and biofilms of Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of biofilm-associated and indwelling device related infections. The present study explores the anti-virulent and antibiofilm potency of chitosan extracted from the shells of the marine crab Portunus sanguinolentus against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The chemical characterization results revealed that the extracted chitosan (EC) has structural analogy to that of a commercial chitosan (CC). The extracted chitosan was found to be effective in reducing the staphyloxanthin pigment, a characteristic virulence feature of MRSA that promotes resistance to reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) revealed that EC exhibited a phenomenal dose dependent antibiofilm efficacy against mature biofilms of the standard as well as clinical MRSA strains and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed EC had a higher efficacy in disrupting the thick Exopolysaccharide (EPS) layer than CC. Additionally, EC and CC did not have any cytotoxic effects when tested on lung epithelial cell lines. Thus, the study exemplifies the anti-virulent properties of a marine bioresource which is till date discarded as a biowaste.

Selection of the most suitable crustacean exoskeleton waste from fish processing industry to isolate chitosan

Shell waste produced by the sea food industry is one of the most significant problems contributing for environmental and health hazards. The most frequent method employed for disposal of these waste is burning which is environmentally costly due to low burning capacity of shells. In such a scenario, conversion of shrimp shell waste to chitosan, a commercially valuable product with a myriad of uses, could serve as an effective mode of shell remediation. Chitosan was obtained from shellfish waste by deproteination, demineralization, discoloration and deacetylation processes. It was characterized using Fourier Transformed Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The physico-chemical parameters such as moisture content, ash content, solubility, N-content, water binding capacity (WBC), fat binding capacity (FBC) and degree of deacetylation (DD) were analysed to compare the extracted six chitosan samples from Penaeus monodon, Portunus pelagicus, Portunus sanguinolentus, Scylla serrata, Panulirus homarus and Panulirus versicolor. The ranges for percentage yield, moisture content, ash content, N-content, percentage solubility, and WBC were 14.53±0.47%-34.13±3.72%, 3.16±1.77%-7.52±1.11%, 0.65±0.23%-53.52±5.65%, 2.02±0.03% - 6.16±0.10%, 15.28±0.62% - 47.91±5.15%, and 262.94±20.88% - 600.61±58.11% respectively. FBC varied approximately from 250% to 650% in coconut oil, sunflower oil and soybean oil. Among the six chitosan samples, P. monodon was the most suitable crustacean exoskeleton waste from fish processing industry to isolate chitosan due to the fact that in the processing of shrimps for human consumption, 40 - 50 % of the total mass is discarded as waste and high quality of chitosan extracted. Therefore, there is a high possibility of extracting good quality chitosan using exoskeleton waste of Penaeus monodon.

Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Some Marine Fisheries Resources Collected from Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve, Southeast Coast of India

Concentrations of toxic metals viz. mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were evaluated in four species of fishes (Sardinella longiceps, Selaroides leptolepis, Epinephelus quoyanus and Lethrinus lentjan), one species of shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus) and one species of crab (Portunus sanguinolentus) sampled from Thoothukudi, Keelakarai and Veerapandian pattinam of Gulf of Mannar, Southeast coast of India. Results revealed accumulation of these metals in the following order Hg > Cd > Pb. Hg concentration was found to be higher in Po. sanguinolentus followed by E. quoyanus, Pe. semisulcatus and L. lentjan however, the same was absent in Sa. longiceps and Se. leptolepis. Cd concentration was recorded in decreasing order in Po. sanguinolentus > Pe. semisulcatus > L. lentjen > E. quoyanus > Sa. longiceps > Se. leptolepis. Pb was detectable only in four species. Results of One-way ANOVA revealed significant variations (p < 0.05) in accumulation of Cd in Sa. longiceps, Se. leptolepis and Pe. semisulcatus and Hg in E. quoyanus, L. lentjan and Po. sanguinolentus. Variations noted in Pb were not statistically significant throughout.

Cheliped abnormality and embryonic development of commercially important portunid crab Portunus sanguinolentus (L.)

In the present study an attempt was made to study the cheliped abnormalty of commercially important crab, Portunus sanguinolentus. The newly spawned eggs were round and golden yellow in colour. The undeveloped and mass of undifferentiated cells were also found in the berry. The yolk granules were denser. The cleavage and gastrulation were not clear. The diameter of the freshly laid egg was 0.34mm. The multicell eggs were round, deep yellow or yellowish orange in colour. The space between the egg wall and the inner developing embryo was visible. The diameter of the egg was 0.41mm. The eye stage eggs were round and orange in colour. The yolk granules were not denser. The egg diameter was 0.48mm. The pigment stage eggs were brown in colour. The egg diameter was 0.57 mm. The diameter of the egg was 0.64 mm. In prehatching stage the rate of heartbeat was increased and the chromatophores were also found increased throughout the body. The diameter of the egg was 0.73mm. Hence in the present study both the embryonic as well abnormality of cheliped was under taken in to the consideration.

Reproductive biology of the three-spot swimming crab (Portunus sanguinolentus) from the west coast of Sri Lanka with a novel approach to determine the maturity stage of male gonads

Aspects of the reproductive biology of Portunus sanguinolentus from the west coast of Sri Lanka were studied from February 2014 to January 2015. Berried females were observed throughout the year, confirming that they were continuous spawners; however, peak spawning was in October. The gonadosomatic index of females was significantly higher than the males (GLM; p < 0.05). Sex ratio fluctuated seasonally and a significantly higher male to female ratio was observed in October (χ2 test). Size at first sexual maturity was estimated at 9.75 and 9.40 cm carapace width for males and females, respectively. Three types of external egg masses, stages I, II and III, were identified based on the colour of berried eggs. The mean (±SD) diameter of eggs in each stage was 253.8 ± 3.19, 281.8 ± 6.79 and 316.5 ± 9.78 μm, respectively. The estimated fecundity of P. sanguinolentus varied from 1.12 × 105 to 1.38 × 106. We propose a new method to identify the maturity stage of the male gonad using external characteristics. Males with mature gonads have blue colour patches on the ventral side of the chelar propodus and merus but this was not prominent in males with immature gonads and absent in females.

Genetic diversity and population structure of Portunus sanguinolentus (Herbst, 1783) revealed by mtDNA COI sequences

In this paper, population genetic diversity and genetic structure of Portunus sanguinolentus distributed along China coast was investigated based on mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Sixty-eight haplotypes and 71 polymorphic sites were detected in 110 individuals sampled from four localities. The average haplotype diversity (h) and nucleotide diversity (π) were 0.9576 and 0.0051, respectively. Pairwise FST statistics among different localities were negative or low and insignificant, suggesting a widespread gene flow. The AMOVA analysis also indicated a broad genetic exchange among four localities (FST= −0.0039, p = 0.559). The high dispersal capabilities of larvae of P. sanguinolentus coupled with the limited physical barriers in marine environment may be responsible for the high gene flow among P. sanguinolentus populations along southeastern coast of China. Moreover, neutrality test and mismatch analysis implied that P. sanguinolentus population might have undergone a rapid population expansion event. The time of population expansion was estimated to occur about 229,000–321,000 years ago.

Evaluation of Efficacy of Selected Anesthetic Agents on Blood-Spotted Crab (Portunus sanguinolentus)

ABSTRACT The effects of clove oil, xylazine, cooling, carbon dioxide (CO2), and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) were evaluated separately, in normal, mature crabs (n = 55) of Portunus sanguinolentus having an average weight of 69.98 ± 3.56 g (mean ± SE). In general, crabs may be anesthetized by exposure to the gaseous anesthetic agent, by immersion in a solution or by injection. Induction was stress free with clove oil and anesthesia was maintained for 100.6 ± 8.1 (mean ± SE)minutes at a ratio of 0.25 ml/lof seawater. The shortest induction time was obtained by cooling at crash ice. Thus, induction time 223.3 ± 24.77 sec and rapid recovery 100.67 ± 21.4 sec was obtained by 165 mg/l CO2 with sea water bath immersed at 15 min. The duration of anesthesia was also longer with clove oil compared with other anesthetic agents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of some selected anesthetic agents on P. sanguinolentus.

Determination of Taxonomic Status and Phylogenetic Affinities of Common Edible Crab Species in Southern Coast of Sri Lanka Using DNA Barcoding Gene Region

Edible crabs are among the known and valuable economic sea foods exported, as well as the consumed locally in southern Sri Lanka. However, genetic identification and taxonomic status of available crab species are less studied. This study identified ten selected varieties of edible crab species using information of barcoding gene region. Acquired consensus sequences of partially amplified mitochondrial COI gene region (710bp) were processed in BLAST option of NCBI database. Results identified six different species fallen within three genera, namely Scylla serrata, Scylla olivacea, Portunus pelagicus, Portunus sanguinolentus, Charybdis japonica and Charybdis natator which were confirmed with morphological keys. Identified sequences were analyzed with sequences from other geographical regions and Minimum Evolution Tree, sequence divergence levels among sequences were also estimated. Phylogenetic tree produced three separated clades with basal clade of Genus Portunus. Two P. pelagicus sequences have been linked with Australia and Russia independently, while two P. sanguinolentus sequences behaved as haplotypes, diverged slightly from South Korea, India and China. Scylla serrata sequences were promising a strong genetic uniformity with India and Thailand. However, in Scylla olivacea, two sequences related to India and Thailand separately. Sequence of Charybdis natator showed a greater similarity to Japanese sequence while samples collected as Charybdis japonica seems to be controversial and need further studies. As the first genetic study conducted to estimate taxonomic status of edible crabs in Sri Lanka, results are important for use in conservation strategies, as well as further research and prospective culturing programs.

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic relationships of the three-spot swimming crab (Portunus sanguinolentus).

In this study, we determined the whole mitochondrial genome profile of the three-spot swimming crab (Portunus sanguinolentus) and elucidated phylogenetic relationships between representative species in the order Decapoda. The mitochondrial genome was 16,024 bp in length and consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and a putative control region. Of the 37 genes, 23 were encoded by the heavy strand while 14 were encoded by the light strand. Four types of start codons were identified; ATG initiated nine genes, ATT initiated two genes, and ATC and GTG each started one gene. Nine protein-coding genes ended with a complete TAA or TAG stop codon, and four genes ended with an incomplete T or TA codon. Fourteen non-coding regions were found, which ranged from 1 to 34 bp in length. Nine overlaps were observed, with lengths between 1 and 7 bp. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that P. sanguinolentus is genetically closest to P. trituberculatus and P. pelagicus. Charybdis feriata, C. japonica, and Thalamita crenata formed a single cluster, and were close to the genera Callinectes and Portunus. Therefore, the genera Charybdis and Thalamita should be classified into the subfamily Portuninae.

Infestation by Octolasmis bullata (Aurivillius, 1894) (Cirripedia, Thoracica) of Portunus sanguinolentus (Herbst, 1783) (Brachyura, Portunidae), and possible interactions with Diplothylacus sinensis (Keppen, 1877) (Cirripedia, Rhizocephala)

Specimens of the commercially important crab Portunus sanguinolentus (Herbst, 1783) were collected monthly in Honghai Bay, P. R. China and examined for the presence of two barnacles: the Lepadomorpha Octolasmis bullata (Aurivillius, 1894) and the Rhizocephala Diplothylacus sinensis (Keppen, 1877). O. bullata was observed in the branchial chambers and prevalence of their infestation varied in the monthly collections. High prevalence occurred in the time from June to August and from October to February. The mean intensity of O. bullata was 23.33 ± 18.91 barnacles per infested host, showing higher intensity in larger crabs. The parasite D. sinensis was observed on host surfaces with externae or scars, and their prevalence was high in winter and low in summer. Crabs parasitized by D. sinensis showed a heavier fouling by O. bullata than the non-parasitized crabs. Larger crabs were more vulnerable to the infestation of O. bullata and the parasitism of D. sinensis. Thus, interaction of O. bullata and D. sinensis may cause synergistic effects on the host’s health. Due to the great economic importance of the crab, attention should be paid to this relationship.

Reproductive Biology of the Three Spot Swimming Crab (Portunus sanguinolentus) Occurring in the Coastal Waters off Negombo, Sri Lanka with Novel Approach to Determine the Maturity Stage of Male Gonads

The reproductive biology of Portunus sanguinolentus (Three Spot Swimming Crab) was investigated in the coastal waters off Negombo, Sri Lanka from February 2014 to January 2015. Reproductive activity was assessed using macroscopic and microscopic observations of gonad characteristics, trends of gonad indices, size at first sexual maturity and differences in the monthly sex ratio. Though P. sanguinolentus females have higher body weight than males, carapace length, carapace width or body weight of males and females were not significantly different (Mann-Whitney test, p>0.05). Ovigerous females were observed throughout the year, confirming that they are continuous spawners however, peak spawning was in October. Percentage Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) of females is significantly higher than the males (t-test; p<0.05; df=193) and GSI values ranged from 0.02 to 3.69 in males and 0.12 to 9.44 in females. Sex ratio of P. sanguinolentus population fluctuated seasonally and significantly high male to female sex ratio was observed in October 2014 (χ2 test). Size at first sexual maturity (Lm50) was estimated at 9.75 and 8.90 cm (carapace width, CW) for males and females, respectively. Three types of external egg masses; stage I, II and III were identified based on colour and size of the berried eggs. The mean diameter (μm) of eggs in each stage was reported as 253.8±3.19, 281.8±6.79, 316.5±9.78, respectively. The average fecundity of P. sanguinolentus varied from 2.04×104 to 1.24×106 and it increased with increasing CW. Present study proposes a new method to identify mature and immature males by using their external characteristics. Accordingly, in mature males, blue color patches can be observed on the ventral side of chelar propodus and merus but this colour pattern is not prominent in immature males and absent in mature females. Keywords: Portunus sanguinolentus, Sri Lanka, Chelar propodus, Merus, Size at first sexual maturity

Variation of Amino Acids in the Muscle of Crab Portunus sanguinolentus During Storage

Amino acids are at the basis of all life processes, as they are absolutely essential for every metabolic process. In the present study variation of amino acids in the muscle of the crab Portunus sanguinolentus during frozen storage was analyzed. In the freshly caught crabs the levels of Glycine and Arginine were the highest, followed by glutamine (Gln) Ala and proline (Pro) together they accounted for 83% of the total amount of FAA. Taurine (Tau) and Glu were also in fairly large amounts. High levels of Gly, Arg, Pro, Tau and Ala are generally present in the muscle of crabs. The P. sanguinolentus muscle was also rich in Gln but low in Tau. The total amount of FAA altered slight throughout storage, but increased by 24-38% prior to the preliminary decomposition stage. The overall quantity of Arg, Gly, Ala and Glu before storage averaged 1272 mg/100 g. the total amount of these four taste-active amino acids increased by12-48% within 4 days of storage at 4°C, but hardly reduced after storage. Significant differences, except glutamic acid and tyrosine, were observed among the amino acid values changed during storage at 4°C. Major FAA such as Gly, Ala, Pro, Gln, Arg and Tau also increased, whereas, their levels usually exhibited small changes or even a decrease except that the Arg and Tau contents increased to some extent. The Glu content fluctuated during the early storage periods but its level reduced after 1 day of storage.

Complete sequence and characterization of mitochondrial genome in the swimming crab Portunus sanguinolentus (Herbst, 1783) (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae)

The three-spot swimming crab Portunus sanguinolentus (Herbst, 1783) is a commercially important fishery species, widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific region. In this study, we present the complete mitochondrial genome of P. sanguinolentus. The genome is 16 027 bp in length with circular organization, encoding the standard set of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and two rRNA genes. The overall A + T content is 65.60%, which is lower than that of its congeneric species Portunus pelagicus and Portunus trituberculatus. The mitogenome carries 1254 bp of intergenic region constituting 7.82% of the genome, and six pairs of overlapping genes with the overlap size from 1 to 7 bp. The complete mitogenome sequence information of P. sanguinolentus would provide useful data for further studies on population genetics and molecular systematics.