Portion Of River Research Articles

Contribution à l’étude du Middle Stone Age (MSA) d’Afrique Centrale. Étude typo-technologique des industries lithiques du site préhistorique de Mpila, Brazzaville, République du Congo

The discovery of the prehistoric deposits of Brazzaville is the result of urban development works known as “Major Works” during the years 1930: The construction of the railway (C.F.C.O.), the railway station, the river port, the post office and the cathedral. During the earthworks related to the construction of the river port, Babet, geologist of the Mining Service of the A.E.F. Government, discovers traces of an important lithic in the gravels of a geological layer. Further research by Droux and Bergeaud in 1936 and 1937 revealed the existence of two more archaeological layers in the same area. Depending on the evolution of the works and research, the following sites have been discovered: Mpila 1, Mpila 2, Mpila 3, Plaine and Pointe Hollandaise. All these sites are grouped under the name of Mpila sites. They are characterized by the same stratigraphy and by identical and successive industries. From bottom to top, one can observe the A layer with two levels, upper and lower, corresponding to the lower Paleolithic. Then we have the B layer which constitutes the fourth layer c.4 favorite of Bergeaud. It contains fresh material attributed to Sangoen. Finally, there is the c layer that we have named “The Bulk” of Mpila, which includes artefacts of very advanced workmanship. It's Lupembien/Tshitolian. All the artefacts from these levels are in situ. They were not been transported or reworked, neither horizontally or vertically. The Sangoen question has long been the subject of much discussion and contradiction. We are trying to clarify this controversy by asking ourselves whether the Mpila 1 in general and the c.4 in particular have any Sangoen characteristics.

ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ПІДРОЗДІЛІВ ПОЛІЦІЇ НА ВОДІ У СФЕРІ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ТРАНСПОРТНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ: ПРОБЛЕМНІ ПИТАННЯ ТА ШЛЯХИ ЇХ ВИРІШЕННЯ

The article is devoted to the study of certain aspects of the activities and powers of police units on the water in the field of transport safety by preventing, stopping and responding to administrative offenses, committed by drivers. The powers of the police on the water in accordance with the requirements of the Law of Ukraine “On the National Police”, as well as the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses are described. In particular, the powers of police units on the water include the implementation of preventive and preventive activities aimed at preventing offenses on sea or river transport, identifying the causes and conditions that lead to the commission of criminal and administrative offenses; timely response to statements and notifications of criminal, administrative offenses or events; pre-trial investigation of criminal offenses within the defined jurisdiction; search for persons hiding from pre-trial investigation bodies, investigating judge, court or missing persons; taking measures to ensure public safety and order on the streets, squares, parks, squares, stadiums, railway stations, airports, sea and river ports, and other public places; maintenance of vehicles, etc. The functions and powers of water police units are fully aimed at ensuring public safety and order, protection of human rights and freedoms, as well as the interests of society and the state, combating crime, providing, within the limits prescribed by law, personal assistance services, social reasons or due to emergencies need such assistance. However, the quality of police duties on the water to prevent, stop and combat violations of the law depends on the legislative consolidation of powers to respond to offenses and bring the perpetrator to justice. To do this, based on the analysis of legislation governing the activities of police units on the water, provided proposals to current legislation of Ukraine in the field of transport safety on the water, as well as eliminating certain gaps and shortcomings in the legislation on the possibility of prompt and statutory police response committed on the water.

Mathematical modeling of failure of port control systems

The need to increase the capacity of ports is due to the development of the Northern Sea Route as a national transport route of Russia in the Arctic, the National Program for the Development of the Far East, in the context of an increase in trade with other regions of Russia, as well as the reorientation of cargo flows from the Baltic ports to Russian ones in Primorsk, Ust-Luga and Vysotske. Increasing cargo turnover and ensuring the strategic economic interests of Russia requires the reconstruction of existing and construction of new modern port-industrial complexes, provided with advanced technologies, including the automation of logistics management processes, production and engineering systems. This article describes a method for mathematical modeling of the failure of control systems for automation of cargo terminals of ports. Since failures in the operation of automation systems lead to an increase in the load of cargo berths (terminals) of both sea and river port complexes, to a violation of logistics schemes, and as a consequence to an increase in costs. Modeling is carried out using methods of probability theory, in particular, the Poisson distribution law. A comparison of the empirical and theoretical failure rates of automation is performed using the Pearson criterion. The performed modeling will allow determining the technical and economic indicators of new construction, reconstruction or overhaul, in terms of the engineering systems of the facility, and optimize the automation processes.

Advanced technologies of the pilotage service in the sea and river ports of the Arctic zone of the RF

In a significant number of waters with difficult navigation conditions, especially in the waters of the sea and river ports of the Arctic, despite the presence of a wide range of modern information and navigation aids, pilotage is actively used. In some cases, the pilot's situational awareness in difficult meteorological conditions is insufficient, which necessitates the introduction of more advanced information sensors and communication tools. To solve this problem, it is necessary to develop proposals on the principles of building technical means for increasing situational awareness during pilotage in sea and river ports of the Arctic zone of Russia. This article proposes the concept of constructing a system for providing a pilot with additional highly detailed information based on the technology of broadband data transmission of a highly informative port radar station directly to the pilot's terminal with visualization of the real picture of the navigation situation. The application of the proposed principles of building information support systems for pilotage services in ports will improve the efficiency and safety of navigating ships in the port water area and on approaches to the port, increase the rate of information exchange between the control point and the ship's crew (pilot), and create prerequisites for automating ship management processes. The use of a new generation of highly informative radars and mobile terminals associated with them via broadband communication channels ensures the creation of a local navigation system for navigation. That ensures pilotage in the Arctic zone of ships of any type, including those without high-quality ship radars, and provides automation of the assessment of threatening situations and solutions for them prevention even with unstable operation of satellite navigation systems. In essence, this technology is the first step towards increasing the automation of navigation in ports and ship passages.

Tenement Size and Social Structure: Reflections on Chepstow in 1901

This interdisciplinary study focuses on tenement (house) size, as recorded in the census in 1901, to explore demographic and social contrasts in Chepstow, an historic market town and river port in south-east Monmouthshire. For three contrasting enumeration districts, it contextualises this measure of housing status against the characteristics of the built environment, and applies the technique of house repopulation to derive spatial patterns of social difference and inequality from residents' age, household formation, net lifetime migration, and employment circumstances in the stagnating local economy. The study re-scales the investigative methods used by urban historians in city-wide studies of urban ecology and demonstrates how tenement size, a crude but under-utilised measure of housing stock, can support micro-scale studies of social differentiation in small but regionally significant towns. Equally as important, it provides an insight into the case-specific processes and particular outcomes of urbanisation during the nineteenth century in rural Monmouthshire.

Development of river ports of Ukraine

Ukraine has a high navigable potential of rivers. At the same time, in Ukraine only about 0.5 % of goods are transported by river transport. The current situation of research in the scientific field in most cases is based on the study of the statistical basis for the use of ports in transportation, transshipment volumes, but scientists do not pay attention to the place of ports as a center of river transport infrastructure and transport development in general. An important step for Ukraine for the development of river ports should be the entry into force of the Law of Ukraine "On Inland Water Transport". This law will address a significant number of issues that have accumulated in the field of river transport and encourages the industry to actively develop soon. In our opinion, the state's efforts to obtain direct revenues from water transport operations, rather than indirect revenues through savings from reducing the load on road infrastructure, accelerating the flow of funds from businesses, payment of wages to river workers, indicates an underestimation of economic industry potential. In the context of decentralization, the transfer of the method of generating revenues to the indirect ones allowed to significantly support the united territorial communities in their search for opportunities to attract investors in their territory and the development of existing ports. International experience in port management shows that among the many sources of financing, modernization and renovation of port infrastructure, the concession is the most attractive tool for raising funds. There is another negative point of distorted statistics: the lack of accurate data contributes to the development of the shadow business on the river. The most striking example here is illegal sand mining, which significantly reduces tax payments, and not only state but also local budgets suffer from this. Shadow "developers", in particular, do not pay rent, VAT, income tax, single social contribution. They also "manage" without paying land rent and the cost of environmental measures, including not compensating for losses to fisheries. If in Ukraine the accounting and control of cargo handling in river terminals was carried out, it would always be possible to stop such activity. However, the adopted law is a lesson for our Ukrainian realities. Only equal relations between business and the state will stimulate both the growth of transshipment in ports, the development of new areas of logistics, and, in general, the development of the country's economy.

Special-Purpose River-Port Sediment Valorization as Road Construction Material Emphasising Environmental Aspects

Abstract Special-purpose river port sediment was investigated for its potential use as a road construction material. Sediment samples were extracted from three locations in three small river ports, and detailed laboratory research was conducted to determine its basic mechanical properties and characteristics that can potentially have an adverse influence in a roadside environment. The results of the research conducted indicate that there is a need for systematic monitoring of the quality and quantity of sediment in special-purpose river ports of the Danube River Basin to maintain its mobility and prevent flooding. The basic engineering characteristics (Proctor elements, Atterberg limits, California bearing ratio, and unconfined compressive strength) determined represent the good potential of the sediment samples tested herein for use in road construction. In addition, the chemical characteristics tested indicate the need for detailed analyses of the potential environmental risk before application in civil engineering structures

STUDY OF INTERACTION OF AUTOMOTIVE AND RIVER TRANSPORT AT THE PORT TERMINAL BY THE METHOD OF SIMULATION

The aim of the study is to improve the technology of interaction between road and river transport on the territory of the port. The object of research is the port handling fronts; the subject of research is the technology of servicing various types of transport on the territory of the port terminal. Research methodology - simulation. The result of the study is an analytical assessment of the work of inland waterway transport for the carriage of goods, which indicates the absence of an integrated approach to improve the interaction of various modes of transport on the territory of the port terminal. Therefore, it is proposed to search for a rational technology based on simulation methods, which can reduce the time of non-production downtime. Competent organization of reloading from road to river transport and vice versa provides for the creation at the cargo terminal of such a traffic control system that provides collection and storage of operational information about the location of vehicles on the cargo fronts of the port terminal, the state of loading and unloading mechanisms, and allows making decisions on their use and transmitting commands to car drivers in order to improve the efficiency of interaction between road and river transport during cargo transshipment. For the proposed technology, the time for transshipment of cargo and idle time of vehicles under unloading was calculated using the theory of queuing systems. Counting the idle time of vehicles in various disciplines of choosing the cargo front (random or adjustable mode) made it possible to select the optimal system for regulating the approach of vehicles to the cargo fronts of the port terminal. The expected economic efficiency due to the reduction in the time of transshipment of goods from one mode of transport to another, according to the results of calculations, is 20,5 thousand EUR. The scientific novelty lies in the theoretical substantiation of various technologies for the interaction of road and river transport on the territory of the port terminal. At the same time, the problem of determining the optimal control system for the delivery of vehicles of the cargo fronts of the port terminal, on which reloading to river vessels occurs, has been formalized and solved using the methods of simulation modeling. This allows to reduce the downtime of transport units and more efficiently use the loading and unloading mechanisms, and, consequently, to reduce cost indicators. Practical significance: the proposed technology can be introduced into the technological processes of large river port terminals, where various types of transport interact. The simulation results are recommended to be used by the dispatcher staff when planning to bring vehicles to the berthing cargo fronts.

Modeling the sources and retention of phosphorus nutrient in a coastal river system in China using SWAT

The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used for exploring the sources and retention dynamics of phosphorus nutrient in the river system of the Yong River Basin, China. The performance of the SWAT model was assessed. The retention dynamics of phosphorus nutrient in the river continuum and the factors contributing to those patterns were studied. The results showed that an average of 1828 tons of TP entered the river network of the Yong River Basin annually and in-stream processes trapped 1161 tons yr−1 of TP in the watercourse, which accounted for 63.5% of the annual TP inputs. The TP retention rates in the river network ranged from 3.08 to 63.43 mg m−2 day−1. An average of 666.9 tons of TP was delivered from the estuary to the East China Sea annually. The unit area riverine exports of TP ranged from 102.21 to 244.00 kg km−2 yr−1. The river network is a net sink for TP and is going through a phosphorus accumulation phase. The results confirm that the river system has a considerable phosphorus retention capacity that is highly variable on a spatiotemporal scale. Because of the cumulative effect of continued phosphorus removal along the entire flow path, the retention fractions of phosphorus removed from all streams at the basin scale is considerably higher than that of an individual river portion. The variations of hydrological regimes, water surface area, unit area inputs of phosphorus, and the concentrations of suspended sediments have a great influence on phosphorus retention.

Location of river cargo ports on the Odra Waterway - the results of the analyzes Szczecin and Świnoujście Seaports Authority

Studies on the location of river ports along the Odra Waterway (ODW), the Silesian Canal and the Polish section of the Danube-Odra-Elbe Canal (DOL) have been completed. The multi-criteria analysis of the transport and economic potential of the ODW allowed to determine the location of transport nodes and river ports and to define their categories. The indicated river ports should constitute future concentration points for transport and logistics services. This is especially important in the context of the update of the European TEN-T network, which is planned for 2023. Hence, the key recommendations relate to nine new international transport nodes and trimodal ports located therein. Keywords: River ports; Transport nodes; Cargo port

Optimizing Resources of Multimodal Transport Terminal for Material Flow Service

Multimodal transport terminals are the elements of transport systems that ensure the interaction of enterprises of various modes of transport. The effective functioning of transport terminals significantly affects the efficiency of the material flow servicing in a supply chain and the sustainability of the whole transport system. The paper proposes an approach to determine the optimal parameters of production resources in multimodal transport terminals, based on numerical computer simulations of technological operations in a transport terminal for the given parameters of incoming and outgoing material flows. The practical use of the proposed approach is shown on the example of the Amur Harbor cargo area of the Dnipro River Port.

The Organization of Trade in Nemunas from the Riverhead ports of the Radziwiłł and Sapieha families in the 1760s and 1770s

This study concerns the transportation of goods and raw materials through the Nemunas River to the Baltic Sea ports in the second half of the 18th century. The main goal of this paper is to analyse how two different methods of goods transportation (shipment of goods by river vessels and by timber rafts) were organized and to determine how their economic models functioned in practice. This research relies on the data of Income-Expenditure registers of timber rafting from Radziwiłł (Świerżeń Nowy) and goods transportation from Sapieha family (Ruzhany and Derechin) estates in current-day Belarus. The analysis showed that the Sapieha family’s highest share of revenue derived mostly from the exportation of grown raw materials, mostly rye. Salt, wine, beer, various types of metal alloys, etc. were bought in exchange. Part of the revenue was used to cover debts, thus the generated income of the voyage did not reach the treasury of the Sapieha family. The analysis of timber-rafting income-expenditure showed that the timber was drifted to the town of Rusnė, near the Nemunas river delta, or to the city of Königsberg. The sources failed to show the full extent of timber trade generated revenue due to the specifics of its trade, however, the analysis showed that the biggest part of expenditures (about 90–95 percent) went on the hiring of employees and on timber preparation and it’s transportation to the river ports. This article also uncovers the different aspects of how these different kinds of trade voyages were organized and how the river trade-related infrastructure operated that supplements our understanding of the Nemunas river role in the economy of Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the second half of 18th century.

GEOINFORMATION MODELING IN ENSURING THE WORK OF RIVER PORTS

The activity of a river port is based on the reception of ships, their loading and unloading, as well as the storage of goods. To improve the efficiency of port administrations, improvement and implementation of new approaches to the transportation and storage of goods is required, which also includes the use of geographic information systems. The capabilities of the cartographic research method for constructing a geographic information model of the river port, analyze existing GIS of this topic are considered. Based on the analysis, the software was selected, the main cartographic and statistical sources were selected to create a geographic information system, and a database of the designed GIS was developed. General geographical and thematic objects are shown for which map symbols were designed. The indicators of the direction of the river flow are obtained, on the basis of which it is planned to obtain data on cargo flows.

The sea trading ports and the sea agencies in Ukraine in the conditions of the world economy globalization

Ukraine is a maritime state, with numerous sea and river ports. This is an integral part of the country's transport and industrial infrastructure. Services provided by seaports and maritime agency services for the organization and establishment of the process of interaction between ships and ports are in great demand, but need to be improved in the context of globalization of the world economy and growing consumer needs. The purpose of the work is to research the system of sea trade ports and sea agencies in Ukraine in the context of globalization of the world economy, to identify priority areas and principles of sea trade ports development in Ukraine. Ukrainian ports have all the opportunities for full participation in world transport flows. The primary goal is to ensure the sustainable development of seaports, increase their capacity, and encourage the improvement of quality in the provision of maritime agency services. This should ensure the growth of cargo flows through increasing of competitiveness, and allow to use the full transit potential of Ukraine. The globalization of the world economy has provoked the diversification of port products and services, which in modern conditions go beyond the ordinary port. The development of distribution functions of ports is due to the emergence in the territories close to ports of enterprises and organizations that are associated with industrial production, commercial, information, financial and other types of service of goods passing through port areas. The goal of the Ukrainian port industry should be to ensure the permanent growth of cargo turnover. The dynamics of the industry's development largely depends on the development of private stevedoring companies, and improving the reliability, quality, and easiness of maritime agency services using.

An Evaluation Model of Quantitative and Qualitative Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach for Hydroelectric Plant Location Selection

Over the past few decades, Vietnam has been one of the fastest growing economies in Asia, experiencing a GDP growth rate of more than 6% per year. The energy industry plays an important role in Vietnam’s continuous development, so access to reliable and low-cost energy sources will be an important factor for sustainable economic growth. Achieving the goal of reducing global greenhouse gas emissions, as set out in the Paris agreement on climate change, will depend heavily on the development roadmap of emerging economies, such as Vietnam. Currently, developing hydroelectric plants is Vietnam’s optimal choice in order to meet its target of renewable energy development. Hydroelectricity in Vietnam is favorable thanks to the high average annual rainfall, about 1800–2000 mm, and the dense river system, with more than 3450 systems. In addition to providing electricity, hydropower plants are also responsible for cutting and fighting floods for downstream areas in the rainy season, at the same time providing water for production and people’s daily needs in the dry season. This work proposes the application of a multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) model to select the best option for the installation of river hydroelectric plants in Vietnam. The use of MCDM techniques in environmental decision-making, including selecting between various alternatives, is important when this involves complex decisions in several disciplinary fields. The most widely used of these techniques are the fuzzy analytical network process (FANP) and the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). As a result, Nghe An (LOC05) is found to be the optimal solution for selecting river portions where hydroelectric plants are viable in Vietnam.

Characteristics of Spatial and Temporal Evolution and Investigation of Air Pollution in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Based on Ground-Space Observation Data

The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics, evolution trend and potential climatic effects of air pollution in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) were analyzed on different time scales and spatial spaces, based on ground environment observation data from June 2014 to December 2018 and satellite remote sensing inversion products from 2000 to 2018. The results show that:① From the in-situ observed daily average concentration of PM2.5, good or mild to moderate pollution occurred in January, February, October, November, and December every year, and the rest of the time was excellent. ② Based on the annual average PM2.5 concentration obtained by satellite for the past 20 years, the spatial characteristics showed that the external radiation is centered on Guangzhou and Foshan. The time evolution shows the characteristics of an Ω shape, which increases gradually from 2000 to 2009, is highest in 2008, and then gradually decreases. ③ The monthly average aerosol optical thickness (AOT) value from the Multi-angle Imaging Spectro Radiometer satellite reversion every 10 years for a period (2000-2009 for a period, 2010-2018 for a period) was used to see the monthly variation. The monthly average AOT value in the first period was larger than that in the second period of the same month, the maximum value was in March and April, and the minimum value was in November and December. It is envisaged to draw a line along the north-south direction of the Pearl River Port, which basically shows that the AOT value in the west is greater than that in the east. ④ According to the observed daily average concentration data of O3-8h, the main concentration level of O3-8h in the GBA is excellent. The cities with good ozone concentration were most numerous in 2014, with five cities, and least in 2018, with only one city. The highest ozone concentration was in September, followed by June and November, and then May and July. In the past 20 years, the spatial distribution of the average concentration of O3 monitored by satellite remote sensing showed a characteristic Ω shape, increasing initially and then decreasing. The maximum value was in May, and the north-south boundary line appeared in space. ⑤ There is a good linear relationship between the interannual variation of monthly mean temperature and radiation, whereas the relationship between AOT and radiation cannot be described by a simple linear relationship.

Inland waterway ports selection and evaluation using stochastic analytical hierarchy process

ABSTRACT Inland waterway ports are an integral part of a country’s transportation system and the overall economy it supports. Though these ports support and contribute to a country’s import-export business and transportation economy, little attention is paid, primarily on the characterisation of these inland waterway ports. In this paper, we develop a systematic, multi-criteria, multi-personnel decision making approach, referred to as stochastic Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), that can be used to characterise inland waterway ports and to identify the factors that contribute most towards a port’s performance and overall utilisation. This robust method can successfully handle judgment errors, biases, and inconsistencies, while reducing the uncertainty associated with decision-making. We use the state of Mississippi’s inland waterways system as a testbed to visualise and validate the modelling results. Results indicate that the Mississippi River ports demonstrate less capability over the ports located along the Tennessee-Tombigbee waterway, based on the criteria used as a part of this study. A number of sensitivity analyses were performed, including additional investments, augmenting dredging capabilities, and introducing new businesses, to reveal managerial insights about the selection of inland waterway ports in Mississippi.

Lethal fishing hook penetration and line entanglement in an adult bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus).

The carcass of a 15-year-old female Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) was retrieved from the Port River near Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. The animal was emaciated with five thick nylon fishing lines emerging from the oropharynx attached to a tangle of nylon and monofilament fishing line that also contained wire and eight fishing hooks. The mouth had been cut by the line and a circumferential curvilinear superficial abrasion/indentation from fishing line encircled the entire distal rostrum. Dissection of the upper aerodigestive tract revealed a large fish hook embedded in the lower blowhole associated with an adjacent abscess at the base of the epiglottis. The stomach contained two unattached fish hooks, parts of a plastic squid lure and two heavy duty work gloves. Further examination revealed a severe necrotising pneumonia with microabscesses in the kidneys and adrenal glands with scattered thromboemboli in keeping with terminal disseminated intravascular coagulation. Death had resulted from septic complications of fishing hook impalement and line entanglement with inanition. The case provides a graphic illustration of the effects of entanglement and fishing hook penetration, as well as ingestion of non-degradable plastic materials, in a free living Bottlenose dolphin.

Ensuring the safety of the transshipment process in river ports

The paper considers the issues of ensuring the safety of the transshipment process in river ports. The authors propose an approach to integrated safety assessment of the transshipment process in river ports taking into account various types of risk. The article analyzes the accidents and injuries during transshipment works in river ports. The authors establish that injuries in river ports are mainly due to operational reasons i.e. due to the presence of a significant number of cranes that have completed their standard service life. The paper studies the influence of the operating time on the static and fatigue strength characteristics of the metal structure of gantry cranes after 30-40 years of operation. The research results show that long-term operation don’t cause significant changes in mechanical characteristics, with static and fatigue strength.

Life path and the formation of scientific and political horizons of the scientisr-mechanic, minister of finance of the Russian empire I. A. Vyshegradsky

The article briefly describes the life path, as well as the history of the formation of the horizons of the famous Russian scientist-mechanic, professor, Minister of Finance of the Russian Empire Ivan Alekseevich Vyshnegradsky.
 By 1862, Ivan Alekseevich had already visited several European countries and received the title of professor. From the same year, Vyshnegradsky’s activity began at the St. Petersburg Practical Technological Institute, in which he lectured on mechanical theory of heat and the theory of steam engines, was appointed a member of the study committee.On his initiative, the Department of Metal and Wood Technology was restored. In 1871, a mechanical laboratory was founded at the institute for scientific research on the resistance of building materials and for hydraulics experiments.In 1875, Vyshnegradsky was appointed director of the institute, continuing his teaching activities. Among the machines he designed: an automatic press for the manufacture of prismatic powder, lifting machines, a press for testing materials, a mechanical material handler (for a river port), etc. 
 Features of economic policy of I. A. Vyshnegradsky consisted in the desire to increase the gold reserve of the empire and increase Russia's influence on the international economy and politics.For him, the most important and only task was the visible improvement of Russian finance in a short time. Favorable conditions were artificially created for heavy industry, which became a priority among the interests of the Ministry of Finance, often to the detriment of the interests of all agriculture.Under Vyshnegradsky, the export of Russian bread more than doubled. Stimulated the export of not only surplus bread, but also part of the necessary stocks of peasants. As a minister, he led the redemption of unprofitable railways, undertook control and financial (1889-1890) and tariff (1889) reforms in the railway sector.Conducted the conversion of state (external and internal) loans, which helped to reduce payments on public debt, lower interest, streamline public debt.