Port Royal Research Articles

The Port Royal Earthquake and the World of Wonders in Seventeenth-Century Jamaica

This article examines the great Port Royal earthquake of 1692 in the context of other earthquakes that struck Jamaica in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. It argues that although most commentators viewed the tremendous devastation caused by the 1692 disaster as a divine judgment against Port Royal, a few observers suggested that the extent of damage also reflected geographic and architectural factors. It further argues that the frequent experience of earthquakes in Jamaica altered how colonists interpreted such events. Large-scale disasters like Port Royal retained providential meaning, but colonists dismissed numerous other earthquakes, even though similar minor tremors occasioned an outpouring of sermons and moralizing in other parts of the British Atlantic world. As colonists in Jamaica gained more knowledge about the natural world in Jamaica, they learned that earthquakes were common occurrences. As a result, most earthquakes gradually ceased to appear as extraordinary or providential events.

Late Seventeenth-Century Spanish Town, Jamaica: Building an English City on Spanish Foundations

The English who captured Jamaica in 1655 found its Spanish colonial capital unfamiliar. Their adaptations of the Spanish cultural landscapes they occupied highlight alternative criteria for appraising townscapes. Spanish military resistance continued for five years, during which the English garrison started to reorient the old Spanish town. They retained the place even after the building of a new merchant port at Port Royal. Spanish Town remained an administrative center with a seasonal society. Tracing the process of anglicization and adaptation in the former Spanish town into the 1690s extends beyond identifying what was done and when, to show wider shifts in the new residents’ understanding of the topography of this place seized. Physical continuity, in terms of a preexisting framework of streets and house lots, had to combine with very different expectations about towns. The social landscape of this Caribbean city in the wilderness came to be organized around its permanent residents, women and men.

From the Editor

From the Editor Elaine Forman Crane This issue of Early American Studies offers a range of articles that have unusual connections. For those absorbed by the complex issues involving cultural change and exchange, essays about New England and the Caribbean will command attention. Andrea Cremer and James Robertson focus on the ways colonial cultures seek to impose change and, in turn, are changed by competing powers. Michael Mulcahy links the Port Royal earthquake to changes in intellectual interpretations of natural phenomena and because both Robertson and Mulcahy concentrate on Jamaica, their essays flow together nicely. Three other articles concentrate on words, albeit in different ways: words that imbue power, words that instill national loyalty, and words that create events. Antonio Bly offers evidence of a greater number of literate runaways than we have previously conceived, Neil York explores the perpetuation of patriotism through Johnny Tremain, and Jonathan Beecher Field examines the historiographical construction of the Antinomian controversy. This issue welcomes a new department, “Lecture Notes.” Designed for authors who do not plan further revision or expansion of conference papers, this occasional department will publish presentations that concern subjects of limited or immediate interest rather than those requiring long-term research. The essays will be printed as the audience heard them: without footnotes. Michael Zuckerman’s piece on the politics of then and now fits the parameters of this new department quite nicely. Finally, the second half of the diary of Horace Lee appears in this issue, covering the year between July 1841 and July 1842. Patrick Farmer reintroduces Lee to us, and we only wish that somewhere, sometime, someone will find—in a dusty New England attic—the missing journal that precedes the one written by this charming young man. But whether the earlier volume emerges or not, the selections published in Early American Studies must take their place alongside the most delightful of New England diaries. Fall 2008 [End Page v] Copyright © 2008 The McNeil Center for Early American Studies

Blue & Gray Navies: The Civil War Afloat (review)

Reviewed by: Blue & Gray Navies: The Civil War Afloat William H. Roberts Blue & Gray Navies: The Civil War Afloat. By Spencer C. Tucker . Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2006. ISBN 1-59114-882-0. Maps. Photographs. Illustrations. Glossary. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Pp. xxviii, 426. $34.95. Blue & Gray Navies is an excellent introduction to the naval aspects of the American Civil War. Written primarily for a general audience, it successfully integrates much recent scholarship in a very readable narrative. After an introduction that covers American naval developments through 1860, the author surveys the condition of the United States and Confederate States naval establishments and the state of naval technology at the beginning of war in 1861. He discusses the organization, leadership, and shipbuilding practices of both services and describes the personnel of the navies and their life aboard ship. His expertise in the field of ordnance shows clearly in his descriptions of the ships and their weapons. The remainder of the book is for the most part organized by campaigns; that is, by geographical area and period. Among the themes are the blockade and the early coastal operations that made an effective blockade possible; ironclad warfare in Hampton Roads and at Charleston; commerce raiding; and the riverine warfare campaigns waged in the western theater. The Union Navy, due to its relative size, tends to dominate any naval history of the war, and the organization of the book reflects this. Yet those campaigns were far from one-sided, and the author ensures that the Confederate Navy receives its due. Dr. Tucker's promise of a lively narrative that includes key battles is amply fulfilled. Hatteras Inlet, Port Royal, Hampton Roads, New Orleans, Charleston, Memphis, Vicksburg, and Mobile are clearly described with the aid of maps. The author does an especially good job of making sense of the Red River campaign, surely among the most chaotic of Civil War joint operations. It is not clear from this work how the campaigns were made to fit together, especially for the Union, which generally maintained the strategic initiative. The author points out some of the difficulties that both sides experienced for lack of joint command—if Army and Navy commanders could not agree, their first common superior was their President—but even within the US Navy, there were frictions. In early 1863, for example, Assistant Secretary Gustavus V. Fox denied ironclads to other commanders in order to reinforce Rear Admiral Samuel F. Du Pont's attack on Charleston. How did the Union Navy Department coordinate and balance the requirements of its different squadrons? [End Page 246] As in any work of this scope, a few errors appear, many of which could have been avoided with tighter editing ("electronically" for "electrically," "Mexico" for "Mexican," "script" for "scrip"). Unfortunately, the author perpetuates the discredited myth that Ericsson's "most unusual" contract for Monitor "reflected doubts about the ship's viability" (pp. 165-166). The discussion of ship classes and varieties of ordnance in Chapter 2 could easily overwhelm the general reader, and a tabular or graphical presentation would have been helpful. Dr. Tucker has fulfilled his stated aim of discussing the rival strategies and changing technologies of the Civil War navies while providing a lively narrative. Soundly based in recent scholarship and lucidly written, this book is well worth the general reader's attention. Copyright © 2007 Society for Military History

Product Review: Planning the Past: Heritage Tourism and Post-Colonial Politics at Port Royal

Product Review: Planning the Past: Heritage Tourism and Post-Colonial Politics at Port Royal

X marks the spot: the archaeology of piracy

Russel K. Skowronek and Charles R. Ewen eds. X Marks Spot. The Archaeology of Piracy. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2006, xxvi + 339 pp.This highly original book appeared in University Press of Florida's series New Perspectives on Maritime History and Nautical Archaeology. The editors, Russel K. Skowronek and Charles R. Ewen, divided book into three parts. The first chapters, listed under heading Pirate Lairs, describe how terrestrial pirate sites were found and identified. The second part, named Pirate Ships and Their Prey, encompasses essays about recovery and analysis of underwater pirate sites. The third part describes Pirates in Fact and Fiction. In this section, thoughts are presented about who pirates actually were, what it meant to be one, recent popular perceptions on piracy and their influence on understanding of latter. Moreover, it investigates how pirate sites may be recognized in archaeological record. In providing valuable information for a broader understanding of piracy, perceptions on piracy and archaeology of piracy, this part of book certainly lifts study of actual pirate sites, described in foregoing chapters, to a higher level.Charles R. Ewen explains in his introduction why there is very little in archaeological literature about piracy whereas historical works on pirates abound. An important reason he posits is that the hunt for treasure, and by association pirate sites, [is] too popular to interest professional archaeologist (p. 5). Being associated with treasure hunters is highly undesirable to most professional archaeologists. Another problem for archaeologists is difficulty of recognizing pirate sites in archaeological record. As Ewen points out, without historical information, most of sites described in this volume may not have been recognized as pirate sites by their excavators at all. The collected essays, however, demonstrate that pirate sites do deserve more attention by archaeologists.The essays all provide interesting insights into piracy and ways in which archaeologists, as well as historians, could investigate subject. A lot of factual archaeological and historical data are presented, and a fascinating insight into world of piracy is thus offered. It must be said that, in doing this, all of essays, without exception, deserve reader's attention. However, for purpose of this review I have decided to focus on two of articles that caught my attention in particular.It surprised me to read in Pirates and Merchants: Port Royal, by Donny L. Hamilton, that pirates, who so vividly colour image of seventeenth-century Port Royal as a city comparable to biblical city of Sodom, were actually invited by governor to make town their home base. The reasoning was that Jamaica, which British had just recently captured from Spanish in 1655, remained largely undefended and appeared vulnerable to Spanish re-conquest attempts. The pirates who settled in Port Royal became legal, Englishsanctioned privateers, and their constant attacks on Spanish ships and coastal towns prevented Spanish from organizing their forces effectively to re-take Jamaica. An interesting situation arose. Port Royal, being only legal port of entry into Jamaica, prospered because of its privateers who were present alongside merchants who provided outlet for their plunder (p. 14). The merchants of Port Royal soon turned out to be economic and political power brokers on island. A reader might wonder how much topographic situation of Port Royal contributed to city's significance, but, unfortunately, no map of Jamaica displaying its actual location is provided in this article, which in my opinion is a shortcoming. Port Royal, during heyday of piracy, was certainly a different place physically from what it is today. In 1692 an earthquake extensively destroyed this wealthy and densely populated city. …

Haliclona (Reniera) portroyalensis n. sp., a new chalinid sponge (Porifera, Demospongiae, Haplosclerida) from the southeast coast of Jamaica

A new demosponge species of the order Haplosclerida, growing on mangrove roots in Port Royal, southeast coast Jamaica, is described as Haliclona (Reniera) portroyalensis n. sp. A short overview of previous work on Chalinidae and on Jamaican sponges is given, and we discuss how the new species differs from other member of the genus and subgenus. The holotype is purple alive and beige when preserved in alcohol. It has digitate and bulbous processes with scattered oscula, some laterally plush, and measuring 2–3 mm with larger ones up to 6 mm on the bulbous areas. The consistency is soft, and it is easily torn, but resilient. The megascleres, oxeas are straight to slightly curved with short conical points. The only microscleres are toxas which are of varying lengths numerous and distributed throughout the ectosome and choanosome.

Estimates of flushing times, submarine groundwater discharge, and nutrient fluxes to Okatee Estuary, South Carolina

A physical model based on determining the fraction of the tidal prism that returns to the estuary on the next high tide is used to estimate the flushing time of the Okatee River estuary. The return flow factor (b) of 0.81 yields a flushing time of 2 days. A mass balance model of 228Ra and salinity is also used to estimate b. This model yields an average b = 0.79, virtually the same as the physical model. A third model based on the decay of 224Ra relative to 228Ra is used to determine the apparent age of water in the estuary. These ages range from 1.6 to 5 days, with an average of 3.4 days. These three independent estimates are in remarkably close agreement, certainly within the error of each estimate. We use these residence times to develop a mass balance model for the radium isotopes in the Okatee estuary. We consider decay, mixing, sedimentary input, river input, and submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). The major loss term for each isotope is mixing with water in Port Royal Sound; the major input for each isotope is SGD. At steady state these terms must balance. Knowing the water age and the radium isotope composition of groundwater entering the Okatee allows us to estimate an average SGD flux of 1 m3/s. The SGD flux is a factor of 3–4 greater during the summer relative to the winter. This SGD supplies a considerable quantity of nutrients and carbon into the Okatee system.

Analyse critique de la notion de variable. Points de vue sémiotique et formel

For B. Russell “The variable is perhaps the most distinctively mathematical of all notions ; it is certainly also one of the most difficult to understand” (The Principles of Mathematics, 1903). The aim of this paper is to highlight the meaning of variable in different fields of Mathematics: the expression of equations in Algebra with indeterminate entities; the analytical expression of functions in Analysis; the expression of quantification in Logic… We give a historical survey of this notion from Viète and Descartes to Frege’s representations of a concept, viewed as a non numerical function, yielding to the modern theory of quantification in first order languages. On one hand, the Peirce’s theory of signs, and on the other hand, with Church’s functional types, λ-calculus “with bound variables” and Curry’s combinatory logic “without bound variables”, are very useful tools for investigating different kinds of variables in Mathematics, in Logic and in theoretical Computer Sciences. For instance, it was showed that “bound variables” were not semiotic tools necessary to formulate quantification (in Frege’s sense) in “classical” Logic. Indeed, a simple quantifier is an operator which applies to a predicate by building a proposition; restricted quantifiers are derived from simple quantifiers by formal combinations with logical connectors (conditional or conjunction operators). We propose to take into account and to formalize, inside the framework of Combinatory Logic with types, (i) the “old logical notions” of “extension / intension”; (ii) determination operations from Port Royal’s Logic; (iii) the distinction from the anthropology and cognitive psychology between “typical” and “atypical” instances of a concept, which brings us to define new quantifiers, called “star quantifiers”, conceived as determination operators acting on terms. These quantifiers are more adequate than the fregean quantifiers, for a natural languages processing. Thus, we are able to give a conceptual distinction between the meanings of “Whatever” and “Indeterminate”, implicitly used in Gentzen’s Natural Deduction; thanks to this distinction, we can clarify an apparent “paradox” emerging with the universal quantifier introduction rule.

The Use of Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Antagonist in Ovarian Stimulation

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hopital Cochin, Paris, France Correspondence: F. Olivennes, MD, PhD, Hopital Cochin, 123 Bd de Port Royal, 75014 Paris, France. E-mail: [email protected]

“Blackened Beyond Our Native Hue”: Removal, Identity and the Trelawney Maroons on the Margins of the Atlantic World, 1796–18001

In the spring of 1796, at the conclusion of the Second Maroon War in Jamaica, over 550 rebellious Trelawney Maroons were corralled onto the transport Dover, awaiting in Port Royal. Despite the Maro...

The doctrine of distribution

Peter Geach describes the ‘doctrine of distribution’ as the view that a term is distributed if it refers to everything that it denotes, and undistributed if it refers to only some of the things that it denotes. He argues that the notion, so explained, is incoherent. He claims that the doctrine of distribution originates from a degenerate use of the notion of ‘distributive supposition’ in medieval supposition theory sometime in the 16th century. This paper proposes instead that the doctrine of distribution occurs at least as early as the 12th century, and that it originates from a study of Aristotle's notion of a term's being ‘taken universally’, and not from the much later theory of distributive supposition. A detailed version of the doctrine found in the Port Royal Logic is articulated, and compared with a slightly different modern version. Finally, Geach's arguments for the incoherence of the doctrine are discussed and rejected.

Variación del nivel medio del mar en el Caribe colombiano

Using the data base of the University of Hawaii Sea Level Center, seven tide gauge stations corrected record son the Caribbean Sea were analyzed. Due to a great difference among the results of the mean sea level variability, four time series available for the Colombian Basin were used. Information at Puerto Limon and Port Royal were not considered for estimation of the mean sea level variation taking into account the series were too short and because of the data quality. A comparative analysis was carried out within these a level series at Cartagena and Cristobal, based on the monthly behavior during 41 years, finding out that the first showed higher data dispersion and stational variability. Due to the foregoing and because of Cartagena's time series quality, it was considered that the best information available for studying the mean sea level variation at the south of the Colombian Basin at the Caribbean Sea, was founded on the Cristobal's time series at Panama. It was established that if the behavior of the mean sea level is similar tot he one registered at Cristobal between 1907 and 1997, this should rise between 2.01 and 3.58 mm/year.

Palpebral Dimensions in Brazilian Children: Assessment Based on Digital Images

Purpose: To determine palpebral dimensions and development in Brazilian children using digital images. Methods: An observational study was performed measuring eyelid angles, palpebral fissure area and interpupillary distance in 220 children aged from 4 to 72 months. Digital images were obtained with a Sony Lithium movie camera (Sony DCR-TRV110, Brazil) in frontal view from awake children in primary ocular position; the object of observation was located at pupil height. The images were saved to tape, transferred to a Macintosh G4 (Apple Computer Inc., USA) computer and processed using NIH 1.58 software (NTIS, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161, USA). Data were submitted to statistical analysis. Results: All parameters studied increased with age. The outer palpebral angle was greater than the inner, and palpebral fissure and angles showed greater changes between 4 and 5 months old and at around 24 to 36 months. Conclusion: There are significant variations in palpebral dimensions in children under 72 months old, especially around 24 to 36 months.

Lincoln's Tragic Admiral: The Life of Samuel Francis Du Pont (review)

Reviewed by: Lincoln’s Tragic Admiral: The Life of Samuel Francis Du Pont Spencer C. Tucker Lincoln’s Tragic Admiral: The Life of Samuel Francis Du Pont. By Kevin J. Weddle. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8139-2332-8. Maps. Photographs. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Pp. 269. $34.95. Until a few years ago almost all books about the Civil War dealt with fighting on land. This has changed with the appearance of a number of fine studies treating naval battles, ships, seamen, and commanders. Add to this growing list a fine biography of Rear Admiral Samuel Francis Du Pont by Kevin Weddle of the U.S. Army War College. In 1861, Captain Du Pont was a veteran of forty-six years of naval service. He was best known for having chaired the 1855 Naval Efficiency Board that eliminated much deadwood from the officer corps. In his discussion of this episode, Weddle makes a strong case for the importance to the navy of the 1855 Naval Efficiency Act. As chair of the Efficiency Board, Du Pont established his reputation as a reformer. Weddle also stresses Du Pont's deserved reputation as an advocate of new technology in a service often reluctant to embrace change. Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles thought enough of Du Pont at the beginning of the war to appoint him as chair of the Commission on Conference, popularly known as the Blockade Board. This was a critical assignment, as the board set all Union naval strategy. Then in September 1861, Du Pont took command of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron. Two months later, he commanded the largest fleet in U.S. Navy history to that point in the successful capture of Port Royal, South Carolina, which then became a major Union naval base. Promoted to rear admiral in July 1862, Du Pont then directed the much more difficult Union effort to capture Charleston. Weddle's treatment of Du Pont's attack on Charleston in April 1863 is deftly handled and his assessment of Du Pont's role in that abortive operation seems both judicious and fair. Weddle points out that in fact the task of trying to take Charleston with naval forces alone was an impossible one, [End Page 238] given the limitations of the slow-firing Union monitors. Du Pont was correct in his belief that a combined operation with the land forces was the only way success could be achieved against the formidable Confederate forts. Secretary Welles and Assistant Secretary of the Navy Gustavus Fox simply did not understand the reality of the situation. At the same time, Weddle makes clear that Du Pont was his own worst enemy in the way he handled criticism of his actions and that this played a major role in his subsequent relief. Weddle's book is well written and makes extensive use of the relevant primary and secondary sources. He provides new insight into Du Pont's roles on both the Naval Efficiency Board and the Blockade Board. One interesting aspect is the author's discussion of Du Pont's change in attitude toward slavery, the consequence of what he discovered in the South. While this book appears intended primarily for naval history specialists and college and university libraries, it will no doubt also appeal to a growing number of Civil War naval enthusiasts. Spencer C. Tucker Lexington, Virginia Copyright © 2006 Society for Military History

The Changing Role of Natives in the Exploration of Canada: Cartier (1534) to Mackenzie (1793)

Introduction After the French had built their first permanent settlements on the east coast of Canada, Ste. Croix (1604), Port Royal (1605) and Quebec (1608), it took them only until 1681 to explore and roughly map the shores of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. This was an astonishing achievement considering that the first Dutch and Englishmen did not even see Lake Ontario until 1685. Conventional wisdom gives one to understand that the French were strongly motivated to explore westward in order to expand their fur trade, to proselytize the Natives and to seek a route across the continent; and what enabled them to do so were the river systems that connected the Great Lakes to the St. Lawrence River. By contrast, it is said, these motives were all but absent among the Dutch and English as were the easy routes leading westward. Motives are of course only an essential first step in defining goals; by themselves, without further development, they remain a pipedream. To reach goals successfully involves compromises and the development of appropriate cultural and technological innovations necessary for the desired outcome. Penetrating westward into the continent was a very real problem for Europeans who had to move through an alien physical environment inhabited by people about whom they knew nothing. The key to European inland exploration and fur trade expansion was learning how to cope with the physical environment through which they had to travel and seeking the co-operation of the Native populations who controlled that environment. By the end of the sixteenth century, the French had discovered that the magnificent rivers that supposedly led westward were in fact un-navigable to them; they were full offalls and rapids, and flowed swiftly eastward from the Great Lakes to the St. Lawrence and Atlantic coast making it difficult to travel westward, upstream. The St. Lawrence River was a cul-de-sac. European transportation technology (boats, horses, even walking) was useless under these conditions. Europeans who wanted to use these rivers had to change the way they traveled before any movement inland was possible. The canoe, which could have solved part of this problem at an early date, was, until the early seventeenth century, an item of Native technology that no European knew anything about. To Europeans, at first glance, it was obviously inferior to their technology because it could not carry the loads they were accustomed to take with them and required the skill to paddle that only the Natives had. The canoe was in fact a technological innovation that belonged to an alien culture, developed to overcome an alien environment. Even if the canoe was recognized as a technological solution to a transportation problem, knowledge of its construction and operation was still required. This meant peaceful relations with the Native populations who controlled not only the knowledge about canoes but also access to the lands in the interior and how to live on those lands. The expansion of the fur trade into the interior of Canada was also a powerful motive to the French. Since trade has to be mutually beneficial to both partners, it can only function adequately under peaceful relations. The fur trade was a partnership to exploit a resource that provided furs to one partner and durable utilitarian goods to the other. But once trade was established there was still no reason why the Natives should give the French access to their lands

Transplantation of benthic species to mitigate impacts of coastal development in Jamaica.

Maintaining regional competitiveness and economic viability for Port Bustamante - Kingston Harbour, Jamaica, required improved accessibility to "Post Panamax" (too large to pass through the Panama Canal) container vessels. Removal of the northern portion of the shallow coral reef at Rackham's Cay, which was partially obstructing the western end of the east ship channel, was proposed. This aesthetically valuable reef was used by local fishermen and comprises part of the declared Palisadoes - Port Royal Protected Area. The proposal to transplant certain of the benthic species was advanced to mitigate loss of viable reef components. Between December 2001 and February 2002, sixty thousand items, consisting of reef building massive and branching corals; gorgonians; urchins (Diadema and Tripneustes spp.) and Thalassia meristems were relocated. During dredging, sedimentation rates from suspended solids in the water column were 0.003 g/cm(2)/day at the control site and 0.008 g/cm(2)/day at the dredge site. Coral cover in the relocation area increased from 15% to 20% while bare substrate decreased from 27% to 21%. This paper documents the mitigation required; some factors controlling the ecology of Rackham's Cay reef, the methodology of the relocation process; and the level of post-dredging survivorship of relocated corals. Political and economic realities of some proposed developments often override ecological considerations. Transplantation of important marine benthic species although time consuming, technically challenging, and expensive, may be one way for developers and ecologists to achieve sometimes disparate goals. This project cost US$1.7 million. The "items" moved were neither unique nor endemic and remain vulnerable to natural and anthropogenic impacts. This project increased public awareness and interest regarding the ecological and economic importance of reef ecosystems. It is anticipated that future coastal and inland developments will benefit from the lessons taught by these mitigative interventions.

The 'Conquest' of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial, and Aboriginal Constructions (review)

Reviewed by: The 'Conquest' of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial, and Aboriginal Constructions Dale Miquelon The 'Conquest' of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial, and Aboriginal Constructions. John G. Reid, Maurice Basque, Elizabeth Mancke, Barry Moody, Geoffrey Plank, and William Wicken. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003. Pp. viii, 297, $60.00 cloth, $32.95 paper In their title, the authors place the word conquest in quotation marks, seemingly implying that this is a courtesy title for the capture of Port Royal in 1710, or an overblown way to describe the cession of Acadia at Utrecht in 1713, or the title of a decades-long process. Certainly they believe that the historian must look at the long history that encompasses the events of 1710 which they argue, is not a single narrative but several interlocking ones. This position drives the organization of the book, in which chapters by different authors elucidate the 'Imperial, Colonial, and Aboriginal Constructions' of the subtitle. The result is an original and welcome addition both to the too-slim shelf of Acadiana and to the bursting library of British imperial studies. John Bartlett Brebner's idea of Acadia or Nova Scotia as 'New England's outpost' is here rejected. Whether one has to do with the short-lived Sterling colony of Nova Scotia, of Nova Scotia as a Cromwellian conquest, or the capture of 1710 and the decades that followed, the [End Page 157] motivations and execution were British. As Geoffrey Plank tells us, New Englanders thought of Acadia not as part of a promised land to claim, but as a Babylon to be avoided and as the retreat of Frenchmen and Indians who were periodically to be subjected to punishing raids. Barry Moody reminds us that Massachusetts even obstructed the settlement of Maine, having projects of frontier settlement still closer to home. His graceful essay emphasizes Anglicanism, English ideas of county government, and the role of British officers in early Nova Scotia. Elizabeth Mancke provides much detail to support this idea of the colony as Great Britain's outpost. Yet for many reasons explored by these authors, Great Britain did little to exert its sovereignty and left those it thought of as its subjects or subjects-to-be in a limbo of uncertainty. In a way, Great Britain was new at empire. Towards the end of the seventeenth century and after 1710 in Nova Scotia, it was called to an unwonted exertion. It fumbled badly in the old Thirteen Colonies as it did in Nova Scotia. Mancke and John Reid recount a transition from private elite colonization to state action. Reid shows that what passed for government in early Nova Scotia was really diplomacy: actual treaties with Micmac and Maliseet, who it was hoped would be first 'good Neighbours' and eventually 'good Subjects' (114); continual negotiation with Acadians, who were claimed as subjects but could not be made true subjects by such an evanescent exercise of sovereignty. William Wicken takes us into the native world of 'M'ikma'ki.' As he writes, Nova Scotia and Acadia were 'legal fictions used by France and Great Britain to justify the exclusion of other European nations [and, he might have added, each other] from the region' (90). In this world, the drying of eels to ensure winter survival was more important than the defence of Port Royal in October 1710. But Native peoples came to see in the years that followed Utrecht that this world had changed. At the Treaty of Boston, 1725, and in subsequent adherences and ratifications, many Indian nations attempted to establish a new, long-term relationship with Great Britain. It was a narrative line characterized by much Native co-operation and independence of action. The story of the Acadians remains, of course, a narrative central to the history of Acadia/Nova Scotia. Two remarkable essays by Maurice Basque break up the supposed monolith of an equal, innocent, and unlettered Acadian society imagined by nineteenth-century historians. Here one glimpses real people: rich and poor Acadians; merchants, sailors, and farmers; Acadians with Micmac relations; temporizing Acadians balancing neutral, pro-French, and pro-English positions; and those who had taken the plunge and joined one or another camp. It...

Evaluating the Potential for Site-Specific Herbicide Application in Soybean

Field experiments were conducted on two North Carolina research stations in 1999, 2000, and 2001; on-farm in Lenoir, Wayne, and Wilson counties, NC, in 2002; and on-farm in Port Royal, VA, in 2000, 2001, and 2002 to evaluate possible gains from site-specific herbicide applications at these locations. Fields were scouted for weed populations using custom software on a handheld computer linked to a Global Positioning System. Scouts generated field-specific sampling grids and recorded weed density information for each grid cell. The decision aid HADSS™ (Herbicide Application Decision Support System) was used to estimate expected net return and yield loss remaining after treatment in each sample grid of every field under differing assumptions of weed size and soil moisture conditions, assuming the field was planted with either conventional or glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean. The optimal whole-field treatment (that treatment with the highest expected net return summed across all grid cells within a field) resulted in average theoretical net returns of $79/ha (U.S. dollars) and $139/ha for conventional and GR soybean, respectively. When the most economical treatment for each grid cell was used in site-specific weed management, theoretical net returns increased by $13/ha (conventional) and $4.50/ha (GR), and expected yield loss after treatment was reduced by 10.5 and 4%, respectively, compared with the whole-field optimal treatment. When the most effective treatment for each grid cell was used in site-specific weed management, theoretical net returns decreased by $18/ha (conventional) and $4/ha (GR), and expected yield loss after treatment was reduced by 27 and 19%, respectively, compared with the whole-field optimal treatment. Site-specific herbicide applications could have reduced the volume of herbicides sprayed by as much as 70% in some situations but increased herbicide amounts in others. On average, the whole-field treatment was optimal in terms of net return for only 35% (conventional) and 57% (GR) of grid cells.

Version par manœuvre externe: Expérience à la maternité Port-Royal à partir de 237 versions

To evaluate the effectiveness of external cephalic version for reducing the rate of cesarean section by preserving fetal safety. A retrospective review of 237 external cephalic versions between January 1, 1998 and December 31, 2000 was conducted at Port Royal maternity. The success rate of external cephalic version was 50.6%. When version failed vaginal birth could be allowed after strict evaluation. The rate of cesarean section was 12.5% in the success group and 53% in the unsuccessful group, two thirds were planned. The overall rate of vaginal birth among breech presentations was 67%. After version there were 3.4% abnormal fetal heart rate tracings and 2.9% positive Kleihauer tests. No major complications occurred. Successful external cephalic version was associated with statistically significant higher multiparity, complete breech out of the pelvis and normal amniotic fluid Volume. External cephalic version reduces the cesarean section rate by about 20.5% among breech presentations and so, lowers maternal morbidity. External cephalic version could be proposed to the patients when safety criteria are respected and close fetal monitoring is maintained.