Port Network Research Articles

Flame Transfer Functions of the Lean Burnout Zone of an RQL Combustion Chamber - Dynamic Response to Primary Zone and Mixing Port Velocity Fluctuations

This article describes an experimental investigation of thermoacoustic flame transfer functions of the lean burnout zone of an rich–quench–lean combustion chamber. With spatial separation of the rich primary from the lean secondary dilution zone, the latter is independently examined. The multi-microphone-method was employed to characterize the combustor acoustic velocity response to acoustic forcing coming from the primary zone and the mixing ports. The lean secondary zone is then treated as a pure acoustic 3-port network element connected to a 2-port Rankine-Hugoniot flame element. Focusing only on heat release fluctuations due to velocity fluctuations, the former are described by two linear superimposed flame transfer functions as a function of the velocity fluctuations coming from the primary zone and the mixing ports, respectively. Based on a non-reacting and a reacting measurement the two flame transfer functions could be extracted from the experimental data. Within this research, flame transfer functions from the new acoustical approach are presented and compared with ones measured using chemiluminescence and a photomultiplier tube. It is found that the inverse diffusion flame in the burnout zone reacts to velocity fluctuations from the primary zone in the low frequency range and a clear low pass behavior is observed. The mixing port velocity fluctuations create a more broadband response. In the presented cases, the flame transfer functions calculated from chemiluminescence match those from the acoustic method very well.

Time-Series Analysis of Ship Movements Using Community Detection and Functional Data Analysis across the East Coast of the Republic of Korea

Kim, G.; Jeong, M.-H.; Jeon, S.-B., and Khan, M.S., 2023. Time-series analysis of ship movements using community detection and functional data analysis across the east coast of the Republic of Korea. Journal of Coastal Research, 39(2), 360–365. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. Because of the recent climate change caused by air pollution in ports, global interest in marine spatial planning (MSP) has increased to achieve cost-effective navigation, economic development goals, logistics, and energy transportation. Accordingly, research on ship traffic, the main cause of air pollution in ports, is attracting attention. This study aims to investigate the temporal characteristics of the port network on the east coast of the Republic of Korea using the automatic identification system data set. This study used the Louvain model, a community detection technique for complex networks, and functional data analysis (FDA). The results of the Louvain model showed that the port network of the Republic of Korea has a hub-and-spoke structure in which ports that are close to each other are regionally clustered around the main ports in the community. The FDA results showed seasonal changes in port arrival volume and detection of abnormal ports in Korea's east-coast ports. The results of this study are expected to provide a baseline for policy makers to establish an effective MSP for port management, cost-effective route development, and prediction of the number of operations.

Statistical Evaluation of Network Packets in an Intrusion Detection Mechanism Using ML and DL Techniques

Network packet diagnoses are analyzed to predict the overall network diagnosis of the packet. The network port handles the multiple transmissions that request the use of the single physical network infrastructure. This process follows up on the send and receive data transmissions, where the network port follows the transmission requests. Tx-Rx packets are predicted using the IP address’s packet state. To diagnose the network condition from source to destination, the network port packet zone has to be analyzed. Some malicious network traffic transmitted across the network damages and harms the server. Tx-Rx packets generally occur when the client starts the connection to the server. The client and server exchange the message connection, in which the client requests a connection for sending synchronizing messages to the server side. An IDS analyses network traffic conditions, which are determined by ML and DL techniques. The main focus of this proposed paper is on determining the network-congested traffic attack and normal state by analyzing network port packets, which determine the IDS in those packets using the UNR-IDD dataset respectively. From this approach, the best prediction technique is considered to determine the network packet condition for IDS.

Analysis of the river cruise network in Southeast Asia: A complex network approach

River cruise shipping is a tourism sectors which tends to have rapid growth. This study analyzes the structural properties and connectivity of the river cruise network and cruise ports by using complex network analysis. By analyzing 257 river cruise voyages operated by 5 cruise lines in Southeast Asia, this study shows that the network consists of 31 cruise ports, connected by 94 cruise routes. A small number of ports play a central role in connecting to other ports in the network. The network has a short average path length and a low clustering coefficient. Siem Reap, Koh Chen, Ho Chi Minh City, Halong Bay, and Thanh Pho Ninh Binh are hubs with high connectivity. Siem Reap also plays an intermediary role, and has high reachability with other ports in the network, with the highest betweenness and closeness centralities. The findings of this study are useful for cruise lines and cruise port authorities for improvement of their operations and service network. Highlights Empirical analysis has allowed understand the structural properties of the river cruise network and ports A complex network analysis approach is applied to analyse the river cruise network River cruise ports play different roles based on centrality measures

Design And Implementation Of Network Security System Using Network Management System (NMS) And Firewall On SMA N 1 Bengkulu City

This research is entitled Design and Implementation of Network Security System Using Network Management System (NMS) and Firewall at SMA N 1 Bengkulu City. Aims to build a computer network system using linux ubuntu server by setting squid and webmin as a graphical user interface (GUI). Where in doing network management Squid works well including being able to limit accessible website addresses, IP Address management of network users and ports that can or cannot be accessed. The GUI is being used by webmin, because the webmin interface is easy to use. In limiting website addresses, network users' IP addresses and ports that cannot be accessed are done manually via Squid. Linux operating system ubuntu server 20.04 is very good in running Network Management System (NMS) and Firewall because it can be installed or added other tools such as squid and webmin, linux ubuntu server 20.04 in running Network Management System (NMS) and Firewall does not require resources great hardware.

Low delay network attributes randomization to proactively mitigate reconnaissance attacks in industrial control systems

Industrial Control Systems are used in a wide variety of industrial facilities, including critical infrastructures, becoming the main target of multiple security attacks. A malicious and successful attack against these infrastructures could cause serious economic and environmental consequences, including the loss of human lives. Static networks configurations and topologies, which characterize Industrial Control Systems, represent an advantage for attackers, allowing them to scan for vulnerable devices or services before carrying out the attack. Identifying active devices and services is often the first step for many attacks. This paper presents a proactive network reconnaissance defense mechanism based on the temporal randomization of network IP addresses, MAC addresses and port numbers. The obtained information distortion minimizes the knowledge acquired by the attackers, hindering any attack that relies on network addressing. The temporal randomization of network attributes is performed in an adaptive way, minimizing the overhead introduced in the network and avoiding any error and latency in communications. The implementation as well as the tests have been carried out in a laboratory with real industrial equipment, demonstrating the effectiveness of the presented solution.

Port of Spain Commuter Patterns and Satisfaction Levels

Port of Spain (POS) functions as the administrative, political, and commercial capital of Trinidad and Tobago, attracting many commuters daily. This paper reports the first part of a two-stage process of developing a quantitative measure of the performance of the Port of Spain public transportation network. It provides insight into the key stakeholders and the needs, preferences, and satisfaction of users of the Port of Spain transportation network. The key stakeholders in the transportation network were identified and classified in a stakeholder matrix on the basis of their interest and influence. A survey was undertaken to understand the public’s perception of the transport network and the travel patterns and characteristics. The results suggest that while most trips to and within Port of Spain are completed for employment, a significant percentage is for personal business and shopping/leisure. Moreover, while the largest number of trips ended in the central business district (CBD) of Port of Spain’s most destinations are outside the CBD. Survey participants were broadly dissatisfied with the transport system, indicating strong dissatisfaction with congestion, lack of accessibility and lack of information experienced in the capital city. Indeed, a minimum of forty-four percent and a maximum of seventy-eight of respondents were either dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with some aspects of the transport system. No more than twenty-five percent, and in the case of congestion only three percent, of respondents were either satisfied or very satisfied. Although transport safety received the least negative response among the transport indicators, approximately forty-six percent of respondents were dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with it. In general, females reported more dissatisfaction with transport safety compared to men. The findings also highlighted how disadvantaged users of public transportation are with respect to ease of travel to and within the city. This paper reports on the mapping of the network and the development of a performance index. Keywords: Commuter surveys, Stakeholder engagement, Traveller perceptions, Port of Spain; Trinidad and Tobago

Correspondence: Debating China's Use of Overseas Ports

Correspondence: Debating China's Use of Overseas Ports

Analysis of the maritime networks: criticalities and resilience

Since the second half of the twentieth century, maritime transport has been characterized by specific dynamics. There has been an unprecedented growth of freight flows, in a context of decolonization, rapid globalization (second wave), and rise of emerging countries through production delocalization. Ports are key players in the global supply chain, as critical nodes at the interface between land and sea. However, disruptions of all kinds can have important repercussions on this supply chain. Maritime networks have reached a high level of optimality and concentration, but also of vulnerability, as global shipping circulations depend more and more on a handful of major hubs. The aim of this paper is to test the network impacts of the global financial crisis (2008-2009), which caused the collapse of the world demand for goods and significant decreases in GDP and maritime traffic volumes, in order to correlate them with those of the COVID-19 pandemic. Historical, daily data on containership movements allow us to trace such impacts with precision, in order to study port traffic dynamics, network topology, and geographical variations. Methods are borrowed from the field of graph theory and complex networks. This analysis contributes to the literature on network criticalities in general, while it also discusses the capacity of ports and maritime networks to recover from a major shock.

Detecting Network Scanning Through Monitoring and Manipulation of DNS Traffic

In this paper, we propose an approach for detecting internal and external network scanning attacks on enterprise networks. In our approach, an inline scan detection system (SDS) monitors the ingress and egress flows of an enterprise network subnet and detects scanning probes based on the correlation of flows with preceding DNS query/responses and reducing TTL values of DNS Resource Records (RR). Through rigorous evaluation, we show that our method is effective against both external and internal port scanners and network worms, its effectiveness is independent of scanning rate or technique, and its deployment incurs negligible overhead on DNS and network response times. While the idea of detecting scans by correlating network flows with preceding DNS query/responses has been proposed in the literature, this work extends the state-of-the-art by offering four contributions: 1) we show that without decreasing TTL values of RRs in DNS responses, attackers can piggyback on cached DNS records to bypass our detection; thus we incorporate a TTL reduction mechanism to enhance the effectiveness of this approach, especially against stealthy and adaptive scanners; 2) while prior works work against internal scanners, we use the relatively new extension of DNS protocol, ENDS0 Client Subnet (ECS) option, to expand this approach toward detecting external scanners; 3) we present a novel adaptive scanning technique, called DNS-cache-based scanning, that exploits local DNS cache to bypass prior detection methods, and shows that, while prior approaches fail to defeat this threat model, our approach is effective against this evolved threat model as well; and 4) contrary to existing work that focuses on defeating fast network scanning worms, this approach is effective against any scanning, including stealthy scanning that uses conservative timing profiles to evade detection.

Identifying the partition of port clusters and hierarchical structure for port networks

Identifying the partition of port clusters and hierarchical structure for port networks

Impact of quarantine policies on port network performance and robustness during pandemics: a simulation-based analysis

ABSTRACT To contain the spread of the virus at ports, many countries have implemented quarantine policies for vessels from abroad during COVID-19. In response, vessels chose to skip the port to save time or undergo a 14-day quarantine to ensure critical supplies, both of which significantly affected the performance of the port network. However, due to the combined effect of many factors, data analysis techniques can hardly identify the impact of quarantine policies on the outcomes. Therefore, to enable both networkwide performance assessment and detailed evaluation for individual vessels and ports under such an unprecedented policy, a microscopic simulation model for the global port network (GPN) is desired. The proposed simulation method is based on real-world vessel movement data from Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) combined with a port database. It is found that the effect of the quarantine policy on a particular port consists of two parts, i.e. the direct impact caused by vessels’ port skipping and the indirect impact caused by network interaction, which is further determined by the location of, and the policy implemented by the port. Furthermore, the ability of the global port network to maintain its performance under different levels of pandemic situations and different rates for vessels to skip the ports requiring quarantine is investigated. Interestingly, in most cases, a moderate port skipping rate (mostly between 20% and 50%) could help improve network performance. The results and presented simulation method can assist policymakers in coping with COVID-19 and potential global catastrophes.

Accelerating the scheduling of the network resources of the next-generation optical data centers

Data centers (DCs) play a key role in the evolving IT applications and they rely heavily on the optical interconnects to improve their performance and scalability. Optically switched DCs most often exploit the slotted Time Division Multiplexing Access (TDMA) operation and the Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology and rely on the effective scheduling of the TDMA frames to decide in real time the end-to-end connections that include the network links, switches and ports. This task becomes computationally intensive as the communication requests increase.The current paper builds on a greedy scheduling algorithm to introduce a parallel technique that accelerates the scheduling process and improves optical DC’s performance. The proposed technique handles efficiently the scheduler’s data structures, minimizes the communication among the scheduler’s processors and it is scalable. Moreover, this work presents the technique’s performance results for a variety of scheduling scenarios and DC sizes executed on an algorithm-specific Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) accelerator architecture and on a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). The performance of the GPU and the SIMD accelerator implemented on FPGA validate the parallel scheduler technique.

Techno‐economic evaluation of regional CCUS implementation: The STRATEGY CCUS project in the Ebro Basin (Spain)

AbstractSTRATEGY CCUS (Strategic Planning of Regions and Territories in Europe for Low‐Carbon Energy and Industry through CCUS) is a 3‐year project (2019‐2022) funded by the European Commission to support the development of low‐carbon energy and industry in eight regions of Southern and Eastern Europe by 2050. Among the three most promising regions selected was Ebro Basin (Spain) where local development plans (or scenarios) were defined for CO2 capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) technologies implementation based on an industrial cluster approach. Potential regional impact analysis of these CCUS implementation plans was carried out based on the environmental impact assessment, social‐economics factors, social acceptance and in‐depth techno‐economic analysis.The Ebro Basin region is located at the north‐east (NE) of Spain and was selected based on its level of CO2 industrial emissions, estimated geological storage capacity and well‐defined transport network (pipelines, roads, rail and ports). The base scenario presented was built with the aim of covering the most extensive CO2 network but limited by the storage possibilities in the area. It covers the 15 largest emitters in the region, 3 storage sites and a complete transportation network including trucks, pipelines and ships. An alternative scenario was also proposed considering only those industries where CCUS technologies are already included in their decarbonisation strategy.The economic analysis of proposed scenarios is presented as an in‐depth set of key performance indicators (KPIs), as cost per tonne of CO2 avoided, allowing an effective comparison of the scenarios, understanding the real potential for CCUS implementation in the area and pointing out key needs for making it possible. © 2022 The Authors. Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

IMPLEMENTATION OF SOFTWARE APPLICATION FOR NETWORK PORT SCANNING IN ANDROID BASED OPERATING SYSTEMS

In this paper implementation of software application using linear algorithm for network port scanning in android based operating systems is made.

Monitoring Network Telescopes and Inferring Anomalous Traffic Through the Prediction of Probing Rates

Network reconnaissance is the first step preceding a cyber-attack. Hence, monitoring the probing activities is imperative to help security practitioners enhancing their awareness about Internet’s large-scale events or peculiar events targeting their network. In this paper, we present a framework for an improved and efficient monitoring of the probing activities targeting network telescopes. Particularly, we model the probing rates which are a good indicator for measuring the cyber-security risk targeting network services. The approach consists of first inferring groups of network ports sharing similar probing characteristics through a new affinity metric capturing both temporal and semantic similarities between ports. Then, sequences of probing rates targeting similar ports are used as inputs to stacked Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks to predict probing rates 1 hour and 1 day in advance. Finally, we describe two monitoring indicators that use the prediction models to infer anomalous probing traffic and to raise early threat warnings. We show that LSTM networks can accurately predict probing rates, outperforming the non-stationary autoregressive model, and we demonstrate that the monitoring indicators are efficient in assessing the cyber-security risk related to vulnerability disclosure.

Design of Grid Communication Data Gateway Filtering System Based on Microservice Architecture

The grid communication data gateway filtering system has the problem of excessive memory overhead, so a grid communication data gateway filtering system based on micro-service architecture is designed. For the hardware part, the system can support mounting a U disk with a capacity of 16 G and above and use NAND FLASH to realize the expansion of solidified code and storage space. For the software part, the system can get the gateway communication parameters, calculate the bit rate of grid communication data transmission, and match a specific duty cycle. Besides, it can set the existing network port authentication mode according to the instructions, start the gateway filtering program, design the power grid communication data reliability judgment rule base, and optimize the filtering mode based on the micro-service architecture. The test results are that under the conditions of a different number of sensitive words, the average memory overhead of the designed system is 75.93 MB, indicating that the system has better overhead performance under the influence of the microservice architecture.

IMPLEMENTATION OF MODIFIED NETWORK PORT SCANNER FOR WINDOWS BASED OPERATING SYSTEMS

In this paper a modified network port scanner for Windows based operating systems implementing a linear algorithm is developed.

IMPLEMENTATION OF MODIFIED SCRIPT FOR LINUX BASED OPERATING SYSTEMS USING A LINEAR ALGORITHM FOR NETWORK PORT SCANNING

The Python programming language has various module libraries for network scanning of hosts. In this paper the performance and implementation of a modified script for Linux based operating systems using a linear algorithm for network port scanning is presented.

Port investment along the Maritime Silk Road considering mutual selections of the industries planned for transfer and recipient countries with location advantage

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the issues of port investment, considering the mutual selection process of the industries planned for transfer and recipient countries with location advantage, along the Maritime Silk Road (MSR). We propose a method for determining the production scale of different industries in each country by analyzing location advantage, the regional imports of commodities from each recipient country, the import transportation route scheme, the port network structure, and the port investment scheme along the MSR. This method is constructed on the basis of a hub-spoke network model, a location model, and a matching game model. We select 14 countries along the MSR as a case study and treat them as the supply zones of commodities, while six continents are taken as the demand zones. The numerical analysis show that Sihanoukville Port in Cambodia, Port Klang in Malaysia, and Mundra Port in India will become hub ports, and that 81, 41, and 24 container berths will be constructed at each of these harbors, respectively. Whether a port will become a hub depends on the industrial growth potential in its direct hinterland, its geographical advantages in the global shipping network, and its relative spatial relationship to other hub ports.