Porous Column Research Articles

Optimization of evaporation heat transfer in high-porosity porous columns

Compared to pool boiling or flow boiling, the evaporation within porous media can offer a higher heat transfer advantage. In this work, the numerical simulations were conducted on the application of porous columns at hot spots in heat exchanger and an analysis was performed on the transient evaporation of liquid within the porous medium. The thermal performance of porous columns with different porosities and pore sizes were investigated on the basis of the obtained data. It finds that the porous columns tend to experience vapor blockage during the phase change, which will hinder liquid replenishment and result in a deterioration of heat transfer. Moreover, the vapor blockage phenomenon is more pronounced in porous columns with lower porosity and smaller pore size. Six types of porous columns were compared, and it finds that inlet-optimized samples with a relief in vapor blockage exhibits a better thermal performance compared to the conventional ones. After an optimization of outlet, a rapid discharge of vapor within the porous medium column can be achieved, which reduces the difficulty of liquid replenishment and contributes to performance of evaporation heat transfer.

High throughput and cost-effective purification of small molecules using superficially porous stationary phase columns: An environment friendly approach

Over the past two decades, higher efficiencies have become the goal of most research organizations, and more so for high throughput synthesis. Consequently, there is an urgent need for an advanced purification approach to accommodate the large number of small molecules in a shorter turnaround time. To address this, an efficient and high throughput purification method was developed leveraging the superficially porous particle (SPP) column technology, which was optimized with respect to detector acquisition rate, flow rate, and gradient time. The experiments were performed using a sample mixture of six commercially available small molecules including Nicotinamide (NIC), 4-Amino benzophenone (ABP), Praziquantel (PRA), butyl‑4-hydroxybenzoate (BHB), Warfarin sodium (WAR), and Ibuprofen (IBU). The study outcomes were promising and exhibited a good separation of all six analytes with ∼83 % less turnaround time and ∼65 % less solvent consumption than the regular methods. Furthermore, it showed significant improvement in peak symmetry, capacity factor, and resolution for all six analytes and afforded superior chromatographic performance than the regular method with fully porous particle (FPP) columns. The study concludes that SPP columns provide cost-effective, eco-friendly, and high throughput purification of small molecules.

Hierarchical Self-Organization and Disorganization of Helical Supramolecular Columns Mediated by H-Bonding and Shape Complementarity.

H-bonding, shape complementarity, and quasi-equivalence are widely accepted as some of the most influential molecular recognition events mediating biological and synthetic self-organizations. H-bonds are weaker than ionic but stronger than van der Waals forces. However, the directionality of H-bonds makes them the most powerful among all nonbonding interactions. Here, we selected two taper-shaped self-assembling dendrons, one flexible and one rigid, and equipped them with -CO2CH3, -CH2OH, and -COOH at their apex. They demonstrated the hierarchical way in which shape-complementarity in the presence of -CO2CH3 mediated highly ordered helical self-organization for the case of the rigid building block and less ordered helical arrays for the flexible one. Weak H-bonding by -CH2OH unwound the helix from the rigid dendron, yielding a porous column. Due to its quasi-equivalence, the flexible dendron tolerated better the H-bonding by -CH2OH self-organizing a different helical column. The rigid and the flexible dendrons yielded only disorganized nonhelical columns in the presence of -COOH at the apex. This balance between rigidity, flexibility, and tolerance or lack of it to diverse H-bonding architectures indicates that mechanistic elucidation of the self-organization process helps endow it with the same building block, both helical organizations approaching biological precision, and disorganized nonhelical arrangements.

Separation of weak acids, neutral compounds, and permanent anions using sequential elution liquid chromatography with tandem columns

This paper discusses the development of an analytical method by an alternative separation approach, sequential elution liquid chromatography (SE-LC), to separate permanently charged ions (anions), weak acids, and neutral compounds using anion exchange and reversed-phase columns in tandem. SE-LC separates classes of compounds by group by employing two or more elution modes. Advantages to using SE-LC over conventional HPLC are a greater peak capacity and a reduced separation disorder. Importantly, the same HPLC as used for a conventional HPLC separation may be used to afford a successful SE-LC separation. Mobile phase selection and gradient optimization are integral for a successful SE-LC class separation of permanent anions, weak acids, and neutral compounds and will be discussed in detail in this paper. The most successful (best resolution and repeatability) SE-LC separation was achieved by applying isocratic elution at low pH to elute the weak acids, followed by an acetonitrile gradient to elute the neutral compounds, and last a sodium methanesulfonate gradient to elute the anionic compounds using a superficially porous C18 column coupled with a strong anion exchange (SAX) column. Repeatability (RSD) in the retention times and peak areas of the analytes was less than 0.25 % and 1.5 %, respectively.

Evolution of pore-scale concentration PDFs and estimation of transverse dispersion from numerical porous media column experiments

Knowing local concentration distributions is important for transport and mixing, particularly in porous media, yet a comprehensive understanding of them remains a challenge. Computing advancements have enabled high-resolution pore-scale simulations, offering an unprecedented opportunity for in-depth investigation of mixing. In this study we use simulation data to examine concentration distributions at the pore scale in the context of longitudinal (pseudo-one-dimensional) solute transport through a porous column. These distributions arise in a single column from heterogeneous flow at the pore-scale, which gets averaged out when upscaled and are not with reference to statistics across multiple random realizations. To measure these distributions, we first devise a semi-analytical approach to estimate the mean effective transport velocity profile for a non-uniform Darcy-scale fluid velocity, which unavoidably occurs due to the presence of lateral boundaries. This development allows sampling micro-scale concentrations over a moving surface that possesses a well defined Darcy-scale mean concentration, enabling empirical computation of the local concentration distribution. As an added benefit we find that our approach allows for the estimation of transverse dispersion coefficients, which is not typical in traditional column experiments. The implemented approach can estimate it via inverse modeling, and it agrees closely with previously published experimental data across the range of Peclet numbers we studied. We found that the measured pore-scale concentration probability density functions are best represented by a beta distribution, thus validating this longstanding hypothesis with direct evidence. Furthermore, we propose a model to describe the temporal and spatial evolution of the local concentration pdf, as well as its Péclet number dependence.

Numerical investigation on flow-induced vibration of porous square cylinder and its mechanism research

Focusing on the porous square cylinder model, we employ numerical investigation to explore flow-induced vibration phenomena, influencing factors, and associated mechanisms. Initially, we provide a brief overview of the current research status regarding flow-induced vibration in porous media. Subsequently, we establish a porous square cylinder model and create grid divisions within STAR-CCM+. We conduct comparative analysis with existing research findings to validate the accuracy of the computed results in this study. By altering predefined parameters, we investigate the effects of changes in three influencing factors—porosity of the porous media region ε, the shape of the porous area, and additional sinusoidal motion within the porous area—on the fluid dynamics. This analysis yields flow field characteristics and lift coefficient curves under different conditions. Based on the computational results, we summarize general patterns of flow-induced vibration phenomena in porous column models, providing insights for further research on flow-induced vibration problems in porous media and their practical engineering applications.

Evaluation of RPLC stationary phases for tocopherol and tocotrienol positional isomer separation: Method development and profiling

Reversed-phase separation of tocopherols (Ts) and tocotrienols (Ts) using C18 stationary phases results in the coelution of β and γ positional isomers, leading to identification errors. This study investigates the potential of alternative stationary phase chemistries to effectively resolve tocochromanols, specifically focusing on the critical pair of β and γ positional isomers. Initial screening of seven different stationary phases (C18, C18-PFP, C30, PFP, 5PYE, πNAP, and RP-Amide) was conducted. Linear solvent strength (LSS) studies were performed to assess the impact of the organic modifier (methanol) and temperature on the chromatographic performance parameters. Five columns were found to be suitable for the tocochromanol separation and two different chromatographical conditions per column were proposed. Elution order of tocochromanols was unique for 5PYE, πNAP and C30 columns in comparison to RP-Amide and PFP. Method development for the quantitative analysis of four tocopherol and four tocotrienol homologues was performed. The optimised method employed the RP-Amide (150 × 4.6 mm, 2.6 μm dp) superficially porous particle column, mobile phase of methanol:water of 92:8, v/v, with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, column oven temperature of 40 °C and fluorescence detection (λex 295 nm, λem 330 nm). The analysis run time was 10.5 min with 13.6 MPa back pressure. The method was validated and the obtained LOQs were found to be 1.30-3.13 μg/mL. The method developed was successfully applied for the determination of tocochromanols in twenty samples with unique tocochromanol profiles. Principal component analysis illustrated three distinct groups based on the tocochromanol profile.

Development of an HPLC device with water/acetonitrile with NaCl mixed solution that induces a phase-separation multiphase flow as the eluent in the separation column.

We developed a novel HPLC device where the phase-separation multiphase flow worked as the eluent in the separation column by using a water/acetonitrile/ethyl acetate triple mixed solution as a dual-phase-separation solution. Dual-phase-separation solutions form a phase-separation multiphase flow in a microscopic space. The new separation mechanism in the HPLC is called phase-separation mode. In this study, we used water and acetonitrile with NaCl mixed solution as a dual-phase-separation solution instead of the triple mixed solution. Octadecylsilyl (ODS)-modified particle- and porous silica particle-packed separation columns were united with the HPLC device for phase-separation mode caused by phase-separation multiphase flow. NA (1-naphthol) and NDS (2,6-naphthalenedisulfonic acid) were analyzed by the device as model sample. Using the water and acetonitrile with NaCl mixed solution at the solvent volume ratio of 5:5, NA and NDS were not separated on either column at 25°C. On the other hand, they were separated with the order NDS and NA on the ODS column and separated with the order NA and NDS on the silica column in phase-separation mode at 0°C. We discuss the separation mechanism of phase-separation mode using the water and acetonitrile with NaCl mixed solution at 0°C.

Heavy metals removal in a graphene engineered concrete-based filter column

In this study, crushed aggregate surfaces were coated with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) using a chitosan-derived solution and included in porous concrete-based filter column samples to improve heavy metal removal. The RGO coating strengthened the aggregate and cement interfaces, thus improving the compressive strength of these samples by up to 18 %. The removal of lead and copper in samples containing RGO coated aggregate (GCA) operated with a minimum hydraulic load was found to be 97 % and 92 %. Increasing the hydraulic load reduced this heavy metal removal, but the presence of GCA increased the active sites for heavy metal ions to immobilize, leading to improved copper removal under such operating conditions. Calcium ions from the cement hydrates were found to leach from the concrete matrices during such a wastewater passage. This leaching of calcium ions was determined to be relatively lesser in RGO decorated concrete samples, pointing out the positive effects of GCA on the resistance of the concrete matrices to aggressive chemicals. Clay particles containing highly turbid water were also passed through these concrete samples to examine the effects on the infiltration rate. Clay particles were found to clog pores, marginally reducing the infiltration rate. Concrete-based water filters are easy to operate and have low maintenance requirements, and industries responsible for heavy metal pollution in aquatic environments can widely adopt them instead of complex treatment methods.

Hierarchical sintered porous surfaces with enhanced pool boiling heat transfer performance for high-power cooling applications

Porous surfaces fabricated by sintering maintain good pool boiling heat transfer performances and have the advantages of high processing efficiency and low cost. Hierarchical sintered porous structures (HS) composed of copper mesh and porous column array are fabricated by a sintering process. Chemical oxidation and high-temperature reduction are used to deposit micro/nano coating on HS (NHS). The porous column array induces the capillary value effect and enhances the capillary performances of HS and NHS. The micro/nano coating provides more nucleation sites and further enhances the capillary velocity. The faster capillary velocity and higher volumetric flow rate of HS and NHS result in much higher critical heat flux (CHF) than sintered mesh surfaces (MS). The CHF of NHS reaches 2422.9 kW/m2, which is 43.7 % and 21 % higher than that of MS and HS, respectively. A good linear relationship between the volumetric flow rate and the CHF is observed. Besides, the porous structures greatly enhance the heat transfer coefficient (HTC). The micro/nano coating of NHS has a more obvious enhancement effect on HTC at low heat fluxes. The pool boiling heat transfer performance of HS and NHS is comparable to or even better than those in literature and has the feasibility of application in high-power cooling scenarios.

Comparison of reversed-phase, hydrophilic interaction, and porous graphitic carbon chromatography columns for an untargeted toxicometabolomics study in pooled human liver microsomes, rat urine, and rat plasma

IntroductionUntargeted metabolomics studies are expected to cover a wide range of compound classes with high chemical diversity and complexity. Thus, optimizing (pre-)analytical parameters such as the analytical liquid chromatography (LC) column is crucial and the selection of the column depends primarily on the study purpose.ObjectivesThe current investigation aimed to compare six different analytical columns. First, by comparing the chromatographic resolution of selected compounds. Second, on the outcome of an untargeted toxicometabolomics study using pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM), rat plasma, and rat urine as matrices.MethodsSeparation and analysis were performed using three different reversed-phase (Phenyl-Hexyl, BEH C18, and Gold C18), two hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) (ammonium-sulfonic acid and sulfobetaine), and one porous graphitic carbon (PGC) columns coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Their impact was evaluated based on the column performance and the size of feature count, amongst others.ResultsAll three reversed-phase columns showed a similar performance, whereas the PGC column was superior to both HILIC columns at least for polar compounds. Comparing the size of feature count across all datasets, most features were detected using the Phenyl-Hexyl or sulfobetaine column. Considering the matrices, most significant features were detected in urine and pHLM after using the sulfobetaine and in plasma after using the ammonium-sulfonic acid column.ConclusionThe results underline that the outcome of this untargeted toxicometabolomic study LC-HRMS metabolomic study was highly influenced by the analytical column, with the Phenyl-Hexyl or sulfobetaine column being the most suitable. However, column selection may also depend on the investigated compounds as well as on the investigated matrix.Graphical abstract

Construction of Hierarchical Porous UiO-66-Br2@PS/DVB-Packed Columns by High Internal Phase Emulsion Strategy for Enhanced Separation of CF4/N2 and SF6/N2.

Recovery and separation of anthropogenic emissions of electronic specialty gases (F-gases, such as CF4 and SF6) from the semiconductor sector are of critical importance. In this work, the hierarchical porous UiO-66-Br2@PS/DVB-packed column was constructed by a high internal phase emulsions strategy. UiO-66-Br2@PS/DVB exhibits a superior selectivity of CF4/N2 (2.67) and SF6/N2 (3.34) predicted by the IAST due to the diffusion limitation in the micropore and the gas-framework affinity. Especially, UiO-66-Br2@PS/DVB showed significant CF4 and SF6 retention and enabled the successful separation of CF4/N2 and SF6/N2 with a resolution of 2.37 and 8.89, respectively, when used as a packed column in gas chromatography. Compared with the Porapak Q column, the HETP of the UiO-66-Br2@PS/DVB-packed column decreased and showed good reproducibility. This research not only offers a convenient method for fabricating a hierarchical porous MOF-packed column but also showcases the prospective utilization of MOFs for the separation of the F-gas/N2 mixture.

Detection of lard adulteration in 3 kinds of vegetable oils by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with porous graphite carbon column.

Liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry employing porous graphite carbon columns and an n-octane-isopropanol mobile phase was utilized for the separation of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in various edible oils, aiming to identify lard adulteration in soybean, corn, and sunflower seed oils. Experiments were conducted using a Hypercarb column (2.1mm × 100mm, 5µm) and an n-octane-isopropanol (70:30, V/V) mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.25mL· min-1 and a column temperature of 60°C. Detection was achieved through atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. Analysis of diverse edible oil samples revealed that oils of the same type shared similar TAG compositions, while different types exhibited distinct TAG profiles. Distinct variations in triglyceride composition were observed across different edible oils. Based on liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry analysis, the characteristic component 1-stearic acid-2-palmitic acid-3-oleic acid glyceride (SPO), which may also include PSO, was identified in lard through principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. This component served as a marker for detecting as low as 0.1% lard adulteration in soybean, corn, and sunflower seed oils. The technique offers a precise and effective approach for the identification of lard adulteration in these edible oils.

Experimental study on ultra-thin silicon-based VC for chip-level heat dissipation

The trend towards miniaturization and integration of integrated circuits has led to the emergence of local hotspots with high heat flux and high temperature frequently. Integrating vapor chamber (VC) directly on the surface of semiconductor electronic devices, can effectively address the problem of overheating on the chip surface, and is therefore considered as a promising thermal management solution. However, the challenge of reducing the size of the VC while improving its heat transfer performance cannot be ignored. To address this, a silicon-based VC with thickness of 0.6 mm is designed and fabricated in this study. Structural optimization is carried out, including the design of three types of wicks using square micropillar arrays and two types of support columns including solid and porous and an experimental system is built to study the influence of these structures on the heat transfer performance of VC. The results indicate that the VC can still function normally under the highest heat flux of 123.6 W/cm2, resulting in lowest thermal resistance of 1.54 °C/W. For wicks, the thermal resistance of VC with characteristic size of 10 μm is reduced compared with that of 20 μm. The introduction of gradient wick, that is, using small-size (10 μm) micropillar arrays in heating area and big-size (20 μm) micropillar arrays in non-heating area, can effectively reduce the thermal resistance of VC. Moreover, the solid support columns are found being advantageous in reducing the thermal resistance of VC, while porous support columns improve the surface temperature uniformity of VC. This work provides a feasible path to optimize silicon-based VC.

Porous helical supramolecular columns self-organized via the fluorophobic effect of a semifluorinated tapered dendron.

The self-organizable dendron (4-3,4-3,5)12G2X with X = -CO2CH3 and -CH2OH, an already classic dendron, facilitating the formation of a large diversity of columnar hexagonal phases including crystalline, with intracolumnar order, and liquid crystalline, and providing access for the first time to mimics of the transmembrane protein water channel Aquaporin was semifluorinated at eight of the sp3 hybridized carbons of its alkyl groups to provide (4-3,4-3,5)4F8G2X. The self-organization of (4-3,4-3,5)4F8G2X was analyzed by a combination of oriented fiber intermediate angle X-ray scattering, wide angle X-ray scattering, electron density maps, and reconstructed X-ray diffractograms by emplying molecular models. These experiments demonstrated that fluorophobic effect of (4-3,4-3,5)4F8G2X mediated mostly via the helical confiormation of the fluorinated fragments sharper miocrosegregation of the fluorinated fragments in the most ordered states of the resulting 124 helical porous columns. These results support the original model of self-organization of dendrons and provide access to new and simpler synthetic avenues for the construction of mimics of aquaporin channels which are of great interest for cell biology and for the next generation of membranes for water separation and water purification.

Monosaccharide Analysis After One-Pot Derivatization Followed by Reverse-Phase Liquid Chromatography Separation and UV/Vis Detection.

Derivatization of monosaccharides with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) introduces two chromophores per sugar molecule. Their separation on a superficially porous C18 reverse-phase column, using common liquid chromatography equipment, results in short analysis times (under 20min) and high sensitivity (limit of quantitation 1nmol). This method allows for complex monosaccharide mixtures to be separated and quantified using a reasonably simple and safe derivatization procedure.

Rapid and green quantification of phloridzin and trilobatin in Lithocarpus litseifolius (Hance) Chun (sweet tea) using an online pressurized liquid extraction high-performance liquid chromatography at equal absorption wavelength method.

Sweet tea is a functional herbal tea with anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and other effects, in which phloridzin and trilobatin are two functional compounds. However, the current methods for their quantification are time-consuming, costly, and environmentally unfriendly. In this paper, we propose a rapid method that integrates online pressurized liquid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography featuring a superficially porous column for fast separation. Moreover, we employ an equal absorption wavelength method to eliminate using multiple standard solutions and relative calibration factors. Our verification process corroborated the technique's selectivity, accuracy, precision, linearity, and detection limitations. Separately, our methodology demonstrated excellent analytical efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. Practical application using six distinct batches of sweet tea samples yielded results in congruence with the external standard method. The analytical rate of this technique is up to over 18 times faster than traditional methods, and organic solvent consumption has been reduced to less than 1.5 mL. Therefore, this method provides a valuable way to achieve quality control and green analysis of sweet tea and other herbal teas.

Porous polymer monolithic columns to investigate the interaction of humic substances with herbicides and emerging pollutants by affinity chromatography

BackgroundUnderstanding the interaction mechanisms and the relevant binding constants between humic acids and emerging or regulated pollutants is of utmost importance in predicting their geochemical mobility, bioavailability, and degradation. Fluorescence spectroscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, equilibrium dialysis, and solid-phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry have been employed to elucidate interactions of humic acids with organic micropollutants, especially pharmaceutical drugs. These methods demand large sample volumes, long equilibration times, and laborious extraction steps which may imply analytical errors. Monolithic high-performance affinity chromatography is an alternative and simpler method to investigate these interactions and determine the binding constants. ResultsPolymer monoliths based on aminated glycidyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate served to immobilize Cu(II) and then humic acid to produce monolithic affinity chromatography columns with humic acid as the active interaction phase. About 86.5 mg of humic acid was immobilized per gram of polymer. The columns enabled a comparison of the binding strength of humic acid with herbicides and emerging pollutants at 25 °C and pH 6.0 ± 0.1. Paracetamol, acetylsalicylic acid, and salicylic acid did not retain. Among the compounds that interacted with humic acid, the order of increasing affinity, estimated by the global affinity constant (nKa) or partition coefficient (KD) was: caffeine < simazine < atrazine ∼ propazine < benzophenone. The nKa (L mol−1) values ranged from (4.9 ± 0.3) × 102 for caffeine to (1.9 ± 0.3) × 103 for benzophenone, whereas KD (L kg−1) varied from 14 ± 1 to 56 ± 8 for the same compounds. Significance and noveltyTo our knowledge, this is the first paper demonstrating the use of a monolithic platform to immobilize supramolecular structures of humic acids exploiting immobilized metal affinity to comparatively evaluate their affinity towards emerging pollutants exploiting the concepts of high-performance affinity chromatography. The proposed approach needs only small amounts of humic acid, which is a relevant feature in preparing columns with humic substances isolated and purified from remote areas.

Quantitative analysis of the glutathione pathway cellular metabolites by targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Glutathione, its biosynthesis intermediates, and other thiol metabolites are of central relevance for the redox homeostasis of cells. Their analysis is critical due to the facile interconversion of redox pairs during sampling, sample preparation, and data acquisition, in particular in the electrospray ionization interface. In this work, we propose a fast-targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to accurately analyze 14 metabolites from the glutathione pathway. N-Ethylmaleimide reagent is added with the extraction solvent and instantly stabilizes the thiol-redox state by derivatization. Liquid chromatographic separation of the analytes was performed on a sub-2μm superficially porous hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column with sulfobetaine chemistry. Tandem mass spectrometry with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry in multiple-reaction monitoring acquisition mode allowed sensitive detection of the targeted metabolites with limits of quantification in the range of 5-25nM. Run times of 3min enable a high throughput analysis of cellular samples. For calibration, a 13 C-labelled cell extract was used as an internal standard. The method was validated and the concentrations of glutathione and its biosynthesis intermediates were determined in HeLa cells.

Covalent organic frameworks based hierarchical porous hybrid monolithic capillary: Synthesis, characterization, and applications in trace metals analysis

The preparation of hierarchical porous monolithic column with high covalent organic frameworks (COF) loading and micropores accessibility is challenging due to the easy aggregability and sedimentation of COFs. Herein, a novel strategy based on high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) polymerization was proposed for preparing COF hybrid capillary monolithic column with hierarchical porosity. COFs with different frameworks including imine COFs (COF-OMe, COF-F and COF-SH), triazine COF (CTF-1) and boron-based COF (COF-5) were selected to investigate the universality of the preparation strategy. The presence of COF in the monolithic capillary was confirmed by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption experiments and thermogravimetric analysis showed that the prepared COF hybrid monolithic capillary exhibited high COF loading (e.g., 28.7% for COF-SH) and accessibility (e.g., 98.5% for COF-SH), mainly due to the thin walls of void-window structures originated from polymerization of HIPE. The successful preparation of water-stable COF-F, COF-OMe, COF-SH and CTF-1 hybrid monolithic columns demonstrated the proposed synthesis strategy is universal to water-stable COF without tedious optimization of dispersion system, effectively avoiding the sedimentation of COF in pre-polymerization solution. Then, the sulfhydryl-modified COF hybrid polymer (poly(COF-SH-HIPE)) monolithic column was evaluated for the extraction of heavy metal ions, and a method based on poly(COF-SH-HIPE) monolithic capillary microextraction on-line coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection was developed for analysis of trace Cd, Hg and Pb in human fluid samples.