Portuguese Citizens Research Articles

African Nightclubs of Lisbon and Madrid as Spaces of Cultural Resistance

Abstract The main objective of this article involves describing how African nightclubs of Lisbon have become spaces for cultural resistance against certain representations of African-ness, taking Madrid as a contrasting case. Since the 1970s, the so-called African nightclubs of Lisbon have constituted spaces for gathering and nurturing a sense of community for immigrants from Portuguese-speaking Africa. Commonly regarded suspiciously by most Portuguese citizens, commodification of the couple dance labelled kizomba during the 1990s helped changed their status. However, most African research participants do not recognise their beloved dance in the commodified version of kizomba. In this context, I analyse the commodification process as a form of symbolic violence that disguises postcolonial structural inequalities and unsolved conflicts through a discourse of neutral “approaching of cultures” on the dance floor. Moreover, from the point of view of a meritocratic symbolism, this discourse portrays the performances displayed at African discos as “basic” and unworthy. After exploring several ways of resistance to commodified kizomba displayed by African discos clientele, I conclude reflecting on the increasing symbolic power of global industries for naming social groups, structuring practices and exercising symbolic violence in late modernity.

Cheguei primeiro! Autoctonia e nostalgia nacional como mecanismos de redução do preconceito

Este estudo explorou novos mecanismos através dos quais o modelo da identidade endogrupal comum melhora as atitudes intergrupais (Gaertner & Dovidio, 2000). Especificamente, explorou-se se representações identitárias mais inclusivas de grupo único e de dupla identidade melhoram as atitudes intergrupais, através da redução da nostalgia nacional, da autoctonia e das emoções intergrupais negativas, relativamente a 3 grupos de imigrantes a residir em Portugal (i.e., africanos, brasileiros e ucranianos). Participaram neste estudo 305 participantes de origem portuguesa, que preencheram um questionário com as medidas de interesse. Os resultados revelaram que, tal como esperado, a representação identitária de grupo único esteve associada a atitudes intergrupais mais positivas (i.e., verificou-se uma diminuição da distância social e aumento dos sentimentos positivos), através da redução da autoctonia e das emoções intergrupais negativas. No entanto, contrariamente ao esperado, as representações identitárias inclusivas não estiveram associadas a atitudes positivas, através da redução da nostalgia nacional. Este trabalho mostrou, pela primeira vez, que identidades inclusivas são uma estratégia que pode reduzir a adesão a argumentos autóctones, promovendo assim atitudes mais positivas e uma integração bem-sucedida dos imigrantes que chegam à Europa.

How Citizens View and Evaluate Political Parties and Why it Matters? The Case of Portugal (1985-2009)

This article reviwes the case of the often-claimed "crisis of parties" in Portugal, and argues that such controversy rests partly on "ambiguous" evidence. Our two main objectives are: 1) finding out the nature and extension of public support (or lack thereof) of parties, determining what are the consequences of the lack of public support for parties in citizens´ pressure to reform democrtic institutions. Based on data of four National Public Opinion Surveys, we show that attitudes regarding parties comprehend two conceptually and empirically distinct dimensions: diffuse support and specific support. Afterwards we saw, how a strong criticism of parties' performance coexists in Portugal with strong citizen pressure over political actors compelling them to implement democratic reforms. Lastly, through logistical regression models, we can conclude that both lack of specific support ("critical antipartysism") and lack of diffuse support ("delegitimizing antipartysism") are strong preditors of Portuguese citizen´ reformist orientations and calls.

Under Victimization by an Outgroup: Belief in a Just World, National Identification, and Ingroup Blame.

Using representative probabilistic samples of Portuguese citizens and framed by an intergroup perspective, we carried out two studies aiming to address how national identification and belief in a just world (BJW) jointly predict secondary victimization of an ingroup as a whole (specifically ingroup blame). We conducted Study 1 (N = 779) in 2014, at the height of the European austerity policies imposed on Portugal by an institutional outgroup, specifically the Troika (the European Union, the European Central Bank, and the International Monetary Fund). Study 2 (N = 1140) was conducted after the Troika intervention. An environment of ongoing ingroup suffering caused by an outgroup is more threatening for the BJW of individuals who are more identified with the ingroup. We therefore predicted and found that BJW was positively associated with ingroup blame in participants higher in national identification when the victimization provoked by an institutional outgroup was higher (Study 1). However, when the suffering caused by the outgroup decreased, the association between BJW and secondary victimization was not moderated by individuals’ national identification (Study 2). Indeed, a three-way interaction was found between BJW, national identification, and social context (high vs. low victimization). These results are an important contribution for the literature about justice motivation in terms of intergroup relations, because they show that secondary victimization produced by a threat to BJW has a group-based identity function.

The influence of the future expectation on quality of life of cadets of portuguese army

Introduction: The quality of life at work has been a recurring theme in the literature, considering its role as motivating agent for workers and promoter of competitive advantage for organization.Objectives: This study intends to evaluate if the expectation that the cadet of the Portuguese Military Academy has on his future influences his health and quality of life, in particular the professional satisfaction, the satisfaction with life and the burnout syndrome and the perceived stress.Method: 424 cadets of the Portuguese Military Academy, all males, 99 (23.3%) from the first year, 105 (24.8%) from the second year, 109 (25.7%) from the third year and 111 (26.2%) of the fourth year. Participants completed the scales used to measure the variables of the study in person, in a collective and voluntary way. All ethical precepts for carrying out the research were respected.Results: The use of the modeling technique of structural equations revealed that the future expectation of professional and financial success has a positive and significant influence on the life and jobsatisfaction and a significant negative influence on the perceived stress and the burnout syndrome.Conclusion: The expectation of the future can be considered as a relevant variable to explain the quality of life of Portuguese citizens, at least with regard to indicators of satisfaction with life, satisfaction with work, perceived stress and burnout syndrome.

Adoption of Circular Economy concepts and practices by Portuguese Citizens and Companies

Abstract The concept of Circular Economy is an emerging topic and the European Union has established a European Circular Economy Strategy in 2015. Although this concept originates from Europe, there is also an increased attention to the Circular Economy in China and the country has implemented regulatory controls in that regard. The scientific interest on this issue has been increasing and a great deal of research articles has been published in the soundest scientific journals recently. The concept of Circular Economy aims to address the need to pursue economic growth, while protecting the environment (including existing resource limitations and pollution prevention), and paying attention to societal and people needs and expectations. The adoption of Circular Economy can generate considerable tangible and intangible benefits such as new opportunities for co-operation, access to markets and innovation of products and services and, simultaneously, improving the environmental performance and mitigating the risks of resource scarcity. This creates value for the companies and their stakeholders and contributes to enduring success. To assess if the Portuguese citizens and companies support and adopt a “Circular Economy behavior”, an online survey was carried out amongst ISEP - P. Porto population, yielding more than 200 valid responses (65% of the total responses were provided by students). Based on the survey outputs (assessment supported in a 5 point Likert type scale), the following conclusions can be drawn: Most respondents agree that it is beneficial both for the environment and the economy the adoption of production systems based on used products and parts reuse and recycling; There is also agreement that the selective collection of waste should be the base to develop new products and there is significant support for a “zero waste economy” in which all used products or materials are reused or recycled. However, the respondents consider that the Portuguese citizens do not always segregate and deposit their waste in the appropriate waste containers and the same applies to companies that do not segregate and manage their waste adopting a systematically environmentally responsible approach. Moreover, they consider that the Portuguese legislation only mildly supports the adoption, both from citizens and companies, of environmental friendly practices. These conclusions reinforce the need to strengthen Circular Economy concepts and approaches within the Portuguese government, citizens, and companies.

The Portuguese foreign fighters phenomenon: a preliminary assessment

ABSTRACTThis paper analyses the phenomenon of a group of Portuguese citizens and Portuguese-descendants who went to fight alongside the Islamic State (IS) organisation and other extremist groups in Syria and Iraq. The article provides a new contribution to radicalisation by using a new dataset and an understudied case study: Portugal. It hosts a small Muslim community, which has not found itself under the spotlight of being a major concern, as regards the terrorist threat. Is it possible to find common underlying motivations driving young men and women to volunteer for jihad? Do young Muslims face different constraints that explain their involvement in militant activity, particularly being more vulnerable to factors such as socioeconomic marginalisation? Does socialisation in peer-to-peer ideological networks, and small-group recruitment within pre-existing radical milieus play a decisive role? By identifying biographical factors that stand out in two radicalisation theories – social network analysis, and the relative deprivation hypothesis –, it is possible to elicit what factors hold when applied specifically to the Portuguese case. The data provide support to socioeconomic explanations and group-level factors as the main mechanisms that lead converts to involvement in extremism and terrorism.

Inventory process of Tafona’s Farm in Cachoeira do Sul, RS, Brazil

Before any kind of preservationist action, it’s fundamental to collect and identify all the information about a particular property. In this way, the inventory, which, besides being a kind of historical and graphic record of the property, is also an effective means of protection, since it is capable of preserving collective memory, valuing the property, which automatically induces to respect and preservation. This study is part of a larger research project and proposes to present the inventory process of the main farmhouse of São José Farm, located in the municipality of Cachoeira do Sul (in Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul – RS). The property was opened in 1813 by José Vieira da Cunha, a Portuguese citizen living in Brazil. At the time, it became known as Tafona’s Farm for possessing a cassava mill, called “tafona”. In 2016 it was listed as a historical patrimony of the Rio Grande do Sul, weighing for this reason the fact that it has until today its tafona. From this act on the main house and the contiguous tafona have undergone detailed surveys carried out by the students and the professors of the Federal University of Santa Maria, Cachoeira do Sul Campus. Starting from the historical and documentary reference stage, where the origin of the building was sought, as well as your original documents still in existence. The second stage comprises the photographic survey, internal and external of the building. At least, the third stage comprises the architectural survey, where it is possible to become aware of the physical dimension of the building. This surveying process demonstrates not only the current architectural features of the building, but also a picture of the materiality and lifestyle, making the inventory an important document for later consultations that may be from lay people, it serves even to establish guidelines for future interventions in the property in case.

La atención primaria en Portugal

The economic crisis and deterioration of the Portuguese National Health service has forced professionals to leave the country. The Portuguese National Health System was introduced in 1976, but it has been unable to provide citizens with the social and health advantages of an equality of access and free national health system.The Portuguese National Health System is financed by taxes. However, a 35% of its incomes are from private sources. The health minister decides the budget, and it is based on an historical financing plus a per capita system. Portuguese citizens and immigrants are entitled to free health care, but there is a co-payment for care, diagnostic, pharmacy, and emergency care. Health care provision is a mixture of public and private health care at a regional level. It leads to fragmentation of services and greater inequalities. Doctors are civil servants. Salary is regulated and it depends on seniority and on-call shifts. Primary care activities are similar to those of their Spanish counterparts. General practitioners have gatekeeper function, but the system is imperfect, and patients with private insurance get direct access to the specialist. Specialist training is similar to the training system in Spain. Continuing education is not regulated. The Portuguese Health System has been trying to become a national health system since 1979. Political instability, fragmentation of services, lack of clarity between public and private and co-payments are important constraints. Inequalities are an important problem to reconsider while discussing a national health system.

North–South Migration and the Corrupt Other: Practices of Bribery among Portuguese Migrants in Angola

ABSTRACTGlobal discourses and measures to combat corruption have often built on and reinforced the image of a dichotomy between the supposedly non-corrupt European Self and the underdeveloped, corrupt Other. This article unsettles this binary by looking at practices and discourses of corruption among Portuguese migrants to Angola. Recently, the economic crisis in southern Europe pushed thousands of Portuguese citizens to migrate to Portugal’s former colony in search of economic security and opportunities. Building on 55 in-depth interviews with Portuguese migrants and their Angolan work colleagues, the article shows how in Angola, the Portuguese encountered a society marred by both high-level and petty corruption. However, the migrants were affected by and engaged in corruption in very different ways, depending on their socio-economic situation. Non-elite migrants, and particularly the undocumented, were susceptible to corruption as they struggled to complete their paperwork, make a living and support families back home. Migrants involved in big business were often closely allied with the Angolan elite and engaged in bribery and other forms of corruption in their profit-making ventures. The article also discusses identity construction in this postcolonial context. It finds that a persistent image of the former colonial masters as ‘civilizers’ and ‘more developed’ coexists with the new Portuguese position of subordination and vulnerability in relation to the unpredictable and corrupt Angolan party-state. Anti-corruption is, however, not part of a new Portuguese civilizing mission – rather the similarities and continuity between Portugal and Angola is emphasized, and corruption is described as a shared problem.

Spatial distribution of citizen science casuistic observations for different taxonomic groups

Opportunistic citizen science databases are becoming an important way of gathering information on species distributions. These data are temporally and spatially dispersed and could have limitations regarding biases in the distribution of the observations in space and/or time. In this work, we test the influence of landscape variables in the distribution of citizen science observations for eight taxonomic groups. We use data collected through a Portuguese citizen science database (biodiversity4all.org). We use a zero-inflated negative binomial regression to model the distribution of observations as a function of a set of variables representing the landscape features plausibly influencing the spatial distribution of the records. Results suggest that the density of paths is the most important variable, having a statistically significant positive relationship with number of observations for seven of the eight taxa considered. Wetland coverage was also identified as having a significant, positive relationship, for birds, amphibians and reptiles, and mammals. Our results highlight that the distribution of species observations, in citizen science projects, is spatially biased. Higher frequency of observations is driven largely by accessibility and by the presence of water bodies. We conclude that efforts are required to increase the spatial evenness of sampling effort from volunteers.

European bi-national marriages in Portugal and EU social integration

Abstract Some scholars have hypothesized that social integration in the European Union (EU) is a trigger for bi-national European marriages. Although this idea has been the motivation behind some research, empirical evidence shows that the effect of accession to the EU has had a limited effect on partner choice. This study aims to add to the knowledge on this issue by analysing the trends and patterns of marriages between Portuguese and non-Portuguese citizens between 1997 and 2011. We conducted bivariate and multivariate analyses using official data on marriages that took place in Portugal, with the results showing that bi-national European marriages remained stable throughout the period, although some nuances are evident depending on the type of marriage. While Portuguese-EU15 marriages declined over time, those between native Portuguese and other Europeans increased. Gender differences determined the development and composition of these marriages. This article also notes the existence of three distinct types of bi-national union: labour, recomposed and highly educated couples. The final part of the article seeks to explain and interpret the findings, specifically by focusing on the increase in cohabitation as a functional substitute for bi-national European marriage, the need to compare and combine the number of marriages in both spouses’ countries, and changes in the structure of the Portuguese matrimonial market due to the arrival of new social groups (e.g. Brazilian and Eastern European).

Motivations and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Initiated Expatriates, Assigned Expatriates, and Immigrant Workers: The Case of Portuguese Migrant Workers in the United Kingdom

Only in recent years have immigrant workers, assigned expatriates, and self-initiated expatriates been distinguished from each other. This study contributes by offering empirically based comparative results based on interviews with 50 Portuguese citizens who moved to the United Kingdom, as self-initiated expatriates, assigned expatriates, and immigrant workers. The findings indicate that Portuguese self-initiated expatriates and assigned expatriates explored their opportunities before leaving Portugal, while immigrant workers explored them after arriving in the United Kingdom. Self-initiated expatriates and immigrant workers were driven by poor labor market situation in Portugal (e.g., unemployment, unchallenging tasks), but pull factors (e.g., professional international experience) were also identified as dominant motivators for both types of expatriates. Participants generally felt that their adaptation was easy in terms of the general (e.g., climate, food) and working (e.g., knowing one’s role and job ...

Public policies and social change: The case of the success and continuity of schooling paths of Ciganos

Abstract The consolidation of the welfare state that took place after the 1974 revolution, particularly in the 1980s, improved the living standards of Portuguese citizens. The improvements were directly reflected in Portuguese Cigano families and individuals, although the great majority remain at high risk of poverty. In 2011 the European Council proposed the definition of national strategies for integration of Ciganos, opening the door for achieving better living conditions of European Roma citizens. The national strategies focus on four fundamental domains: education, employment, healthcare and housing. At the present time, Portugal is implementing its National Strategy for the Integration of Cigano Communities. In terms of education, compared to previous generations, Cigano children complete more years of education. However, after the fifth and sixth year of schooling, the number of Cigano children dropping out of formal education increases. Based on a literature review and a survey of policies, programmes and projects, and the analysis of interviews with individual and institutional stakeholders, the aim of this article is to present results of a research project that intends to identify key factors for the success and continuity of Cigano schooling paths.

What happens to the boats? The 1755 Lisbon earthquake and Portuguese tsunami literacy

In A.D. 1755, an earthquake destroyed Lisbon, Portugal. The region was then hit forcefully by a tsunami and engulfed by an enormous fire. Thefts and destruction followed, damaging emblematic places of irreplaceable historical and spiritual value, especially churches. The occurrence of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake remains known by the eldest, but it has been forgotten and even unheard of by younger generations. Over the last decade there has been a considerable increase in the research, involving geologists, seismologists, and oceanographers, so as to better understand the processes and the complexity of seismic risks and tsunamis. However, little has been done to inform the population and policy makers about the options available to them to better prevent and respond to earthquake disasters. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the Portuguese citizens’ scientific literacy regarding tsunamis and to analyze their knowledge related to the 1755 earthquake. For this purpose, we conducted 206 structured interviews in a public place, and asked the general public to collaborate. At the beginning of the interviews people were shown a previously drawn scenario showing a tsunami epicenter and three boats in different places of the ocean. The sample comprised 107 females (52%) and 99 males (48%) (ages ranged from 12 to 85). The interviews were conducted by two members of the research team and were audiotaped for a better and more reliable transcription. Content analysis was subsequently established with the help of the QSR International NVivo 10 qualitative data analysis software package (www​.qsrinternational​.com​/nvivo​-product). Results showed that there is a wide lack of knowledge regarding tsunamis, including those that occurred in the past, and the majority of interviewees recognized the need to know more about these issues. This evidence indicates the importance of including these historical and social and scientific issues in geosciences programs, giving more relevance to teaching seismic risks, their prevention, and possible responses.

Bedsides healthcare rationing dilemmas: A survey from Bulgaria and comparison with Portugal

We investigate the views of Bulgarian citizens on the principles that should guide microallocation healthcare resources and compare them directly with those of Portuguese citizens. A self-administered online questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 298 Bulgarian citizens, using methods from a matching previous study in Portugal. Respondents faced a hypothetical rationing exercise where they had to choose and order four patients (differentiated by personal and health characteristics) and a set of statements that embodied: (i) distributive criteria for prioritizing patients, (ii) who should prioritize patients, and (iii) the likelihood of these prioritization decisions being real. Descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and non-parametric test were used. Findings suggest that Bulgarian respondents: (i) support a plurality of distributive principles to underpin healthcare priority setting with an incident on the severity of health conditions, on utilitarianism and on reducing health inequalities; (ii) trust in the health professional to make prioritization decisions and (iii) do not seem to believe that patients' prioritization will ever become real. While Bulgarian and Portuguese respondents support a number of shared ethical principles they place a different level of importance to each. Bulgarians value mainly the age criterion in prioritizing patients, whereas Portuguese revealed a greater concern about efficiency.

Social media use for travel purposes: a cross cultural comparison between Portugal and the UK

Social media plays an important role in travelers’ planning and decision-making. Research has highlighted that the use of social media on travel planning may differ among countries, whereas culture may explain those differences. This article explores the use of social media for travel and compares United Kingdom and Portuguese citizens based on Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. Results revealed that travelers from both countries use social media essentially before travelling yet, some differences were found regarding the use after traveling and between social media consumption and creation. Travel marketers can use this knowledge to adapt social media strategies to country specific situations.

Education for Health, Dietary Habits, Nutritional Status and Indicators of Metabolic Risk

Abstract Introduction A low level of functional education is a risk factor for lower levels of health literacy which in turn is considered to be a mediator in health results, currently representing an issue of interest in research on the management of the individual's state of health. Objectives To determine the effects of literacy on health through the mediation of dietary habits on nutritional status - Body Mass Index (BMI) and indicators of metabolic risk – Abdominal Perimeter (AP), Neck Circumference (NC), Capillary glycaemia. Methods Descriptive study carried out on an objective sample of 508 Portuguese citizens (52.2% males and 47.8% females) with an average age of 44.48 years. The Questionario Europeu de Literacia em Saude (HLS-EU-PT) (Nunes & Sorensen, 2013) (The European Questionnaire on Health Literacy) was applied and the dietary habits were assessed and the BMI, AP, NC and glycaemic levels were established. Results The majority of participants (73.62%) were shown to have a health literacy deficit. The effect of the interaction between health literacy and dietary habits has a direct effect on abdominal perimeter and on neck circumference, although it is not found to be associated with variation in BMI. Conclusion Differences in the level of health literacy were consistently associated with an increase in metabolic and cardiovascular risk. It is accepted that health literacy may affect disparities in indicators for the state of health. Priorities for future action to promote behaviours leading to the observation of healthy lifestyles including health literacy programmes.

A Diáspora Portuguesa Em Três Romances Da Literatura Contemporânea: Pontos E Contrapontos

In O retorno (2011), Dulce Maria Cardoso invite us to know the Rui’s story, a Portuguese Angolan teenager that returned from Angola, together his family. He is compelled to rebuild his life in Continental Portugal, from a precarious and limited financial situation. The scenario was the seventies and the turbulent period of return of more than a half million of Portuguese citizens, during the decolonization of former Portugal overseas territories in Africa. In this paper, we have analyzed the theme of diaspora in the contemporaneous Portuguese Literature, considering as the start point the sociocultural context contained in the book O retorno. Thus, we have established a bridge with two other novels, within a comparative perspective, in order to find similarities or dissimilarities among them, once they address the same theme: Pouca terra...Poucá terra, by Júlia Nery (1984), that brings to the center of the narrative the emigrants story from France, under the approach of a girl called  Leonor, and Livro, by José Luís Peixoto (2012), which has the main focus, among the multiplicity of themes, the emigration scenario from France, and the loving disagreements between two young lovers: Ilídio and Adelaide. The goal is to sketch a viewpoint, clarified by the cultural studies, which conduct us to understand more largely some questions which come by the Dulce Maria Cardoso novel, and also the two other books in question.  They give us the measure of the construction of the contemporaneous Portuguese novel, and reflect the idea of a nation which uses to have a condition of discomfort. This discomfort is proper to who are at the mercy of the diasporic fateful experience, since the most remote past. &nbsp

Os portugueses e o Testamento Vital

Introduction: It has taken some years since the law (25/2012) was passed and we still do not know about the portuguese population s knowledge regarding the Living Will (LW), nor the law effects. Aim; To identify the Portuguese population fraction that believes to know what the LW is and, from those, the fraction that actually knows what it is; to classify the information resources that allowed the Portuguese to know the LW; to identify the number of Portuguese citizens who made the LW and those who registered it in RENTEV; to identify the reasons that led the Portuguese to perform, or not, the living will; to analyze witch factors may influence the knowledge about the law and the decision of doing the LW. Methods:Stratified random sampling, in order to be representative of the portuguese population over 18 years (n=1064); Analytical, cross-sectional, observational study; It has been done trough face-by-face interviews performed. Results: Only 22% of Portuguese Citizens know what Living Will is; This lack of knowledge is not influenced by gender, age or familiar conditions, but it appears to be influenced (p<0.05) by the regional area along the country. The education seems to influence the knowledge about the LW. The ones who have a high level education are those who know more. Respondents reported that the media was the main information source about this document – law (66.2%); Family doctors were responsible for 2.8% of the information and Nurses for only 2.9%. From the 22% that know what Living Will is, only 50.4% know how to do it and who to ask for help. So, only one in ten portuguese know what LW is, how to do it and who to ask for help. Only 1.4 % of the respondents say that have already done the LW, with no registration in the RENTEV; All of those say that had included specific instructions regarding medical care and two thirds (2/3) also included an Healthcare proxy. From those who had not performed the LW 32% think about doing it; 41.1% choose not to do it; 26.1% do not know yet and are not thinking about doing it. The district size and gender do not influence with statistical significance. All of other factors influence de decision about to do or not to do the living will. From the respondents who intend to do the LW, 17.6% want to include that they do not want to be submitted to any futile treatment. Also from this 16.2% intend to authorize the participation in clinical trials; 13.2%, do not want to be submitted to artificial life support; 10.3% wishes to have palliative care; 4.4% does not want to be part of scientific research programs or clinical trials. From the respondents who do not intend to do the LW, 63.5% justify their choice by have not thought about it yet: 22.4% accept life at each moment; 2.4% by mistrusting the healthcare system and its professionals; 11.8% pointed other reasons. Conclusions: There is significant deficit of knowledge about the LW – regarding, not only, the portuguese society, but also the healthcare providers who should never dismiss this responsibility. On the other hand, the respondents who know what LW is did not obtain this knowledge by healthcare providers. In our opinion, because the living will is about healthcare wishes, we consider that the healthcare providers should be the main information source.