Portuguese-speaking Countries Research Articles

Double transition of young migrants in Luxembourg: vulnerable, resilient and empowering integration trajectories in the period of youth

Migrant integration trajectories have become more complex, open, uncertain, and continuously changing, over time. For young migrants, their integration endeavour intersects with their process of transition to adulthood, a double transition that poses additional challenges. Recent theoretical perspectives such as “liquid integration” aim at focusing on the dynamic, processual, and temporal nature of migrant integration. The present article focuses on the dynamic interplay of obstacles and enablers that, over time, interact to construct complex, often non-linear, and open-ended integration and coming of age trajectories of young migrants (aged from 18 to 30 years) coming from outside the European Union (EU) to EU countries. Empirical results from the H2020 MIMY (Empowerment through liquid Integration of Migrant Youth in vulnerable conditions) research project in Luxembourg will be presented. In order to address the goal of the research, qualitative data were gathered by means of N = 38 interviews with young migrants with different migratory paths, characteristics and experiences, and specifically included: young migrants from non-EU Portuguese-speaking countries (N = 16), refugees living in reception centres (N = 15), migrants who since arriving in Luxembourg have become publicly visible (N = 7). Content analysis of the interviews allowed a twofold purpose: (1) capturing the unfolding of intersectional integration obstacles that over time play a decisive role in the building of conditions of vulnerability of the double transition under analysis; (2) capturing the multidimensional resources that interactively build up to give rise to resilient and empowering integration and coming of age experiences. The identification of decisive multidimensional obstacles and resources present in the integration endeavour during the process of coming of age allowed us to capture differentiated routes of vulnerability, on the one hand, and resilience/ empowerment on the other. Key ingredients of both vulnerable and more resilient and empowering integration and coming of age trajectories are identified as well as their relational dynamics, enabling to address key challenges for the resilience and empowerment of young migrants in the process of negotiating their transition to adulthood amidst their integration challenges in the Luxembourgish society.

Applying Next-Generation Sequencing to Track HIV-1 Drug Resistance Mutations Circulating in Portugal.

The global scale-up of antiretroviral treatment (ART) offers significant health benefits by suppressing HIV-1 replication and increasing CD4 cell counts. However, incomplete viral suppression poses a potential threat for the emergence of drug resistance mutations (DRMs), limiting ART options, and increasing HIV transmission. We investigated the patterns of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) and acquired drug resistance (ADR) among HIV-1 patients in Portugal. Data were obtained from 1050 HIV-1 patient samples submitted for HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) testing from January 2022 to June 2023. Evaluation of DRM affecting viral susceptibility to nucleoside/tide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) was performed using an NGS technology, the Vela Diagnostics Sentosa SQ HIV-1 Genotyping Assay. About 71% of patients were ART naïve and 29% were experienced. Overall, 20% presented with any DRM. The prevalence of TDR and ADR was 12.6% and 41.1%, respectively. M184V, T215S, and M41L mutations for NRTI, K103N for NNRTI, and M46I/L for PIs were frequent in naïve and treated patients. E138K and R263K mutations against INSTIs were more frequent in naïve than treated patients. TDR and ADR to INSTIs were 0.3% and 7%, respectively. Patients aged 50 or over (OR: 1.81, p = 0.015), originating from Portuguese-speaking African countries (PALOPs) (OR: 1.55, p = 0.050), HIV-1 subtype G (OR: 1.78, p = 0.010), and with CD4 < 200 cells/mm3 (OR: 1.70, p = 0.043) were more likely to present with DRMs, while the males (OR: 0.63, p = 0.003) with a viral load between 4.1 to 5.0 Log10 (OR: 0.55, p = 0.003) or greater than 5.0 Log10 (OR: 0.52, p < 0.001), had lower chances of presenting with DRMs. We present the first evidence on TDR and ADR to INSTI regimens in followed up patients presenting for healthcare in Portugal. We observed low levels of TDR to INSTIs among ART-naïve and moderate levels in ART-exposed patients. Regimens containing PIs could be an alternative second line in patients with intermediate or high-level drug resistance, especially against second-generation INSTIs (dolutegravir, bictegravir, and cabotegravir).

Breastfeeding interventions and programmes conducted in Portuguese-speaking sovereign states: A scoping review.

This scoping review aimed to identify and appraise the effectiveness and impact of breastfeeding promotion interventions conducted across Portuguese-speaking sovereign countries. Using the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we searched 14 electronic databases for publications published through 31 July 2023. The search terms were designed to find studies promoting breastfeeding or exclusive breastfeeding in pre-defined Portuguese-speaking countries. Of the 5263 papers initially retrieved, 30 interventional studies on breastfeeding met the inclusion criteria across three countries: Brazil (N = 26), Portugal (N = 2) and Guinea Bissau (N = 2). Participants ranged from pregnant women, mothers, mother-infant pairs, healthcare professionals, and school children. Overall, the interventions increased exclusive breastfeeding and better breastfeeding practices, such as a higher duration of breastfeeding. The interventions positively affected maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy, knowledge and perception. Only four studies used a theoretical framework. While the results were often statistically significant, no study had an outcome close to the recommended UNICEF and WHO goal of 70% breastfeeding at six months. The need to determine what works for the recommended six months postpartum period is critical for maximising children's health in Portuguese-speaking countries.

The Mechanism of Stimulating Resident tourists’ Place Attachment via Festivals

ABSTRACT In this research, the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) paradigm is employed to empirically investigate the connections between cultural motivation, involvement, authenticity, and place attachment in festivals from the perspective of resident tourists. We collect data through a questionnaire survey (N = 382) during the festival Encounter in Macao – Arts and Cultural Festival between China and Portuguese-Speaking Countries. Subsequently, the model is assessed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling with AMOS 26.0. The outcomes reveal that both cultural motivation and involvement positively affect authenticity, which in turn enhances place attachment. These findings have significant strategic and practical implications for festival organizers and service providers involved in festival management.

Neither Portugal nor Brazil: An Investigation of the Decolonial Efforts in Instructional Materials Adopted in Early Portuguese Courses at US Universities

Abstract: This study investigates the efforts towards promoting the decolonial teaching of Portuguese as a foreign language in instructional materials adopted in early Portuguese courses at higher education institutions in the United States. A framework for qualitative analysis of course materials, textbooks, and syllabi was designed based on Zavala's (2016) model for decolonial education and Rodríguez's (2015) studies on deep and surface culture. Eleven Portuguese undergraduate language programs in the United States submitted materials for consideration. Seven of these programs use the same textbook, which splits its linguistic and cultural instruction between Brazil and Portugal, and often presents limited views of other Portuguese-speaking countries. Two programs replace Portugal for Brazil as the core linguistic and cultural content of their course, which may suggest a shift away from colonialism, but towards economic power. The remaining materials adopted by two programs, however, promote the pluricentricity of Portuguese and delve into issues beyond surface-level celebrations of culture or the dissemination of factual information about minority Portuguesespeaking countries. Their materials expose the power imbalances between all Portuguese-speaking countries and give learners the opportunity to hear from the subalterns. Findings show a shortage of Portuguese-oriented materials as well as resources for decolonial language teaching. To help address this shortage, intervention ideas for educators planning to promote decolonial thinking in the Portuguese classroom are proposed.

Recommendations of the Spanish-Portuguese Internal Medicine services in the fight against climate change and environmental degradation.

Facing the severity of the impact of climate change and environmental degradation on human health, 32 Internal Medicine societies, colleges, and associations of 29 Spanish and Portuguese-speaking countries issue a consensus document in which they call for the implication of doctors and all health professionals in the global fight against the causes of these changes. This commitment requires the cooperation of health-related organizations, elaboration and implementation of good environmental sustainability practices, greater awareness of professionals and population, promotion of education and research in this area, increasing climate resilience and environmental sustainability of health systems, combating inequalities and protecting the most vulnerable populations, adopting behaviors that protect the environment, and claiming Internal Medicine as a core specialty for empowerment of the health system to respond to these challenges.

The language that unites us is the one that also separates us

This paper analyses whether the Portuguese language spoken by young people from the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries in Portugal involves dimensions of social inclusion or exclusion. It employs an interdisciplinary approach (with concepts from sociology and linguistics), and a qualitative methodology in the shape of thirty-three interviews with young people from Brazil and Portuguese-speaking countries in Africa living in the Portuguese municipality of Sintra. While ‘speaking Portuguese’ facilitates the integration of these young people, their inclusion is also hindered by the coexistence of this language with other native languages in the case of Africans, and by the use of standard Brazilian Portuguese in the case of Brazilians.

Multipluralism with education in Google books: Mechanisms descriptive about transsexuality and social representations and rights of adolescents

The work presented was prepared according to the need to understand the representations of human beings in their recognized historical rights identified throughout mainly adolescence as an important stage of life. This research is also motivated to understand public health policies identified in alignment with the representations of the human being in the phases of life, especially those aimed at transsexuals. I used the following lexical items added in English using the search engine through Google Books and, concomitantly, scanning in Brazilian Portuguese in a correspondence search engine called Brazilian Corpus made available by the Linguateca1 initiative. Therefore, these are recognized masculine genders, women, gays, lesbians, homosexuals, transgender people; person, transgender, transgender person, transsexual person, spiritual person, transgender person, transsexual person, gender queer, gender dysphoria, gender identity, gender diverse, gender non-conforming minors, gender non-conforming, gender affirming, non-binary; non-binary; transgender, gender diversity, non-conforming adolescents, LGBTQ, non- conforming people, minority genders, gender transition, family, adopted family (as well as their own plural forms). The phases of life have been operationalized by the following measures: man, woman, adolescent, adolescence, adult, boy, girl, child, elderly, child, young person and adolescent (as well as their plural forms). The data for the analysis consists of publications made available by Google Books in the period 1800 to 2008, totaling approximately 500 million words, in addition to the use of the SKETCH ENGINE Corpus which brings together publications in English and Brazilian Portuguese in this analysis. The Portuguese Corpus contains around 1 billion words of data from newspapers and magazines on the Internet in four Portuguese-speaking countries between 2012 and 2019 and is called the Portuguese Web (ptTenTen20). To this end, several analyzes were carried out, focusing in particular on the results related to the rights of transsexual people and when these rights began to be recognized in publications and the possible health policies addressed to adolescents and education.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the Scale of Perception of Respect for and Maintenance of the Dignity of the Inpatient (CuPDPH) to Brazilian Portuguese and its psychometric properties—A multicenter cross-sectional study

ObjectiveTo adapt the Scale of Perception of Respect for and Maintenance of the Dignity of the Inpatient (CuPDPH) to the Brazilian language and culture and to assess its psychometric properties. ResultsThe scale was evaluated by 15 experts, and 239 patients from three tertiary hospitals in Rio de Janeiro. All participants signed a consent form. Data have shown adequacy of the model (KMO=0.839, Bartlett's test of sphericity: χ2(171) = 2241.3, p = 0.000010), good adjusted content validity (CVCa ≥ 0.90), internal consistency and reliability, such as α = 0.927. DiscussionCuPDPH is a rating scale on observable professional attitudes. Illnesses change lives and impose adaptation to a new situation, perceived as depersonalization, leading patients to try to regain control of their lives. Patients expressed “ill will” to fill out the scale. Psychiatric patients’ scale filling time was higher than others. A sample from three Rio de Janeiro third-level hospitals may not reflect the country's population; also, this adaptation may not comprise all linguistic variations of Brazilian Portuguese and Portuguese-speaking countries. ConclusionThe Portuguese version of the Scale of Perception of Respect for and Maintenance of the Dignity of the Inpatient (CuPDPH), a 19-item, six-component version is a reliable instrument to measure the perception of internal medicine, surgical, and psychiatric patients on the maintenance of their dignity in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This knowledge could be used in advancing research on patients’ perception of dignity, as well as professional ethical competencies, staff-patient relationship skills, and leadership development in medical and other healthcare professional education.

Cross-cultural validation into Portuguese of a questionnaire to assess computer vision syndrome in workers exposed to digital devices.

As digital devices are increasingly used at work, valid and reliable tools are needed to assess their effect on visual health. This study aimed to translate, cross-culturally adapt, and validate the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q©) into Portuguese. A 5-phase process was followed: direct translation, synthesis of translation, back-translation, consolidation by an expert committee, and pretest. To run the pretest, a cross-sectional pilot study was conducted with 26 participants who completed the prefinal Portuguese version of the CVS-Q© and were asked about difficulties, comprehensibility, and suggestions to improve the questionnaire. To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Portuguese version of the CVS-Q©, a cross-sectional validation study was performed in a different sample (280 workers). In the pretest, 96.2% had no difficulty in completing it, and 84.0% valued it as clear and understandable. CVS-Q© in Portuguese (Questionário da Síndrome Visual do Computador, CVS-Q PT©) was then obtained. Validation revealed the scale's good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.793), good temporal stability (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.847; 95% CI 0.764-0.902, kappa=0.839), adequate sensitivity and specificity (78.5% and 70.7%, respectively), good discriminant capacity (area under the curve=0.832; 95% CI 0.784-0.879), and adequate convergent validity with the ocular surface disease index (Spearman correlation coefficient=0.728, p<0.001). The factor analysis provided a single factor accounting for 37.7% of the explained common variance. A worker who scored ≥7 points would have computer vision syndrome. CVS-Q PT© can be considered an intuitive and easy-to-understand tool with good psychometric properties to measure computer vision syndrome in Portuguese workers exposed to digital devices. This questionnaire will assist in making decisions on preventive measures, interventions, and treatment and comparing exposed populations in different Portuguese-speaking countries.

Healthcare students’ attitudes toward addressing sexual health: validation of the European Portuguese version

BackgroundTo tailor curriculum and training programs on sexual health for undergraduate health students, assessing students' attitudes toward working with sexual health is necessary. The Students’ Attitudes Toward Addressing Sexual Health Questionnaire (SA-SH) provides adequate measurement proprieties to assess health students' attitudes toward sexual health. This questionnaire has yet to be available for use in European Portuguese-speaking countries. ObjectiveTranslate, culturally adapt, and validate the European Portuguese version of the SA-SH. MethodsCross-sectional, observational study. The translation was performed according to international guidelines; a panel of four sexuality experts was invited for content validity purposes; construct validity was obtained with the results of 122 questionnaires submitted online to health students and correlation with the Sexuality Attitudes and Beliefs Survey. Internal consistency reliability was also calculated. ResultsThe European Portuguese version showed a Cronbach's alpha between 0.669 and 0.770, and four items were removed after factorial analysis. A significant correlation was found with the results of the Sexuality Attitudes and Beliefs Survey. ConclusionThe SA-SH European Portuguese version is a valid and reliable instrument to use among the Portuguese population and institutions.

VIEWS OF THE WORLD AND LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE OF NEWS: RESEARCHING YOUTH, NEWS, AND CITIZENSHIP IN PORTUGAL

A central objective of a Portuguese research project on Young people, News and Digital citizenship – YouNDigital (PTDC/COM-OUT/0243/2021) is to grab news definitions and their connection with youth’s (aged 15-24) democratic needs. The project relies on complementary methods to approach the senses of what news is and how young people get in touch with the world. We developed a representative online survey in Portugal (N=1300) where we explored how young people reach their notion of the world. The survey reflected the existence of several nationalities, such as Angolan, Cape Verdeans, Mozambican and Brazilian (official Portuguese-speaking countries), and also Ukrainian. It also included two open research questions about how respondents build their views of the world and how they see the future of news. In this presentation, we will rely on these identified nationalities and their answers to these questions. Data points to the envision that technology will continue to have a paramount sophistication and intervention in the production of news in the coming future (they predict evolutions such as a futuristic technology in the form of an intraocular device for searching news), but they also reveal negative feelings towards the speed at which information is produced and circulates, opening way for the increasing of manipulative, and untrusty information production (they claim for more trustworthy news while at the same time they see a pathway for the news that has no salvation).

HLA frequency distribution of the Portuguese bone marrow donor registry.

The Portuguese donor Registry of CEDACE was the fifth largest per capita bone marrow donor Registry of the WMDA as of 2019 and has yet to be thoroughly analyzed. We aimed to characterize its various aspects, including demographics and HLA allele and haplotype frequencies, to evaluate the genetic matching propensity score and ultimately further develop it. We described and compared characteristics of the donor population with census data and used an Expectation-Maximization algorithm and analyses of molecular variance to assess haplotype frequencies and establish phylogenetic distances between regions and districts within the country. We identified 396545 donors, corresponding to 3.85% of the Portuguese population; the median donor age was 39 years, with 60.4% of female donors. Most donors were Portuguese nationals, although 40 other nationalities were present, with a significant proportion of donors from Brazil and Portuguese-speaking African Countries; almost all donors self-reported as Western, with the second largest group reporting African ancestry. There was an asymmetric contribution of donors from different districts and regions, with most coming from coastal districts and few from the southern districts and autonomous regions; foreign and self-declared non-Western donors were mainly located in the Metropolitan Area of Lisbon and the South. Although most donors were typed in three loci (HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-DRB1), only 44% were also typed in HLA-C, 1.28% in HLA-DQB1 and only 0.77% in all five loci and in high-resolution. There were varying allele and haplotype frequencies across districts and regions, with the most common three loci, low-resolution haplotypes, being HLA-A*01~B*08~DRB1*03, A*29~B*44~DRB1*07 and HLA-A*02~B*44~DRB1*04; some haplotypes were more prevalent in the South, others in the North and a few in the autonomous regions; African and foreign donors presented relevant differences in haplotype frequency distributions, including rare haplotypes of potential interest. We also report on four loci, low-resolution frequency distributions. Using AMOVA, we compared genetic distances between districts and regions, which recapitulated the country's geography. Our analysis showed potential paths to optimization of the Registry, including increasing the male donor pool and focusing on underrepresented districts and particular populations of interest, such as donors from Portuguese-speaking African countries.

Language Policy in Portuguese-speaking Countries: Institutional Aspect

The article examines the features of language policy in Portuguese-speaking countries. According to the author, language policy is the key to the solution of the linguistic problems of the national community and to the formation of the language environment. Language policy measures can be applied in three areas: institutional, educational and economic ones. In the field of institutional activity, legislative documents, especially the constitutions, are of primary importance. They determine the official or co-official status of the language. This study analyses the texts of the Constitutions and of the key acts of the Commonwealth of Portuguese Language Countries, which are the Declaration of Unification and the Charter. In addition, digital editions of the updated orthographic dictionaries were considered as a means to developing a unified spelling standard, which takes into account the national and territorial differentiation of the Portuguese language. The author notes that the language policy in Portuguese-language countries, being an instrument of nation-building and a symbol of the development of national culture, is at the same time a means to achieving political goals and a manifestation of historically marked identity. Through the analysis of the content of official documents, the author comes to the conclusion that Portuguese-speaking countries, being ethnically heterogeneous, are converging within the framework of language policy. Language policy, in turn, takes into consideration the priorities of youth policy, which involves the integration of young people with the help of the latest technological resources.

The Impact of Geopolitical Risk on Portuguese Exports

This investigation evaluates the performance of Portuguese exports by focusing on the 11 main partners for 1990–2021, considering panel data. Country risk analysis has been frequently used to assess the determinants of international trade in recent years. Empirical studies demonstrate that country risk can affect bilateral relationships between economies, especially in economies with greater geopolitical risk. Next, we refer to the methodology used in this research. In this context, we assessed the stationarity of the variables used in this study. Subsequently, models were used to eliminate bias and endogeneity between the variables. The panel quantile regression model allows us to understand the behaviour of variables across different quartiles. The empirical study shows that countries with low country risk promote the performance of Portuguese exports. On the other hand, the size of the economies, both the exporting country (Portugal) and the importing countries (commercial partners), is decisive for increasing Portuguese exports. This finding can be explained as a monopolistic competition with the economy’s scale and industrial concentration serving as theoretical support. As noted with previous studies on the gravity model, the common language of Portuguese-speaking countries reduces communication costs and increases Portuguese exports. Furthermore, the econometric model also validates the issue of geographical distance, where this variable has a negative impact on exports, demonstrating that geographical proximity reduces transport costs.

Fellowship in surgical oncology: The results of an experience in Portuguese-speaking African countries

Cancer incidence rates are increasing worldwide including in Portuguese speaking African countries. We present the results of the fellowship in surgical oncology promoted by the Portuguese Institute of Oncology in Porto (IPO), Fernando Pessoa University, Portugal, and the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, which involved the training of residents and surgeons from Portuguese-speaking African countries in Portugal. The program's structure and content was the same of UMES/ESSO. The hands-on activity took place at the IPO. After the fellowship, a theoretical and practical assessment was held, and all fellows scored above the threshold to pass. The surgical performance of the fellows was assessed in their workplaces in Africa. The impact of the training was evaluated by a questionnaire completed by all the fellows. It was reported an increase in knowledge, skills and organizational skills that fellows are committed to implement. As the fellowship is certified by a Portuguese University, it may be recognized by the Local Health and University Authorities, impacting on the professional progression of fellows.

Transnational Mobility of Chinese Students in Portuguese-Speaking Countries: The Role of a Non-hegemonic Language

Abstract The idea that the acquisition of and proficiency in non-hegemonic languages can be pivotal to international student mobility has thus far been insufficiently addressed. In this paper, we draw on 23 in-depth interviews with Chinese students to explore this question, showing how the perception of Portuguese-language learning and practice at Lusophone Higher Education Institutions (e.g., in Portugal, Macao, Angola, and Brazil) represents a decisive trigger for studying abroad, and an alternative strategy for acquiring linguistic capital in a non-dominant language in which skills can be converted into competitive resources on future professional paths. We conclude by arguing for the need to address this blind spot in transnational student mobilities, and by positioning “language acquisition and proficiency” as a structuring dimension, not just of the processes by which students decide to move, but also of their imaginaries of preparedness for their future career trajectories.

Health Literacy of a Migrant community in Portugal on environmental health risks

Abstract Background Social, cultural and environmental factors are crucial for the health of migrants. Health Literacy is a fundamental contribution, giving them greater capacity and making it possible to reduce health inequalities. The aim of this study was to characterize the perception and behavior of a migrant community residing in Portugal, in view of the health risks resulting from the environmental conditions in which they live, and to identify their level of Health Literacy. Methods Cross-sectional, descriptive, exploratory study. Data collection was obtained through the application of the “Health Literacy Questionnaire” (Osborne, 2013), complemented with sociodemographic and environmental indicators referring to the physical space and social context of residence. The questionnaires were applied to a sample of the population, coming from Portuguese-speaking African countries, with 101 participants. Data analysis involved measures of descriptive and inferential statistics. Results Of the data obtained, 77.2% reported having problems with humidity in their homes, with poor behavior in terms of heat (64.4%) and cold (90.1%). 76% reported insect and rodent infestations inside their homes. The presence of stagnant water (43.6%), organic waste (29.8%) and poor electrical networks (26.9%) were the main environmental problems identified. About Health Literacy, “Feeling understood and supported by health professionals’ and “Finding good health information”, registered lower levels, with the remaining ones being generally below the average of the scale. internal consistency ranged between 0.71 and 0.92. Conclusions Data analysis showed the precariousness of housing and the inadequacy of support infrastructure, with inherent environmental risks to health. The existence of low levels of Health Literacy was found in most of the domains considered. The results supported and justified the elaboration of a community intervention project with the involvement of local partners. Key messages • Knowing the environmental determinants is essential for disease prevention and health promotion. • Health Literacy is an indispensable vehicle for reducing inequalities in migrant populations.

Analysis on the Cooperation Path of Digital Trade between China and Portugal

In the rapidly developing modern society, digital technology has brought great changes to many traditional things. Digital trade is a new trade form born from traditional trade. Its appearance has changed the pattern of traditional trade to a certain extent and has been gradually concerned by all parties. At the same time, with the advancement of the times, the multi-polarization of the world has gradually become mainstream. For Portuguese-speaking countries, trade and cultural exchanges can strengthen the cooperation among countries and effectively promote the common development of all countries. Therefore, this paper takes China and Portugal as the main research objects, selects the relevant data of bilateral digital trade from 2008 to 2019 for research, analyzes the scale and structure of bilateral digital trade, and studies and analyzes the cooperation path of digital trade between China and Portugal.

Review of the Monograph by S.G. Vorkachev” Deep into Symbols: an Image in Language and Culture”

The monograph uses the material of scientific and artistic discourses, lexicography and corpus linguistics to study metaphorical transfer and symbolization in language and culture, and also analyzes the verbal embodiment of the idea of sovereignty in the national heraldry of the former USSR states, Spanish-speaking Latin American countries, English-, French- and Portuguese-speaking countries.