Portable GPS Research Articles

Efficient Charging Prioritisation and Optimisation of Solar PV-Powered Portable Electronic Devices

Efficiently managing and prioritising the charging of portable electronic devices powered by solar photovoltaic sources in off-grid and resource-limited environments is a huge problem. Ensuring that critical devices maintain operational uptime, especially when energy resources are scarce and in instances where multiple devices compete for charging from the limited solar power available is crucial. This paper introduces an optimisation framework designed to prioritise the charging of portable electronic devices powered by solar photovoltaic sources. The approach aims to maximise operational uptime for critical loads before addressing less essential ones. By strategically allocating charging priorities based on comprehensive evaluations of battery capacities, usage patterns, and operational requirements, the optimisation process seeks to enhance overall efficiency and readiness of portable electronic devices in dynamic, austere and resource-constrained settings. The charging prioritisation problem was solved using MATLAB’s (version number 9.13.0.2193358 (R2022b)) OPTI toolbox in conjuction with the SCIP solver. A case study, involving three portable electronic devices—a cellphone, GPS and radio, demonstrated the model’s effectiveness in maximising satisfaction by aggregating device priorities over time. The model prioritised charging of the GPS due to its critical operational role, followed by the radio for its essential communication function, while the cellphone, with lower usage demands, was assigned the lowest priority. The model developed in this study is versatile and applicable to diverse demand profiles and any number of portable electronic devices. Furthermore, it can be customised to operate effectively in various geographic locations, irrespective of solar radiation levels.

Personal Exposure to Black Carbon: Impact of Time-Activity Patterns and Environmental Factors on Exposure Levels

Black carbon (BC) is a critical environmental pollutant with significant implications for human health. This study aims to quantify personal exposure to BC by focusing on the influence of microenvironments and time-activity patterns in the Rio Grande Valley (RGV) region of South Texas, USA. Over eight days in March and April 2023, a portable aethalometer and GPS tracking instruments were used to measure BC exposure among a study participant, alongside recording the time spent in various microenvironments. The BC measurements were correlated to the time activity patterns to calculate BC inhaled dosage values thereby elucidating its impact on human health. The mean values for different hours ranged from the lowest,0.26 µg/m³ ± 0.29 at 02:00, to the highest, 1.07 µg/m³ ± 1.40 at 17:00. The study also identified peak BC levels in areas near major roadways and airports. Outdoor activities accounted for 31% - 33% of the BC inhaled dosage on weekends, which was much higher than the 0.10% - 1.42% contribution observed on weekdays. The results also reflect a negative impact of Mexican wildfire activities on black carbon in this border region. This research provides insights into one of the first black carbon measurement studies conducted in the South Texas, U.S.– Tamaulipas State, Mexico border region.

Mapping the Spatial Distribution of Natural Gamma Dose Rates as a Baseline Study in the Province of Asti, Italy

Natural background gamma rays and their effects on human health are essential components of both radiation protection and public concern. In the frame of these aspects, the mapping of the natural gamma dose rate values of the Province of Asti is given. The Asti Fire Brigade Command approved a project relating to the mapping of gamma radiation from the natural background in the territory of Asti. The project engaged both the Nuclear, Biological, Chemical, and Radiological (NBCR) and Topography Applied to Rescue (TAS) components of the Asti Command. Skilled personnel, comprising level 1 TAS operators for data collection and level 2 TAS operators for cartographic analysis, were deployed across the six working days. The methodology involved the use of two digital handheld radiation G-M detectors, in conjunction with a portable GPS unit, including the Global Mapper software. One of the significant findings of this study is the observation that the natural gamma dose rate levels were 201.25% higher in the streets of the city center compared to other areas, predominantly because the building materials in these locations contain a higher amount of natural radionuclides. The results indicated that the level of natural gamma dose rates in the studied region is close to the global average value.

Real-Time LNG Buses Emissions Prediction Based on a Temporal Fusion Trans-Formers Model

Emissions from transportation are one of the key factors preventing the achievement of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality by 2050, with particular attention to emissions from buses. Specifically, few research has been conducted on the exhaust emissions characteristics of liquified natural gas (LNG) buses under different driving scenarios. This study proposed a framework for predicting exhaust emissions of LNG buses based on the portable emission measurement system and GPS collaborative perception data. Firstly, the emission distribution characteristics of CO2, CO, HC, and NOx from LNG buses in real-world driving were analyzed by visualization methods. Then, the real-time exhaust emissions of LNG buses were predicted based on the temporal fusion transformers model for both urban and suburban sections of Zhenjiang City, and the model validity was verified. The current and past 10 s driving states were used for predicting the emission rate of LNG buses. The results showed that the proposed model outperforms other advanced algorithms in real-time exhaust emissions prediction of LNG buses, with an average R2 value higher than 0.94 and an average MAPE reduction of 14.19%. The error assessment revealed that the emission values and average emission rates are higher when driving in the urban section compared to the suburban section. Among the influencing factors, traffic conditions have the most significant impacts on the exhaust emissions of LNG buses, followed by road conditions and driving states, with relative feature importance of 48.9, 34.8, and 16.3%, respectively. Additionally, the current and past 10 s driving states also significantly influenced real-time predictions. This study provides an essential theoretical reference for reducing exhaust emissions for city buses.

Using the PMAQ-AB Mobile App and Management System to Evaluate the Quality of Primary Health Care in Brazil: Qualitative Case Study.

BackgroundThe application of cell phones, similar portable devices (ie, tablets), apps, the internet, and GPS in evaluation have established new ways of collecting, storing, retrieving, transmitting, and processing data or information. However, evidence is incipient as to which technological resources remain at the center of assessment practice and the factors that promote their use by the assessment community.ObjectiveThis study aimed to analyze the relationship between the use of the National Program for Improving Primary Healthcare Access and Quality’s (PMAQ-AB; Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica) mobile app and management system and the external evaluation quality of Brazil’s PMAQ-AB.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative case study during the external evaluation of Brazil’s PMAQ-AB. Data collection consisted of interviews, focus groups, and document analysis. A total of 7 members from the Department of Primary Care of the Ministry of Health and 47 researchers from various higher education and research institutions across the country participated in the study. Data were categorized using the ATLAS.ti software program, according to the quality standards of the Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation, following the content analysis approach by Bardin.ResultsThe results related to feasibility, thematic scope, field activity management, standardized data collection, data consistency, and transparency. They demonstrated improvements and opportunities for advancements in evaluation mediated by the use of information technology (IT), favored the emergence of new practices and remodeling of existing ones, and took into account the multiple components required by the complex assessment of access and quality in primary health care. Difficulties in technology operation, inoperative systems, and lack of investment in equipment and human resources posed challenges to increasing the effectiveness of IT in evaluation.ConclusionsThe use of technology-based tools—the app and the management system—during the external evaluation offered evaluators a greater opportunity for stakeholder engagement. This also allowed the insertion of different organizational, operational, and methodological components that are capable of triggering influences and confluences. In addition, this allowed connections in collaborative and synergistic networks to increase the quality and allow the development of a more consistent and efficient evaluation process with greater possibility of incorporating the results into public health policies.

Pedogeomorphology and weathering at Snow Island, Maritime Antarctica

Despite progress in the last decade on periglacial geomorphology and permafrost research in Antarctica, many areas in Maritime Antarctica remain unsurveyed. This study aimed to identify and describe the main periglacial landforms of President Head Peninsula, at Snow Island, Maritime Antarctica, with emphasis on the relationships between soils, landforms and lithology. We identified and mapped landforms and their physiographic aspects at 1:15,000 scale using Sentinel-2 satellite image (10 m spatial resolution) and georeferenced using portable GPS. Morphological, physical, chemical, micromorphological and mineralogical properties of selected soils were also analyzed. Seventeen types of landforms were mapped (glacial, glaciofluvial, tectonics and structural, periglacial, and marine landforms), whose complexity of geomorphic features is explained by the diversity of morphogenetic processes and lithological diversity. Three distinct geomorphological domains were identified (proglacial, paraglacial, and periglacial). The paraglacial domain is more dynamic and presents immature or poorly developed soils. The periglacial domain has many rocky outcrops, interspersed with Holocene beaches and vegetated marine terraces. Landforms associated with gelifluction, patterned ground and permafrost were only observed on the upper plateaus of the periglacial domain. No soil formation were observed in the proglacial domain.

Mobiltechnológiával támogatott kutatásalapú tanulás

Learning supported by mobile technology is extremely popular today because these technologies can support learning in different contexts. Mobile phones, e-book readers, MP3 and portable media players, tablets, laptops, smartphones, and GPS receivers can be considered mobile technology. As it can be seen from this list, they are different IT devices that can be held in the hand. Since they are portable devices, they enable learning regardless of time and place. The learning and teaching processes realized with mobile technology are called mobile learning (m-learning). Not only the device but also the student and learning are mobile. In the 2000s, research was published in the international literature in which mobile technologies supported learning by supplementing inquiry-based learning (IBL). Mobile technology-supported inquiry-based learning (mIBL) offers potential opportunities to support different levels of inquiry and generate new types of research; it helps to arouse and maintain students’ curiosity and motivation; it connects formal school and informal natural science learning related to everyday life. Although the research results so far show that mobile technology provides adequate support for IBL learning processes, practical strategies, recommendations, and guidelines are needed for further development and appropriate educational application. This study reviews the characteristics and practical applications of mobile learning through mobile technologies, emphasizing the support of inquiry-based learning.

SocialCattle: IoT-Based Mastitis Detection and Control Through Social Cattle Behavior Sensing in Smart Farms

Effective and efficient animal disease detection and control have drawn increasing attention in smart farming in recent years. It is crucial to explore how to harvest data and enable data-driven decision making for rapid diagnosis and early treatment of infectious diseases among herds. This article proposes an IoT-based animal social behavior sensing framework to model mastitis propagation and infer mastitis infection risks among dairy cows. To monitor cow social behaviors, we deploy portable GPS devices on cows to track their movement trajectories and contacts with each other. Based on those collected location data, we build directed and weighted cattle social behavior graphs by treating cows as vertices and their contacts as edges, assigning contact frequencies between cows as edge weights, and determining edge directions according to contact spatial-temporal information. Then, we propose a flexible probabilistic disease transmission model, which considers both direct contacts with infected cows and indirect contacts via environmental contamination, to estimate and forecast mastitis infection probabilities. Our model can answer two common questions in animal disease detection and control: 1) which cows should be given the highest priorities for an investigation to determine whether there are already infected cows on the farm and 2) how to rank cows for further screening when only a tiny number of sick cows have been identified. Both theoretical and simulation-based analytics of in-the-field experiments (17 cows and more than 70-h data) demonstrate the proposed framework’s effectiveness. In addition, somatic cell count (SCC) mastitis tests validate our predictions as correct in real-world scenarios.

Design of a Source Degenerated Cascode Stage Low Noise Amplifier for 5G Applications

Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) is the most critical part of a receiver front end in terms of the receiver performance. The performance tradeoff among input matching, noise figure, gain, and linearity are analyzed in detail. The LNA finds its application at Portable GPS Receiver, BLE, Zigbee, NFC, WiFi, Wireless Sensor Network, RFIC operating at 2.4GHz frequency. Millimeter wave communication is an evolving technology for bandwidth demanding 5G wireless application. A high gain and linear narrowband cascode Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) operating at 2.18GHz to 2.47GHz is proposed. To demonstrate design methodology, a narrow-band source degenerated cascode LNA is designed and simulated in a standard 90nm CMOS process to operate in the 2.4 GHZ band. The LNA achieves a voltage gain of 5.38dB, Noise figure of 4.1127dB, and from 3.2 V supply voltage. Proper input and output impedance matching have been performed to achieve the input return loss of -14 dB (S11) and output return loss of -19.72 dB (S22). Simulation study has been done using Cadence spectre.

Physical and Cognitive Correlates of GPS-Derived Life-Space Characteristics in Older Adults

Life-space mobility, movement within one’s living environment, is important for functional independence in later life. It is unclear which life-space characteristics (i.e., space, duration, shape) are most affected by physical and cognitive limitations. GPS-derived measures mitigate recall bias and offer novel ways to characterize life-space. We examined associations between physical and cognitive performance and GPS-derived life-space characteristics. Participants were 164 community-dwelling adults (Age: M=77.3±6.5) from baseline data of a clinical trial to improve walking in older adults. Participants carried a portable GPS for 7 days, which passively collected real-time location. Standard deviational ellipses (SDEs) and minimum convex polygons (MCPs) were derived for each day. Area and compactness of these measures quantified activity space and shape, respectively. For each measure, 7-day medians and median absolute deviations (MAD) were computed to capture both central tendency and variability of weekly activity. Activity duration was quantified as percentage of time outside home. Adjusting for age and sex, percent time outside home was associated with lower mobility performance (i.e., 6-minute walk (6MWT), figure 8 walk, ρ’s=.17-.18, p’s<.05) and executive functioning (i.e., Trail Making Test, Part A: ρ=.16, p=.04, Part B: ρ=.19, p=.01). Median MCP and SDE areas, but not compactness, were associated with 6MWT performance (ρ’s=.18-.20, p’s<.05). MCP area MAD was associated with greater global cognition (3MSE, ρ=.15, p=.05). Life-space characteristics were differentially associated with performance measures, suggesting physical and cognitive limitations may constrain life-space mobility via different mechanisms. Variation in these associations by neighborhood walkability and active versus passive travel will also be examined.

Association between physical activity and activity space in different farming seasons among rural Lao PDR residents

BackgroundSoutheast Asia is experiencing a health transition, where non-communicable diseases (NCD) are exceeding communicable diseases. Despite NCDs accounting for roughly 60–85% of deaths in the region, many developing Southeast Asian countries are beginning to address the impacts of a physically inactive lifestyle for the first time. Our study aims to bridge this gap by objectively measuring physical activity in rural Lao PDR to reveal the association among physical activity, activity space, and seasonal variation.MethodsMultiple waves of survey data were collected in Songkhon District, Lao PDR between March 2010 and March 2011. Adults aged between 18 and 65 were recruited (n = 48). A portable GPS recorded participants’ activity and farmland locations and an accelerometer recorded participants’ physical activity level and daily steps for seven consecutive days. Using a directional distribution tool in ArcGIS 10.5, the activity space area of each participant in each wave was calculated. Concurrently, participants recorded time spent on each daytime activity. Linear mixed models with the fixed effects as the observations from different waves and the random effects as individual participants were developed to identify factors associated with areas of activity space and counts of daily steps, respectively.ResultsA total of 48 respondents aged between 19 and 57 took part in the study. Half of the participants were females. Walking was found to be the most frequent travel mode. Females were physically less active, with a smaller activity space, and were more overweight than the males in the study. Participants were physically less active during the off-farming seasons.ConclusionsFindings contribute to the surveillance of risk factors needed to create healthy living environments. Our research is also one of the first to use empirical evidence demonstrating seasonal variations of rural residents’ activities in mainland Southeast Asia.

54.1: Invited Paper: High‐Transmission and High‐Contrast‐Ratio AIFF MVA LCDs without Rubbing, Protrusion, ITO Slit and Photoalignment Process

High‐transmission, high contrast ratio and low‐power‐consumption amplified intrinsic fringe field (AIFF) multi‐domain vertical alignment (MVA) LCD's are developed for microdisplay for augmented reality, portable smart phones, GPS, tablet, and LC TV display applications. The AIFF MVA design eliminates all protrusions and ITO slits in TFT and CF.substrates, resulting in high transmission and high yield. The no‐pretilt fabrication process is low cost, does not require PI rubbing and special photoalignment process, and uses standard IC, LC, and PI materials. AIFF MVA is the only LCD mode without edge disclinations. It is compatible with the RGBW square pixel designs for low power consumption LCD applications.

Does real-time and perceived environmental exposure to air pollution and noise affect travel satisfaction? evidence from Beijing, China

Poor air quality and noise pollution have become major environmental risks in urban China. However, the effect of personal exposure to air pollution and noise in various traffic microenvironments on individuals’ daily travel satisfaction has rarely been investigated. Drawing upon real-time data collected using portable sensors and GPS tracking devices in Beijing from December 2017 to February 2018, this paper explores the variations in the co-exposure to real-time air pollution and noise among various transportation modes. It then employs structural equation models to investigate whether and how the objectively measured and subjectively perceived exposure to air pollution and noise in different traffic microenvironments influences individuals’ daily travel satisfaction. Findings show that travel satisfaction and co-exposure to real-time air pollution and noise vary greatly among different transportation modes. People travelling by public transport experience high personal noise exposure and tend to have lower levels of travel satisfaction. While perceived air pollution and noise have significant direct effects on travel experiences, the pathways between objective pollution and travel satisfaction differ for air pollution and noise. Objective air pollution negatively affects travel satisfaction indirectly by influencing perceived air pollution, whereas objective noise has a positive and direct effect on travel satisfaction. Moreover, people with different socio-economic backgrounds tend to bear unequal burdens of air pollution and noise during their daily travels. These findings indicate that more research should be conducted to enhance our understanding of the relationships between personal micro-environmental exposures and subjective wellbeing.

Power Backpack for Energy Harvesting and Reduced Load Impact.

Long-distance walking with heavy loads is often needed when going hiking or for field rescue, which is prone to cumulative fatigue. There is also a great need for labor-saving and biomechanical energy harvesting in daily life for extended security and communication needs. Here, we report a load-suspended backpack for harvesting the wasted energy of human motion based on a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). Two elastomers are incorporated into the backpack to decouple the synchronous movement of the load and the human body, which results in little or no extra accelerative force. With such a design, through theoretical analysis and field experiments, the backpack can realize a reduction of 28.75 % in the vertical oscillation of the load and 21.08 % in the vertical force on the wearer, respectively. Meanwhile, the mechanical-to-electric energy conversion efficiency is modeled and calculated to be 14.02 % under normal walking conditions. The designed backpack has the merits of labor-saving and shock absorption as well as electricity generation, which has the promising potential to be a power source for small-scale wearable and portable electronics, GPS systems, and other self-powered health care sensors.

Taxi drivers’ exposure to black carbon and nitrogen dioxide in electric and diesel vehicles: A case study in London

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and black carbon (BC) concentrations were measured inside London taxicabs across 40 work shifts in a real-world occupational study. The shifts were measured across five plug-in hybrid range-extender electric taxicabs (TXe City) and five diesel taxicabs (TX4 Diesel). The aim of this study was to characterise the impact of fuel and cabin design on professional drivers' air pollution exposures. Personal exposure was monitored using portable BC, NO2 and GPS devices. A controlled study replicating a typical taxi drivers' route in central London was conducted. Simultaneous inside and outside BC concentrations were measured to assess infiltration rates. The drivers were instructed to keep the BC devices with them at all times, providing a comparison of exposures at work and outside of work. The driver's average BC and NO2 exposure while working was nearly twice as high for diesel taxicab drivers (6.8 ± 7.0 μg/m³, 101.9 ± 87.8 μg/m³) compared with electric drivers (3.6 ± 4.9 μg/m³, 55.3 ± 53.0 μg/m³, respectively). The exposure to BC while not working was 1.6 μg/m³ for diesel drivers and 1.1 μg/m³ for electric drivers, highlighting the very high exposures experienced by this occupational sector. The analysis of vehicle type on BC concentrations showed that the airtight cabin design and presence of an in-built filter in the electric TXe City reduced the exposure to BC substantially; indoor to outdoor ratios being 0.63 on the electric taxi compared to 0.99 on the diesel taxi with recirculate ventilation mode off and 0.07 to 0.44 with recirculate on. These findings provide important evidence for occupational health of professional drivers through exposure reduction measures in vehicle design.

Evaluation of propulsion efficiency during cruising phase of Cutter Race with Focus on the Rowing Power of Oars

To increase boat speed during cutter races, improving the rowing efficiency of oars is important. To clarify the characteristics of rowing cutters, total 17 patterns rowing experiments were carried out at Togitsu Port in Omura Bay, Nagasaki Prefecture. At this experiments, total 6 scullers rowing power were measured and estimated total rowing power or rowing efficiency with changing scullers positions, respectively. Moreover,the boat speed was also recorded using a portable GPS device. Experimental results showed a difference of more than twice the rowing power was observed when the rowing position was changed even with the same rower, showing strengths and weaknesses. However, no correlation was observed between a subject’s average rowing power and their physique (height, weight, body fat mass, muscle mass, BMI, and FFMI). Furthermore, the rowing power may be attributed to factors other than physique. The average mean total rowing efficiency was 25.7% ± 2.1% (± S.D.) during headwinds. Even when the members are together, the rowing efficiency showed a difference of more than 7%, simply because the scullers were arranged in different positions. The rowing power and technical factors were suggested to be important factors influencing the rowing efficiency.

The Validity of an Updated Metabolic Power Algorithm Based upon di Prampero's Theoretical Model in Elite Soccer Players.

The aim of this study was to update the metabolic power (MP) algorithm (, W·kg−1) related to the kinematics data (PGPS, W·kg−1) in a soccer-specific performance model. For this aim, seventeen professional (Serie A) male soccer players ( 55.7 ± 3.4 mL·min−1·kg−1) performed a 6 min run at 10.29 km·h−1 to determine linear-running energy cost (Cr). On a separate day, thirteen also performed an 8 min soccer-specific intermittent exercise protocol. For both procedures, a portable Cosmed K4b2 gas-analyzer and GPS (10 Hz) was used to assess the energy cost above resting (C). From this aim, the MP was estimated through a newly derived C equation (PGPSn) and compared with both the commonly used (PGPSo) equation and direct measurement (). Both PGPSn and PGPSo correlated with (r = 0.66, p < 0.05). Estimates of fixed bias were negligible (PGPSn = −0.80 W·kg−1 and PGPSo = −1.59 W·kg−1), and the bounds of the 95% CIs show that they were not statistically significant from 0. Proportional bias estimates were negligible (absolute differences from one being 0.03 W·kg−1 for PGPSn and 0.01 W·kg−1 for PGPSo) and not statistically significant as both 95% CIs span 1. All variables were distributed around the line of unity and resulted in an under- or overestimation of PGPSn, while PGPSo routinely underestimated MP across ranges. Repeated-measures ANOVA showed differences over MP conditions (F1,38 = 16.929 and p < 0.001). Following Bonferroni post hoc test significant differences regarding the MP between PGPSo and /PGPSn (p < 0.001) were established, while no differences were found between and PGPSn (p = 0.853). The new approach showed it can help the coaches and the soccer trainers to better monitor external training load during the training seasons.

MORPHOMETRY OF MATA DO AMPARO DAM, ITAMARACÁ ISLAND, PERNAMBUCO, BRAZIL

Lake morphology is closely related to the geomorphological process responsible for its origin, and influences the dynamics of most physical, chemical and biological properties of lacustrine environments. Different methodologies and highly accurate equipment have greatly improved the technological capacity for bathymetric mapping in the last decade, but their use has been applied to a limited number of environments in Brazil, owing to their high cost and lack of trained personnel. In the present study, an accessible and low-cost approach was used to characterize the morphometrics of Mata do Amparo Dam, a man-made lake in Itamaracá Island, Pernambuco State, northeastern Brazil. Lake bathymetry with a portable echosounder and GPS was conducted in 372 points, and additional 138 points of lake perimeter were digitalized from a satellite image and later interpolated for generation of a bathymetry chart, 3D views and estimation of volume. The reservoir has a surface area of 0.042 km2, a maximum depth of 6.2 m and an estimated volume of 0.11 x 106 m3. The methodology used provided an acceptable estimate of morphometric parameters, and a physical background for future limnological studies on the reservoir.&#x0D; Keywords: bathymetry, morphology, volume

Pre-season Training Loads Of Elite NCAA Division 3 Female Soccer Players: A Descriptive Study

Field-based sports training traditionally revolves around the “art of coaching”, where coaches use experience and educated guesses as a primary means of conditioning players. With the advent of GPS technology, field sports have the capability to monitor external training loads more accurately thus allowing the coaching staff to design better conditioning programs in order to match sport-specific demands seen during practices and competitions, potentially improving performance. NCAA rule limitations for Division III preseason training accentuates the need to determine the training loads of these practices. PURPOSE: The purpose of the descriptive study was to examine the external training loads of elite NCAA Division III soccer players during preseason training. METHODS: 17 NCAA female Division III soccer players (20.41±1.12 years; 64.44±6.76 kg; 166.06±4.74cm) wore a portable GPS device, operating at 10Hz and incorporated with a 100Hz triaxial accelerometer, prior to every practice (n = 8) and scrimmage (n=1) during the preseason (Aug 19 - Aug 27) in central Virginia. To start the preseason, VO2max was estimated via the YOYO test. GPS collected total distance (km), work rate (m/min), hard running (>4.5 m/s; m), zone 6 running (>6 m/s; m), top speed (km/h), and intensity during practices and scrimmages during the Division III preseason. RESULTS: Estimated VO2max was reported to be 44.90±1.90 ml·kg-1·min-1. During practices, athletes covered 4.35±2.04 km, had a work rate of 42.31±10.05 m/min, covered 157.38±143.38 m of hard running, ran 33.19±56.70m in Zone 6, had a top speed of 24.54±4.59 km/h, and had an intensity of 26.66±14.13. During the scrimmage, athletes covered 6.33±2.24 km, had a work rate of 38.13±13.72 m/min, covered 227.80±194.841 m of hard running, ran 28.47±45.17 m in Zone 6, had a top speed of 25.96±4.15 km/h, and had an intensity of 40.33±17.69. CONCLUSION: The external loads of elite Division III female soccer players were found to be similar to previously reported in-season loads of Division I and Division II athletes. The short preseason training period and high external loads present a number of concerns for Division III athletes as it pertains to preseason conditioning needs and the potential for overload injury risks.

Quais características diferenciam a vitória, empate e derrota em jogos reduzidos de futebol? Uma análise multidimensional a partir das respostas de jovens atletas (What characteristics differentiate winning, drawing and losing in soccer small-sided games?

Resumo: O presente estudo objetivou analisar as respostas fisiológicas, físicas, técnicas e táticas de jovens futebolistas em função do resultado em jogos reduzidos. A amostra foi constituída por 39 jogadores (idade 15,9 ± 1,0 anos) agrupados pelo desfecho dos jogos, vitória (17), empate (6) e derrota (16). As respostas físicas e fisiológicas foram quantificadas por meio da utilização de um GPS portátil e um monitor cardíaco. A percepção subjetiva de esforço foi medida utilizando a escala de BORG 6-20. As respostas técnico-táticas foram avaliadas conforme a frequência e qualidade de execução de habilidades técnicas e princípios táticos fundamentais. Na análise foram empregados os testes de Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis, U de Mann Whitney e a Regressão Logística Multinomial. A significância foi estabelecida em 5%. Jogadores que conquistaram a vitória ou o empate percorreram maiores distâncias em corrida de baixa-intensidade e menores distâncias em caminhada. O grupo empate realizou mais passes do que o grupo derrota (14,0 vs 10,0). O grupo vencedor apresentou maior eficiência de execução em três princípios ofensivos e três princípios defensivos em comparação com o grupo perdedor. Verificou-se que o aumento na eficiência de execução de princípios ofensivos e defensivos aumenta as chances de os jogadores estarem nos grupos empate (11 a 24%) ou vitória (10% a 21%) com relação a derrota. Conclui-se que as características fisiológicas, físicas, técnicas e táticas são fatores que exercem influência sobre o êxito competitivo, sendo que o aumento na eficiência tática resulta em mais chances para conquista da vitória ou empate. Abstract: The present study aimed to analyze the physiological, physical, technical, and tactical responses of young soccer players according to the result in small-sided games. The sample consisted of 39 players (15.9 ± 1.0 years of age) grouped by the outcome of the games, winning (17), drawing (6), and losing (16). Physical and physiological responses were quantified using a portable GPS and a cardiac monitor. The rating of perceived exertion was measured using the BORG 6-20 scale. Technical-tactical responses were assessed according to the frequency and quality of execution of technical skills and core tactical principles. Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann Whitney U and Multinomial Logistic Regression tests were used in the analysis. Significance was set at 5%. Players in the groups “winning” and “drawing” covered greater distances in low-intensity running and shorter distances in walking. The “drawing” group executed more passes than the “losing” group (14.0 vs 10.0). The “winning” group showed greater efficiency of execution in three offensive and three defensive principles compared to the “losing” group. It was found that the increase in the efficiency of execution of offensive and defensive principles increases the chances of the players being in “drawing” (11 to 24%) or “winning” (10% to 21%) groups in relation to “losing”. It is concluded that the physiological, physical, technical, and tactical responses influence competitive success, and the increase in tactical efficiency results in more chances to achieve winning or drawing. Resumen: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las respuestas fisiológicas, físicas, técnicas y tácticas de los futbolistas jóvenes dependiendo del resultado en juegos reducidos. La muestra consistió en 39 jugadores (edad 15.9 ± 1.0 años) agrupados por el resultado de los juegos, victoria (17), empate (6) y derrota (16). Las respuestas físicas y fisiológicas se cuantificaron utilizando un GPS portátil y un monitor cardíaco. La percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo se midió utilizando la escala BORG 6-20. Las respuestas técnico-tácticas se evaluaron de acuerdo con la frecuencia y calidad de ejecución de las habilidades técnicas y los principios tácticos fundamentales. Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann Whitney U y pruebas de regresión logística multinomial se utilizaron en el análisis. La significancia se estableció en 5%. Los jugadores que han ganado la victoria o el empate han cubierto distancias más grandes en carreras de baja intensidad y distancias más cortas al caminar. El grupo de empate hizo más pases que el grupo de derrota (14.0 vs 10.0). El grupo victoria mostró una mayor eficiencia de ejecución en tres principios ofensivos y tres defensivos en comparación con el grupo derrota. Se encontró que el aumento en la eficiencia de la ejecución de los principios ofensivos y defensivos aumenta las posibilidades de que los jugadores estén en el grupo empate (11 a 24%) o victoria (10% a 21%) en relación con la derrota. Se concluye que las respuestas fisiológicas, físicas, técnicas y tácticas influye en el éxito competitivo, y el aumento de la eficiencia táctica da como resultado más posibilidades de lograr la victoria o el empate.