Portion Of Root Research Articles

Standardized measurement of the piriformis muscle and the proximal portion of the sacral nerve roots using transvaginal ultrasound.

To identify the sonomorphological appearance and to measure the thickness of the piriformis muscle (PM) and the proximal portion of the sacral nerve roots S1-S3 in healthy premenopausal women. This prospective multicentric observational study included a consecutive series of women undergoing transvaginal sonography (TVS) at two tertiary gynecological referral centers. Standardized assessment of the pelvic organs was performed followed by an attempt to visualize the right and left PM and sacral nerve roots S1-S3 at their origin in proximity to the sacral neuroforamen. Visualization rates, diameters of the muscle and nerve thickness and the time needed to identify the PM were recorded. 305 patients were included in the study. In 293 women (96.1%) PM was identified bilaterally. The median diameter of the right PM was 18.3mm and 18.4mm on the left side. S1 nerve roots were succesfully identified bilaterally in 224 (73.4%) patients. Their right and left median diameters were 4.8mm. Both S2 nerves were succesfully identified in 215 (70.5%) patients. Their median diameter were 4.3mm on both sides. S3 nerve roots were succesfully identified in 203 (66.6%) patients. Their median diameter were 3.2mm on both sides. We describe methods which allow consistent and rapid identification of the PM and the S1-S3 sacral nerve roots using TVS. Visualization of the PM and the proximal portion of the sacral plexus may be useful regarding identification of pathological changes in PM thickness and could help to distinguish perineural cysts from other gynecological pathologies. Ziel: Die Beschreibung der sonomorphologischen Merkmale als auch die standardisierte Messung des Durchmessers des Musculus piriformis (PM) und der proximalen Anteile der Sakralnervenwurzel (SNW) S1-S3 bei prämenopausalen Frauen. Diese prospektive Beobachtungsstudie umfasste konsekutiv untersuchte Patientinnen an zwei tertiären gynäkologischen Referenzzentren. Nach standardisierter Beurteilung der Beckenorgane wurde versucht beide PM, deren Durchmesser und die proximalen Anteile der SNW S1-S3 an ihrem Ursprung in der Nähe des Sakralneuroforamens transvaginalsonografisch (TVS) darzustellen. Ergebnisse: Von 305 wurden bei 293 (96,1%) Patientinnen der PM beidseitig detektiert. Der mediane Durchmesser des rechten PM betrug 18,3 mm und des linken PM lag bei 18,4 mm. Die S1-Nervenwurzel (NW) wurde beidseitig bei 224/305 (73,4%) Patientinnen erfolgreich identifiziert. Der mediane Durchmesser der S1-NW betrug an beiden Seiten 4,8 mm. Beide S2-NW wurden bei 215/305 (70,5%) Patientinnen erfolgreich identifiziert. Der mediane Durchmesser der S2-NW betrug 4,3 mm an beiden Seiten. Schließlich wurden bei 203/305 (66,6%) Patientinnen S3-NW erfolgreich identifiziert. Der mediane Durchmesser der S3-NW betrug 3,2 mm an beiden Seiten. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Identifizierung des PM durch TVS ist allermeist möglich mit obig angegebenen Referenzwerten der PM-Dicke. Die SNW S1-S3 können bei der Mehrheit der Patientinnen mittels TVS an ihrem Ursprung identifiziert werden. Die Visualisierung des PM und des proximalen Anteils des Plexus Sacralis ist bei pathologischen Veränderungen des PM oder der Differentialdiagnose von Adnextumoren und Perineuralzysten von Bedeutung.

Myco-assisted phytoextraction of heavy metals with vetiver grass: a green technology for cleaning tannery effluent contaminated sites.

Metal toxicity affects practically all physiological systems of plants, both directly and indirectly. Amongst various techniques developed to remediate contaminated soils, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF)-assisted phytoremediation is an emerging and unexplored eco-sustainable strategy for controlling and managing soil contamination. Hence, this study aims at exploring the myco-assisted phytoremediation of tannery effluent contaminated soil. A pot culture study was carried out using three different strains of AMF and vetiver grass with soil obtained from the tannery effluent contaminated sites of Tamil Nadu, India (Vellore (S1) and Dindigul (S2)) which were rich in chromium (S1-128mgkg-1, S2-112mgkg-1), cadmium (S1-1.17mgkg-1, S2-2mgkg-1), nickel (S1-39mgkg-1, S2-14mgkg-1) and lead (S1-56mgkg-1, S2-30mgkg-1). Results revealed that inoculation of vetiver grass with AMF including R. intraradices (T3), G. mosseae (T2) and mixed (commercial) culture (T4) in the contaminated soil has significantly increased the growth and biomass of the vetiver plants but the level of action varied with the fungus. Amongst several treatments under study, R. intraradices (T3) inoculation in vetiver yielded in shoot biomass (31.76 t ha-1) which was 8%, 18.8%, and 31.2% higher than treatments T2, T4 and T1 respectively, and the root biomass (23.71 t ha-1) was 10.6%, 15.3%, 32% higher than T2, T4 and T1 respectively. Vetiver growing in T3 has higher total C stored in its roots and shoots (24.99%) than in control soil. Furthermore, T3's overall carbon stock is 24.94% larger facilitating carbon sequestration than control's (T1). Furthermore, it was observed that AMF inoculation significantly increased the phytoextraction potential of vetiver and reduced the translocation of metals into the shoots. The treatment T3 (R. intraradices) recorded Cr (19.99mgkg-1), Cd (0.1mgkg-1), Ni (9.43mgkg-1), and Pb (9.35mgkg-1) in the root portion in S1 and was higher to the tune of 89.8%,50%, 88.5%, and 75.9% respectively, compared to the shoot portion. Additionally, the antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were found relatively higher in control where the plant undergone much larger stress than the other treatments. Hence, it can be concluded that AMF could possibly enhance the growth of Vetiver by improving nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) uptake capability while reducing the heavy metal uptake and accumulation in the shoots eventually protecting the plants from stress and metal toxicity.

Dynamic Landscapes of Long Noncoding RNAs During Early Root Development and Differentiation in Glycine max and Glycine soja.

Soybean (Glycine max) is an important crop for its nutritional value. Its wild relative, Glycine soja, provides a valuable genetic resource for improving soybean productivity. Root development and differentiation are essential for soybean plants to take up water and nutrients, store energy and anchor themselves. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to play critical roles in various biological processes. However, the spatiotemporal landscape of lncRNAs during early root development and differentiation in soybeans is scarcely characterized. Using RNA sequencing and transcriptome assembly, we identified 1578 lncRNAs in G. max and 1454 in G. soja, spanning various root portions and time points. Differential expression analysis revealed 82 and 69 lncRNAs exhibiting spatiotemporally differential expression patterns in G. max and G. soja, respectively, indicating their involvement in the early stage of root architecture formation. By elucidating multiple competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks involving lncRNAs, microRNAs and protein-coding RNAs, we unveiled intricate regulatory mechanisms of lncRNA in early root development and differentiation. Our efforts significantly expand the transcriptome annotations of soybeans, unravel the dynamic landscapes of lncRNAs during early root development and differentiation, and provide valuable resources into the field of soybean root research.

Microscopical anatomy of the peripheral nervous system: An essential notion for understanding the pathophysiology of very early classic Guillain-Barré syndrome.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the pathophysiological mechanisms acting in very early classic Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) (≤4 days of symptomatic onset). In this inaugural period, both in GBS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune neuritis, the outstanding pathological feature is inflammatory edema predominating in proximal nerve trunks, particularly spinal nerves, and possibly in preterminal nerve segments. Nerve trunks external to the subarachnoid angle possess epi- perineurium that is relatively inelastic and of low compliance. Here such edema can increase endoneurial fluid pressure that, when sufficiently critical, may stretch the perineurium and constrict transperineurial microcirculation, compromising blood flow and producing the potential for ischemic nerve injury, whose consequence is rapid partial or complete loss of nerve excitability. These histopathological features correlate well with electrophysiological and imaging findings reported in early GBS stages. Spinal nerve edema and ischemia help to understand the pattern of Wallerian-like degeneration observed in the axonal form of GBS, predominating in motor spinal roots at their exit from the dura matter (spinal nerves) with centrifugal distribution in more distant motor nerve trunks, and centripetal extension to the distal portion of intrathecal roots. The similarity of initial pathogenic mechanisms between demyelinating and axonal forms of GBS explains why an early increase of serum biomarkers of axonal damage is detected in both forms. In conclusion, knowledge of the microscopic anatomy of the peripheral nervous system is an essential step for a reliable understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms operating in the early phase of any classic GBS subtype.

Comparative In vitro Analysis of Push-Out Bond Strength of Different Root Canal Sealers to Root Dentin

ABSTRACT Aim: The study’s objective is to assess the bond strengths of four different endodontic sealers to root dentin using a push-out test technique. Material and Method: Sixty single-rooted teeth were selected and decoronated. Canal instrumentation was done using rotary files and divided into four groups (n = 15) based on the sealer used. Group 1: zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE)-based, Group 2: epoxy resin-based, Group 3: methacrylate-based, and Group 4: bioceramic. Following obturation with Gutta Percha, each tooth was prepared with root portions that were 2 mm thick at the apical and middle 1/3 so that universal testing equipment could measure the push-out bond strength. Tukey’s post hoc tests and one-way ANOVA were used to examine the data. Result: According to the results, group 4 had the strongest push-out relationship, followed by groups 3, 2, and 1, respectively. It can be concluded that the bioceramic sealers have superior bond strengths. Conclusion: Bioceramic sealers demonstrated the highest bond strengths to root dentin, outperforming methacrylate, epoxy resin, and zinc oxide eugenol sealers in the push-out test.

Combined endodontic and regenerative periodontal therapy for managing questionable mandibular anterior teeth with radicular cysts

Abstract Endodontic microsurgery (EMS) presents a great treatment option for unresolved periradicular pathologies, typically involving the removal of the apical root portion and adjacent inflamed tissues. This case report describes the management of persistent periapical lesions in the lower anterior teeth of a 32-year-old male. Root canal treatment was completed 4 years before presentation. The patient presented to the clinic with tooth mobility and mild discomfort and large radiographical periapical radiolucency. The case was diagnosed with previously treated with asymptomatic apical periodontitis. EMS was performed in conjunction with periodontal-guided tissue regeneration that includes bone graft and resorbable membrane and the teeth showed favorable resolution of the symptoms. Histopathological analysis showed the presence of a radicular cyst. After 3 years of follow-up, cone-beam computed tomography and periapical radiographs demonstrated substantial lesion regression and favorable outcome. This case report offering promising insights into the synergistic potential of combined endodontic and regenerative periodontal therapy in cases with unresolved periapical lesion with extensive bone destruction.

The inhibition of DPP-4 by Plantago asiatica L. and the discovery of active compounds

The objective of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of Plantago asiatica L. on DPP-4 and to determine the active compounds responsible for this inhibition. Extracts were prepared from the root and aerial portions of the plant using various polar solvents. The DPP-4 inhibition of these extracts was analyzed in an extracellular assay and then assigned to either the high or low inhibition group. The chemical profiles of these extracts were analyzed using an LC-MS method. The ion fragments that were potent in the high inhibition extracts were selected through OPLS-DA and correlation analysis, and then identified and obtained for verification of DPP-4 inhibition in both the extracellular assay and the Caco-2 cell line. The extracts showed various inhibitory activities with an average inhibition of 28.4 %. A total of 20 compounds were selected from the extracts with higher inhibitory activity and identified. Six of them, baicalein, scutellarein, calceolarioside B, isoacteoside, verbascoside, and plantamajoside, exhibited DPP-4 inhibition with IC50 values of 44.32, 59.90, 112.71, 157.02, 154.58, and 195.07 μg/mL, respectively, in extracellular assays. They also showed inhibition of DPP-4 on the Caco-2 cell line, with IC50 values of 31.56, 34.71, 20.29, 33.29, 24.52, and 87.88 μg/mL, respectively. The extracts from PAL showed inhibitory activity towards DPP-4, and the related compounds were identified and verified.

Influence of Initial Root Canal Treatment on Intratubular Penetrability and Bond Strength of Nonsurgical Retreatment: An InVitro Study

IntroductionTo assess the effect of combinations of two different endodontic sealers used in initial and endodontic retreatment on the bond strength of the secondary obturation and the penetrability of the sealers. MethodsForty-eight mandibular premolars were used, receiving standardized endodontic access and biomechanical preparation. Twenty-four teeth received AH Plus sealer (AHP) in primary obturation and the others received Bio-C Sealer (BCS). Retreatment protocol was performed with an R50 instrument. The samples were further subdivided into four groups (n = 12) based on the combination of primary/secondary obturation sealers: AHP/AHP; AHP/BCS; BCS/AHP; and BCS/BCS. Four samples from each subgroup received the addition of fluorophores to the sealer for penetrability analysis using laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy. The root portion on the 8 push-out samples was sectioned into 6 slices of 1.0 mm. Bond strength (BS) was assessed using a universal testing machine until displacement of the filling mass. Failure pattern was evaluated under a stereomicroscope (20× magnification). BS data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test (P < .05), and the association between the failure pattern and BS value was assessed using the chi-square test (P < .05). Penetrability was qualitatively evaluated. ResultsThe highest BS values were observed in the AHP/AHP (4.54 ± 1.5 MPa) and BCS/AHP (5.00 ± 1.0 MPa) groups (P < .05), with a higher percentage of adhesive failures to the filling material for all groups. Laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy images indicated greater penetrability of AHP compared to BCS, both in initial treatment and retreatment. ConclusionAHP sealer exhibited higher BS and greater penetrability compared to BCS sealer.

Assessment of the effects of citric acid and EDTA on cell viability of cultured human periodontal ligament cells attached to simulated avulsed permanent tooth using a spectrofluorometer-An invitro study.

The delayed re-implantation of avulsed teeth results in ankylosis, followed by replacement resorption and eventual loss of the tooth within 2-4 years. To prevent tooth loss, the root surface can be etched with acid to expose the collagen fibers present in the cementum layer. This process facilitates normal reattachment and regeneration of the periodontal ligament. This in-vitro study aimed to assess the viability and number of attached cultured Human Periodontal Ligament Cells (HPLC) on the dehydrated root surface of simulated avulsed teeth treated with citric acid and EDTA solutions. Sound human permanent teeth were included in the study. The root portions of the teeth were sectioned into slices, air-dried for 1 h, and divided into the following three groups: Group A-control; Group B-Citric acid treated for 30 min; Group C-EDTA treated for 5 min. The slices were then placed in cultured HPLC. After a 24-h incubation period, the slices were visualized under the microscope and prepared for reading the viable and dead HPLC using a spectrofluorometer, as well as for counting HPLC in a Neubauer Chamber. The spectrofluorometer intensity for viable and dead HPLC showed a statistically significant difference (p = .003 and p = .002), with the mean intensity for viable HPLC greater in citric acid group (69.52 ± 74.51), followed by EDTA group (31.39 ± 9.12), and control group (-130.93 ± 30.99). The dead HPLC intensity was greater in the EDTA group (19.43 ± 47.31), followed by the citric acid group (1.28 ± 1.85), and the control group (-2.77 ± 0.76). The total number of cells in the Neubauer chamber showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001), with a higher count in the citric acid group (10.83 ± 4.08) followed by EDTA group (2.92 ± 2.92). The application of citric acid for 30 min on the dehydrated root surface of avulsed teeth demonstrated superior outcomes compared to both EDTA treatment for 5 min and the control group.

Trueness of the apical and middle root portion segments of 3D-printed removable die and alveolar cast designs manufactured using stereolithographic 3D printing.

The present study evaluated the effects of the root portion design, segment (middle vs. apical), and part (die vs. cast) on the trueness of three-dimensional (3D)-printed removable die-cast complex. The trueness of apical and middle segments of the root portion of 45 3D-printed removable dies and casts with three different root portion designs (n = 15) was assessed using a metrology-grade computer program. The three removable dies and cast designs (root form [RF], conical [CON], and cylindric [CYL]) were created using professional computer-aided manufacturing computer programs (DentalCAD 3.1 Rijeka, and InLab CAD 22.0), and manufactured using stereolithographic 3D printer (Form3; FormLabs, Somerville, MA). Subsequently, the 3D-printed removable dies and casts were scanned by a single operator with an intraoral scanner (PrimeScan; Dentsply Sirona, Charlotte, NC), and their respective standard tessellation language files were aligned and compared to master reference files in a metrology-grade computer program (Geomagic Control X; 3D systems, Rock Hill, NC). The root mean square (RMS) values of the middle and apical segments for each removable die and cast were calculated and analyzed using a mixed model including a repeated measure 3-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc stepdown Bonferroni-corrected pairwise comparisons (α = 0.05). A statistically significant 3-way interaction between factors was detected, suggesting that the part (removable die or alveolar cast) and their design affected the RMS values of their apical and middle root portion segment. (p = 0.045). The post-hoc analysis identified significant differences between RMS values of the apical segments of the CON and CYL removable dies (p = 0.005). Significant differences were observed between the middle and apical segments of the CON (p < 0.001) and RF removable die designs (p = 0.004). No statistically significant differences were noticed between the RMS of the different alveolar cast designs (p > 0.05). Significant differences were detected between the apical and middle segments of the same alveolar cast design (p < 0.05). For the manufacturing trinomial and 3D printing strategy used in the present study, the interaction of the part, design, and segment affected the trueness of removable dies and alveolar casts. The trueness was higher on the middle segment on removable dies and alveolar casts in all designs used, except for CYL removable dies, where the trueness difference between segments was small. Higher trueness values may be achieved with designs with simple apical segment geometries.

Morpho-Molecular and Management of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Wilt Caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis and Halst

Pomegranate wilt poses a significant threat to pomegranate production, holding considerable economic importance in the cultivated regions of pomegranates. The study investigated the wilt in pomegranate cultivation, revealing characteristic symptoms including yellowing and/or wilting of the leaves on a single branch usually in the upper crown and senescence. Brown discoloration was observed in the root, stem and branches of severely affected plants. The cross-sectioned root and stem portions of the wilted plants showed only the presence of brown discolorations in the vascular regions. The wilt incidence in Karnataka ranging from 1.14 to 62.06 Percent. PCR analysis and 18S rDNA region was sequenced, it has been confirmed C. fimbriata as the causal organism for pomegranate wilt and Phylogenetic analyses placed the pomegranate isolates among members of the LAC of the C. fimbriata complex; specifically, to populations that appear to be native to eastern and northern South America. Optimal growth of the pathogen was observed at 30 °C with pH 7.0 and best media for culturing C. fimbriata is Potato dextrose agar and Potato carrot agar, in vitro evaluation of fungicides showed propiconazole and mancozeb highest inhibiting mycelial growth. Trichoderma viride (Tv-3) and Bacillus subtilis emerged as the most effective bio-agent, while pongamia leaf extract exhibited maximum fungal growth inhibition. These can be used for the management of wilt disease.

Effect of ultrasonic and Er,Cr:YSGG laser-activated irrigation protocol on dual-species root canal biofilm removal: An in vitro study.

The aim of the study was to investigate the disinfecting efficacy of a standardized irrigating solution activated by ultrasonics or laser irradiation on mature dual-species biofilms at different root levels in vitro. Conventional access cavity preparations were done on 160 single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth with single canals. Freshly extracted oral microbial strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans after biochemical confirmation were used to generate two discrete dual-species microbial inoculums. The sterilized tooth samples were randomly segregated into two groups (n = 80) and inoculated with a mixed inoculum of S. aureus + E. faecalis strains (Group 1) and S. mutans + C. albicans strains (Group 2), respectively. Following the 21-day incubation period under aerobic conditions, the infected specimens in each group were divided into four subgroups (n = 20) and subjected to experimental treatment protocols. This included a positive control (no treatment of biofilms), syringe irrigation alone with TruNatomy needle, passive ultrasonically activated irrigation with 20# Irrisafe tip, and laser agitation of irrigant with Er,Cr:YSGG laser using RFT 2 laser tip. Root canals of experimental specimens (except the control samples) are instrumented with TruNatomy rotary file system using 1:1 mixture of 3% NaOCl and 18% etidronic acid as irrigants. The quantitative assessment of reduction in viable biofilm microbes after treatment was done using colony-forming unit counts and confocal laser scanning microscopy image analysis. The obtained data were analyzed statistically with a significant level set at 0.05. Laser-assisted irrigation has shown a considerably higher mean percentage reduction of microbes compared to ultrasonic agitation and the syringe irrigation showed the least microbial reduction (P = 0.001). No significant difference was noted between the three root regions of ultrasonic and laser groups (P > 0.05), whereas in the syringe groups, apical portions showed higher microbial counts compared to cervical and mid-root regions (P = 0.001). Erbium laser-assisted irrigation has performed superior to ultrasonic agitation against both the experimental dual-species biofilms, while the syringe irrigation showed the least microbial reduction specifically at apical root portions.

Tissue Culture Studies on Shankhpushpi

Callus from root portion of seedlings of Convolvulus pluricaulis has been cultured on a medium (BM) based on Murashige and Skoog's (1962) medium. Sucrose, 1.5%; casein hydrolysate, 1250 mg/l ; IAA, 15 mg/l ; kinetin 1.5 mg/l and GA, 0.5 mg/l, individually were found optimum for the maximum growth of callus.Maximum hypotensive activity was noticed in the extract of callus tissue cultured on BM supplemented with a higher concentration of casein hydrolysate.

Importance of the Microstructure Network of the Tooth for Root Canal Treatment from a Pre-Grade Student Context: Literature Review

Understanding the intricate anatomy of the pulp cavity and the root canal system of dental organs is of utmost importance for dental practitioners. This knowledge and other clinical and theoretical considerations contribute to a surgical process with an almost perfect success rate. This literature review was conducted with the primary goal of enhancing this understanding. A comprehensive search was performed across multiple research databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scielo. This search encompassed articles with no restrictions on publication date due to the importance of some postulates and laws. This comprehensive review delves into the dental organ's intricate morphology, clinical divisions, the definitions, fundamentals, and classifications that have garnered widespread acceptance within the scientific community. These include the laws articulated by Krasner and Rankow, which pertain to the pulp chamber. Also, we examine Vertucci's classification, which provides insights into the diverse configurations of root canals. Furthermore, we scrutinize the nomenclature of Pucci and Reig, which systematically categorizes variations in the root portion of a tooth. Moreover, we emphasize the critical relevance of this knowledge to clinical practice. Each aspect is not an isolated concept but an integral part of the puzzle when performing a root canal treatment. By comprehending these intricate details, clinicians can make informed decisions, plan procedures more effectively, and execute a precise and successful clinical approach.

MORPHOLOGY AND MICROANATOMY DESCRIPTION OF BỒNG NGA TRUẬT, OR FINGERROOT, (Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf) COLLECTED IN KIEN GIANG PROVINCE

Background: Bồng Nga truật, or Fingerroot, (Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf syn. Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schltr.), also known as Ngải bún, is a common ginger species in Mekong Delta. Its tuber roots and rhizomes are often used to cook rice noodles as an alternative to Tumeric (Curcuma longa L.). Despite being used commonly in Indonesia and Thailand, the plant has not been used and researched as a herb in Vietnam. This research was for starting projects to increase the value of this species. Objectives: This study was to primarily describe morphological and microanatomical figures of Bồng Nga truật, together with characteristic figures in rhizome and tuber root powder. Materials and methods: The whole plant of Fingerroot, including rhizomes and tuber roots, was collected in Giong Rieng, Kien Giang. A portion of rhizomes and tuber roots was then cleansed and basked to dry in December 2019. Fresh samples were used for the microanatomy study, dried sample was pulverized for the powder study. All of the observations were done following general instructions in Vietnam Pharmacopoeia V. Results: The study described botanical figures of Bồng Nga truật sample in Giong Rieng, Kien Giang, including morphology, microanatomy of whole plant and characteristic particles in Bồng Nga truật rhizome and tuber root powders. The plant had common figures of Zingiberaceae and looked similar to Tumeric except for leaf sheath bases, flowers, and particular palmated tuber shapes. Microanatomy of leaf veins and leaf blades was characterized by large sub-rectangle secretory vesicles, V-shaped vascular bundles reinforced by hardened tissues on both sides. Rhizome and tuber root microanatomy were not specific. However, tubers of Fingerroot were more likely tuber root than colonial rhizome as referred. Similarly, particles found in powder samples were common among Zingiberaceae species. Conclusions: The sample has common morphological figures compared with one in Malaysia, and common figures of Zingiberaceae.

An enchiridion on the socket shield technique

Abstract Socket shield technique is one of the recent innovative techniques of immediate implant placement. The importance of this technique is maintenance of both hard and soft tissues, especially in esthetically critical areas like maxillary anterior region. It involves preservation of a portion of root followed by immediate placement of implant. It has various advantages over other ridge preservation procedures like conventional immediate implant placement, socket preservation methods, and ridge augmentation procedures. This review briefly summarizes the classification, surgical technique, variations, and potential complications of this technique.

Comparative Anatomy, Pollen and Seed Morphology of Two Verbascum Varieties (Scrophulariaceae) and Their Taxonomic Significance

In this study, the anatomical, palynological, and seed micromorphological traits of two Verbascum varieties found in the Southeastern Anatolia Region were investigated. These variations are V. sinuatum subsp. sinuatum var. adenosepalum Murb. and V. sinuatum subsp. sinuatum var. sinuatum L. Cross-sections from the taxa's roots, stems, and leaves were viewed under a light microscope for anatomical study. The xylem components play a significant role in the taxonomic root portions. The pith area is a broad region in stem sections, and the upper portion of the epidermis cells is encircled by a distinct indented cuticle layer. The leaves' primary vein is represented by open collateral bundles. Pollen grains in Verbascum sinuatum subsp. sinuatum var. adenosepalum are tricolporate-tricolpate, prolate-spheroidal, and have reticulate exine ornamentation. Similarly, pollen grains in V. sinuatum subsp. sinuatum var. sinuatum are tricolporate-tricolpate, prolate, and have reticulate exine ornamentation. The brown seeds of V. sinuatum subsp. sinuatum var. adenosepalum and V. sinuatum subsp. sinuatum var. sinuatum have an alveolate, deep and wide posterior region, a truncated beak, and a prismatic-oblong shape. The ornamentation of the seed coat is made up of irregular polygonal cells that have noticeable and dense vesicles. The importance of a few traits in the Verbascum variety delimitation has been investigated in this study. For the purpose of supporting ancestral traits in the infrageneric classification and helping with genus systematics, some pollen and seed characters which are typically connected to pollen and seed micromorphological and anatomical patterns can be applied.

Remineralization potential of apacider gel on enamel and cementum surrounding margin of ceramic restoration.

Modern management of carious lesions has been targeted upon using remineralizing agents. This study investigated the remineralization potential of apacider gel (AG) and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate (CA) on enamel and cementum around the cavosurface area of the ceramic margin. Seventy-five extracted human mandibular molars were sectioned at 0.8 mm above and below the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) to remove the CEJ portions and replaced them with glass ceramic disks by bonding them to the crown and root portions with resin cement. The enamel and cementum area of 4x4 mm2 surrounding ceramic was demineralized with Carbopol-907. The demineralized surfaces were treated with either AG or CA, while one group was left with no treatment (NT) and served as control. Vickers microhardness was determined before-, after demineralization, and after remineralization. The percentage of hardness recovery (%HR), and remineralization potential (%RP) were analyzed with ANOVA and Bonferroni's test (α=0.05). Polarized light microscopy (PLM) was assessed for lesion depth. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was investigated for surface alterations. Significant differences in remineralization were found upon various remineralizing agents compared to NT for both enamel and cementum (p<0.05). No significant difference in %HR and %RP was observed between AG and CA (p>0.05). However, AG signified greater decrease in lesion depth and better improvement in surface characteristics for both enamel and cementum than CA. AG possesses comparable remineralization ability to CA. However, decreasing in carious lesion depth was evinced with using AG more than CA. AG was recommended as a potential remineralization material for handling initial caries for both enamel and cementum. Key words:Apacider, artificial carious lesion, CCP-ACFP, remineralizationCare Team.

A Comprehensive Study on Chemical and Biological Investigation of Thymus Brachychilus Jalas: A Rich Source of Ursolic and Oleanolic Acids

The significance of Thymus species in the scientific community is growing steadily due to their extensive utilization in traditional medicine, food industry, and pharmaceutical sector, owing to their abundance in essential oil and phytochemical content, rendering them commercially significant species. The current work focuses on conducting a comprehensive analysis of the ethanol extract and essential oil derived from the root and aerial portions of Thymus brachychilus Jalas, an endemic species that has not been previously investigated. Additionally, a novel GC-MS (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) technique was developed to quantify the levels of triterpenoids, which are frequently found in many plants, particularly those belonging to the Lamiaceae family. The approach was then used to assess the triterpenoid content of the species. While the phenolic content of the species was determined by LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry), the chemical composition of triterpenoid, essential oil and flavor (aroma) of the plant was determined by GC-MS. Eucalyptol was the primary ingredient in both the essential oil and the flavor, accounting for 11.05% and 12.35%, respectively. In the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging techniques, the root ethanol extract exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 26.70 ± 0.23 and 19.16 ± 0.11 µg/mL, respectively. There was a high level of urease (59.54 ± 1.67% at 100 µg/mL) inhibitory activity observed in the root ethanol extract in enzyme inhibition assays, as well as angiotensin (94.80 ± 0.56%), elastase (40.19 ± 0.39%), and collagenase (48.26 ± 0.12%) inhibition in the aerial ethanol extract. Moreover, the MCF-7 cell line for breast cancer had a strong cytotoxic impact when exposed to the essential oil of the species (vitality%: 1.45 ± 0.01 at 200 µg/mL. The LC-MS/MS and GC-MS studies revealed that the roots had a significant concentration of rosmarinic acid (15,801 µg analyte/g extract), but the aerial portions had a substantial quantity of ursolic acid (152,374 µg analyte/g extract). The plant exhibits potential in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical sectors on account of its elevated levels of rosmarinic and ursolic acid, superior antioxidant capacity, and angiotensin and urease inhibitory effect.

Is dentin analogue material a viable substitute for human dentin in fatigue behavior studies?

This study aimed to compare the fatigue performance of a lithium disilicate ceramic cemented on different substrates (human dentin and glass fiber-reinforced epoxy resin - GFRER), treated with different types of conditioning (CTR - without surface conditioning; HF5 - 5% hydrofluoric acid; HF10 - 10% hydrofluoric acid; H3PO4 - phosphoric acid 37%; SAND - sandblasting with aluminum oxide). The occlusal surface of human molars (DENT group) (n = 15) was ground for dentin exposure and the root portion was cut, then the dentin slice (2.0 mm thick) was conditioned with 37% phosphoric acid and a dual-curing dental adhesive was applied. The GFRER in a round-rod format was cut into discs (Ø = 10 mm, 2.0 mm thick). Lithium disilicate glass ceramic blocks (IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar, Schaan, Liechtenstein) were shaped into a cylinder format and cut, resulting in 90 discs (Ø = 10 mm, 1.5 mm thick). The substrate materials of each group were etched according to the groups and the ceramic was etched with 5% hydrofluoric acid for 30 s. A silane coupling agent was applied over the cementation surface in ceramic and GFRER surfaces and a dual cement was used for cementation (ceramic/GFRER or dentin). The disc/disc sets were submitted to thermocycling (25,000 cycles + storage for 6 months), and then tested in step-wise accelerated cyclic fatigue test. The failure pattern and topography were analyzed and the roughness and contact angle were measured before and after surface treatment. The DENT group presented the lowest load to failure values and number of cycles to failure in fatigue (637.33 N; 118.333), showing no statistical similarity with any of the other tested groups (p < 0.05). The topographic analysis showed that all proposed surface treatments modified the substrate surface when compared to the CTR group. All of the fractographical inspections demonstrated failure by radial crack. Considering the roughness analysis, the post-etched DENT group showed similar roughness to all groups of GFRER materials with their surface treated, except for SAND, which showed greater roughness and statistically different from the other groups. The DENT group (49.5) showed statistically different post-conditioning contact angle values from the HF10 group (96.5) and similar to the other groups. The glass fiber-reinforced epoxy resin was not able to simulate the results presented by the human dentin substrate when cemented to lithium disilicate regarding fatigue failure load and number of cycles for failure, regardless of the surface treatment. Lithium disilicate cemented on dentin analogue overestimates the load values for fatigue failure.