Port Zone Research Articles

Historique de la recherche

This chapter introduces the ensemble of the archaeological harbour site of Parc Saint-Georges, Lyon (Rhône region) that lies at the level of the ancient right bank of the Saône River. Commencing with the location and circumstances of this extensive salvage excavation (2004-2006), the principal characteristics of this land dig within a caisson of moulded concrete walls are then presented. After a description of the technical conditions of the dig and the complexity of the means employed, the principal results are mentioned begin-ning with the topographie évolution of this arm of the Saône River and its associated harbour vestiges. Then, the evolution of the port itself, in relation to the shipwrecks and the developments of the river bank, is described following a chronological progression. The modestly equipped Gallo-Roman river port of Lugdunum was followed by the development of a riverside quarter during the Middle Ages and by the creation of the port du Sablet in the 14th century, and then its enlargement throughout the following centuries (16th & 17th centuries). The evolution of the harbour structure in the 18th century was expressed in important architectural developments of the river bank (access stairs to the water, quays) that were striking within the urban fabric of Lyon and in terms of the economie significance of the port. Finally, the restructuring of the quays and the port district of Saint-Georges during the 19th and 20th centuries isolated the former port zone, whether ancient, medieval or modem, from the Saône River. The last stage of this reshaping of the river bank involved the digging of the underground parking area that would lead to the salvage excavation of the site and to the discovery of the 16 ships. The museographie future of those chosen as architectural exemplars is discussed.

Harmonised framework for ecological risk assessment of sediments from ports and estuarine zones of North and South Atlantic

This paper presents a harmonised framework of sediment quality assessment and dredging material characterisation for estuaries and port zones of North and South Atlantic. This framework, based on the weight-of-evidence approach, provides a structure and a process for conducting sediment/dredging material assessment that leads to a decision. The main structure consists of "step 1" (examination of available data); "step 2" (chemical characterisation and toxicity assessment); "decision 1" (any chemical level higher than reference values? are sediments toxic?); "step 3" (assessment of benthic community structure); "step 4" (integration of the results); "decision 2" (are sediments toxic or benthic community impaired?); "step 5" (construction of the decision matrix) and "decision 3" (is there environmental risk?). The sequence of assessments may be interrupted when the information obtained is judged to be sufficient for a correct characterisation of the risk posed by the sediments/dredging material. This framework brought novel features compared to other sediment/dredging material risk assessment frameworks: data integration through multivariate analysis allows the identification of which samples are toxic and/or related to impaired benthic communities; it also discriminates the chemicals responsible for negative biological effects; and the framework dispenses the use of a reference area. We demonstrated the successful application of this framework in different port and estuarine zones of the North (Gulf of Cádiz) and South Atlantic (Santos and Paranaguá Estuarine Systems).

Development of site-specific sediment quality guidelines for North and South Atlantic littoral zones: Comparison against national and international sediment quality benchmarks

We aimed to develop site-specific sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) for two estuarine and port zones in Southeastern Brazil (Santos Estuarine System and Paranaguá Estuarine System) and three in Southern Spain (Ría of Huelva, Bay of Cádiz, and Bay of Algeciras), and compare these values against national and traditionally used international benchmark values. Site-specific SQGs were derived based on sediment physical–chemical, toxicological, and benthic community data integrated through multivariate analysis. This technique allowed the identification of chemicals of concern and the establishment of effects range correlatively to individual concentrations of contaminants for each site of study. The results revealed that sediments from Santos channel, as well as inner portions of the SES, are considered highly polluted (exceeding SQGs-high) by metals, PAHs and PCBs. High pollution by PAHs and some metals was found in São Vicente channel. In PES, sediments from inner portions (proximities of the Ponta do Félix port's terminal and the Port of Paranaguá) are highly polluted by metals and PAHs, including one zone inside the limits of an environmental protection area. In Gulf of Cádiz, SQGs exceedences were found in Ria of Huelva (all analysed metals and PAHs), in the surroundings of the Port of Cádiz (Bay of Cádiz) (metals), and in Bay of Algeciras (Ni and PAHs). The site-specific SQGs derived in this study are more restricted than national SQGs applied in Brazil and Spain, as well as international guidelines. This finding confirms the importance of the development of site-specific SQGs to support the characterisation of sediments and dredged material. The use of the same methodology to derive SQGs in Brazilian and Spanish port zones confirmed the applicability of this technique with an international scope and provided a harmonised methodology for site-specific SQGs derivation.

Observaciones morfométricas y reproductivas en el langostino Pleoticus muelleri Bate, 1888 procedente de embarcaciones comerciales del puerto Rawson, Argentina

The shrimp Pleoticus muelleri is the most important species in the crustacean fishery off Patagonian Argentine Sea. Morphometric and reproductive aspects of 1,564 specimens from Rawson Port zone, South Argentine, were analyzed. The shrimps were taken approximately 12 nm by the trawling coastal fleet, between January and April 2001. From the total sample, only 3.9% were juveniles. Mature and impregnated females were mostly found in January (86.27%) and the lowest peak was in March. Immature female shrimps were caught in only in April. These results show the importance to characterize the shrimps from landing samples, to the fishery management.

New port facilities at Punta Langosteira, Spain

The city of A Coruña in Spain has developed around its port and is currently congesting it and rendering it impossible for the port to expand. The proximity of the city means that the port traffic that has effects on the environment could cause a nuisance. There is a conflict of interest between the port and the city, because the latter requires constant expansion towards the port zones and makes land access to the port extremely difficult. All the aforementioned problems have led to the need to consider that any enlargements to the port facilities will have to take place outside the city. The new port facilities project at Punta Langosteira involves the construction of a 3360 m long breakwater with three alignments, and the creation of a dock basin with 230 ha of sheltered waters, with a capacity for nine berths for oil tankers. The project also includes the construction of a 900 m long quay running transversely to the coast, at depths ranging from 22 to 16 m and creating 143 ha of esplanade land, of which 91 ha are to be reclaimed from the sea.

DISPERSANT MISSION PLANNER, DMP2

ABSTRACT The most recent release of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Dispersant Mission Planner, DMP2, is a valuable tool for the estimation of system performance involving the application of chemical dispersants on oil spills. The assessment of system performance is critical for both planning and realtime operational use. The DMP2 can be used for the assessment of fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters and vessels as platforms for the application of dispersants, allowing the user to compare and optimize the performance of each system. The Mission Planner can also be used to calculate the Effective Daily Application Capacity (EDAC) for a specified application system operating from a pre-designated staging location. The DMP2 provides a user-friendly tool for the determination of any dispersant application system'S EDAC as currently required by U.S. Coast Guard regulations for a given Captain of the Port (COTP) Zone. The authors (and developers of the DMP2) describe the underlying logic of the model and illustrate its use with a number of examples.

Fuzzy MCDM based on the concept of α‐cut

AbstractIn a fuzzy multiple criteria decision‐making (MCDM) problem, with a hierarchical structure of more than two levels and involving multiple decision‐makers (DMs), to find the exact membership functions of the final aggregation ratings of all feasible alternatives is almost impossible. Thus, ranking methods based on exact membership functions cannot be utilized to rank the feasible alternatives and complete the optimal selection. To resolve the above‐mentioned complexity and to incorporate assessments of all DMs' viewpoints, in this paper a fuzzy MCDM method with multiple DMs, based on the concepts of fuzzy set theory and α‐cut, is developed. This method incorporates a number of perspectives on how to approach the fuzzy MCDM problem with multiple DMs, as follows: (1) combining quantitative and qualitative criteria as well as negative and positive ones; (2) using the generalized means to develop the aggregation method of multiple DMs' opinions; (3) incorporating the risk attitude index β to convey the total risk attitude of all DMs by using the estimation data obtained at the data input stage; (4) employing the algebraic operations of fuzzy numbers based on the concept of α‐cut to calculate the final aggregation ratings and develop a matching ranking method for proposed fuzzy MCDM method with multiple DMs. Furthermore, we use this method to survey the site selection for free port zone (FPZ) in Taiwan as an empirical study to demonstrate the proposed fuzzy MCDM algorithm. The result of this empirical investigation shows that the port of Kaohsiung, the largest international port of Taiwan as well as the sixth container port in the world in 2004, is optimal for the Taiwan government in enacting the plan of FPZ. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Materials selection and shield design to improve ignitor operational safety

Neutron transport calculations in the zone of the diagnostic ports and of the cryostat of Ignitor show that streaming of neutrons through the port makes the neutron flux on the cryostat behind the diagnostic ports much higher than in those parts of the cryostat shielded by the magnets and c-clamp structures. Neutron-induced activation of cryostat materials (AISI316) in that zone turns out to be so high to prevent their direct handling soon after the beginning of DT operation at maximum power level. Scope of this study is to determine whether an additional shield for the cryostat put in the port zone could reduce activation of this component, down to permit direct handling of it. Different materials for the shield are examined, and its thickness according to the reduced activation goal is determined. It is recommended the adoption of a Borated Polythene additional shield for cryostat behind diagnostic ports, with a 32 cm thickness. This shield would permit to reduce the activation of the AISI316 steel in the cryostat behind diagnostic ports to about 100 μSv/h, with 3 days of cooling, after 1 year of operation at maximum DT power level.

大阪湾航行船舶からの大気汚染物質排出量とその削減方策

The atmosphere over the Osaka bay area has been polluted severely for so many years that effective countermeasures against the air pollution have been requested as soon as possible. The discharge amount of NOx, SOx and CO2 from the ships in Osaka bay are estimated in order to know how largely the marine traffic contribute to those air pollutants discharge over the Osaka bay area. The estimation results show that, (1) the ships discharge the about 40% of NOx and SOx of total amount over the Osaka bay area, though the CO2 discharge is very small as 3%, (2) the spatial distributes intensively in the port zones and in the deep east-north region of Osaka bay mainly due to the discharge from tankers and general cargo ships staying there. The IMO/MEPC regulation, which is intending to control the air pollutants discharge of the engines installed on new ships since the year of 2000, cannot be expected so effective for the improvement of severely polluted region such as Osaka bay area. Other countermeasures such as the control of ship speed, cargo handling time, therefore, investigated here and suggests that systematic strategy could be effective when those measures are introduced together, with IMO regulation.

Coast Guard and Epa: One Area Contingency Plan

ABSTRACT The U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have developed a pilot project to address federal Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) requirements for Area Contingency planning in the Captain of the Port (COTP) Zone and the corresponding U.S. EPA inland area in a portion of the Western Lake Erie Basin. The project, known as the “One County In” approach, encompasses contingency planning for the entire county, not just the COTP Zone. Local and state planners and responders as well as industry representatives fully support the effort. The one plan eliminates the multi-plan issues associated with divided federal response jurisdictions. While the geographic scope of the Plan expanded, the physical size of the document decreased significantly due to a detailed review by the Area Committee. Initiated in fall 1997, the combined Plan was completed in September 1998.

Los recursos vegetales en el mundo romano: estudio de los macrorrestos botánicos del yacimiento Calle Santiago de Irún (Guipúzcoa)

The results of the archaeobotanical analysis of three samples from the Roman site CSI (Irun, Basque Country, I - III A.D.) are presented. They correspond to a port zone where material from different proveniences has met: estuarine and river-close areas, urban waste and altered places. The human population of the Roman Oiasso had access to a wide range of plant foods, wild as well as domestic ones. Economically interesting species which have been imported or introduced at this time have been identified.

Queimaduras eléctricas na criança. Casuística de 3 anos.

The Burn Unit of Dona Estefânia Hospital admitted a total of 454 patients from January 1992 to January 1995, 24 of these patients suffered from electric shock. Of these 24 patients 3 suffered burns in the mouth, 15 in one or both hands and 6 multiple burns. In 19 patients the burns were up to 1%. A description is made of 5 cases, male children between the ages of 9 and 13 years, which were deemed severe. The incidents occurred outdoors with different voltages and in activities considered of ludic or experimental nature: two on the roof of a house, two with railway cables and one with an electrical cable in a port zone. The burnt areas vary between 4% and 70%, all of them 2nd and 3rd degree, with hospitalization lasting from 36 to 116 days. In addition to early and coordinated medical and rehabilitative treatment, according to individual needs, a description is also made of the cutaneous sequelae (deforming cicatrices, bridles), neurologic and psychologic sequelae, with emphasis on a patient who underwent amputation of the lower left leg and 4th and 5th ranges of the right foot. It was concluded that measures should be taken in education and legislation to prevent these accidents. Relevance is given to the need for a multidisciplinary team and specialized center for the treatment of these patients.

ESTABLISHING OPTIMAL RESPONSE STRATEGIES USING REAL-TIME CURRENT OBSERVATIONS: A LOCAL, COOPERATIVE APPROACH1

ABSTRACT With the mandates of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 requiring stockpiles of mechanical recovery equipment, an effective baseline response strategy was needed for the U. S. Coast Guard Houston/Galveston Captain of the Port Zone. A small group of federal, state, and industry volunteers established a study team to set baseline response and equipment deployment strategies based on local tide and current data. Procedures consisted of strategically positioning a series of buoys within a known area of concern and tracking the buoys with a hand-held global positioning system unit. Patterns and trends were established, tested in a field deployment exercise, and shared with members of the oil spill response community. The study resulted in the following observations:Federal-state-industry cooperation in response planning is essential.A pragmatic methodology is best suited for determining tidal and current trends and the potential effect on response equipment deployment strategies.

CONSENSUS-BASED, CONSOLIDATED CONTINGENCY PLAN1

ABSTRACT The authors of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) viewed the key to effective response to be a contingency plan developed by all stakeholders. OPA 90 laid the groundwork for developing true consensus-based contingency plans. Northwest U.S. state and federal agencies have combined the plans of two U.S. Coast Guard Captain of the Port zones, one Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) region, and three states into one document that addresses general operational and administrative spill response issues. Operational issues that differ among the participants are covered in comprehensive geographic response plans (GRPs).

大阪湾を航行する船舶からの大気汚染物質排出量の推定

As a case study regarding the actual situation of air pollutant discharge from ships, the paper investigates the discharge amounts of nitrogen oxides NOx and sulfur oxides SOx from all ships sailing in Osaka Bay. Marine traffic in Osaka Bay is very intensified because it is surrounded by the highly industrialized Hanshin-Megalopolis and also Osaka Bay situates at the point connecting Pacific Ocean and Seto inland sea. This is the reason why Osaka Bay was selected here as a case study area. The investigation is carried out by three stages. The first is to investigate the trip table, that is, the OD-table of all ships sailing in Osaka Bay. The second is to study the dischage rate of each ship of various kinds at various operating conditions and the third is to estimate the dischage amount from all ships. The estimation results reveal that total discharge amount from ships is unexpectedly large, and NOx is comparable with the amount from land and SOx is larger than the land. As for the dischage intensity per area, the marine is also larger than the land especially in the port zone near the coast. Thus the report indicates that the discharge from ships could not be ignored and its effect on the coastal environment should be investigated in order to search the proper procedures against air pollution.

Revitalising the waterfront: international dimensions of dockland redevelopment

Part 1 Frameworks for analysis: development dynamics at the port-city interface, Brian Hoyle socio-economic change in the maritime quarter - the demise of sailortown, David Hilling global imperatives, local forces and waterfront redevelopment, Ray Riley and Louis Shurmer-Smith change on the waterfront - a model-based approach, Yehuda Hayuth. Part 2 Policy and practice: policy convergence on the waterfront? - a comparative assessment of North American revitalization strategies, John Tunbridge redevelopment on the North American water-frontier - the case of Toronto, Gene Desfor et al public policy and planning of the Rotterdam waterfront - a tale of two cities, David Pinder and Kenneth Rosing public policy, physical restructuring and economic change - the Swansea experience, J.Arwel Edwards urban revitalization, public policy and the redevelopment of redundant port zones - lessons from Baltimore and Manchester, Christopher M.Law market forces ascendant - dynamics of change on the Hong Kong waterfront, Roger Bristow. Part 3 Strategic planning issues: waterfront development, economic restructuring and social impact, Iain Tweedale demand-led planning, the inner-city crisis and the labour market - London Docklands evaluated, Andrew Church the need for a more critical approach to dockland renewal, Michael Clark deindustrialization and forgotten fallow - lessons from Western European oil refining, David Pinder and Sohail Husain retreat, redundancy and revitalization - forces, trends and a research agenda, David Pinder et al.

THE USE OF DECISION SUPPORT AIDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ACTION-ORIENTED CONTINGENCY PLAN

ABSTRACT The National Contingency Plan requires each predesignated on-scene coordinator (OSC) to develop adequate contingency plans for oil and hazardous substance spill response for his own area. Historically these plans have been information-oriented rather than action-oriented. They contain volumes of data on available resources, potential pollution sites, response organization, and perhaps historical spill data. There remains a critical need to develop decision support aids for the OSCs use during the emergency phases of the response operation. The authors have implemented a planning methodology in the Captain of the Port New Haven Zone (Long Island Sound) that provides an action-oriented response plan. Two primary decision support aids, a decision flow chart and a mini-computer display, were developed based on the concept of scenario planning. Scenario planning requires the development of typical response scenarios based on analysis of historical spill and cargo movement data and on subjective assessments of high-risk situations. In the Captain of the Port Zone, six distinct types of major incidents were judged to be a sufficient basis for scenario planning; any other incident could be classed as a variation of one of the six basic events. Each incident served as the basis for a time-line flow chart that identifies the major categories of actions possible, the decisions required, and when these decisions must be made. A minicomputer using color graphics is used to project resource location and availability, spill location, spill movement, and decision information. The OSC may evaluate visually which future actions are opened or precluded at each branch at every major decision point. This paper discusses successful use of decision flow charts in the 1979 Region II OSC drill and the evolution of minicomputer applications.

The concept of Fos. An interim assessment

This paper considers the emergence and execution of the concept of the port and industrial zone which has been developed at Fos in the south of France over the last 17 years. From local initiatives the concept was taken over by the national government which, together with a number of multinational companies, has invested heavily in the zone. The third part of the paper attempts to evaluate the concept as a regional manufacturing growth pole in the milieu of French national, EEC, and Mediterranean markets.

The volume of internal and external trade: Is Britain a closed economy?

Pitfield D. E. (1978) The volume of internal and external trade: is Britain a closed economy? Reg. Studies 12, 665–682. For internal freight traffic models to ignore external trade requires that Britain is assumed a closed economy. Summary measures of the volume of trade show that external trade is relatively small at the aggregate level. It is only when trade is disaggregated by commodity that any commodity's foreign trade becomes a significant proportion of internal movements. Disaggregating over space, it appears that internal movements of port zones are not dissimilar from non-port zones, although major ports might be an exception. It is concluded that generation models of freight may generally ignore external trade.