Porong River Estuary Research Articles

Water Quality Assessment of Remote Sensing Techniques: A Comparative Insight Between Yangtze of China and Porong of Indonesia

The river water quality, exceptionally the total suspended solid (TSS) in China and Indonesia, has deteriorated due to human activities. Remote sensing makes it easier for observers to monitor river water quality, especially TSS. However, measuring the river water quality by remote sensing is still in the model and algorithm development stage in China and Indonesia. This study aims to identify the river water quality on remote sensing in China's Yangtze River and Porong River, East Java, Indonesia, and to analyze comparisons of river water quality on remote sensing in Yangtze River, China, and Porong River, East Java, Indonesia. This method uses a literature review based on journals, articles, and primary sources to review related literature on TSS concentrations in rivers and remote sensing in China and Indonesia. River water monitoring methods can measure the TSS in China and Indonesia using remote sensing. Many water quality models for waterways are based on different satellite images. In the Yangtze Downstream River, the algorithm of TSS uses the latest random forest on Landsat-8. The algorithm of TSS in the Porong River estuary used linear regression on sentinel-2 imagery. These TSS algorithms can more precisely assess TSS in water quality for scientific studies. The results show that the latest random forest is a more precise remote sensing algorithm in China than Linear regression in Indonesia. The suspended solid models and remote sensing images such as China's MODIS, Landsat-8, and MERIS are accurate in China. Therefore, developing more precise remote sensing techniques, total suspended solid models composed of Wiggin's Algorithm and Markert Algorithm, NDWI Algorithm, and remote sensing imagery such as Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 in Indonesia is crucial to determine total suspended solids. The researchers additionally contribute to advanced research toward advancing suitable remote sensing techniques in various areas in Indonesia.

Biodiversity and characterization of high lipid content microalgae in Porong River Estuary East Java, Indonesia

Nurhatika S, Ermavitalini D, Saputro TB, Apriyatmoko Y. 2018. Biodiversity and characterization of high lipid content microalgae in Porong River Estuary East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 627-632. Microalgae are aquatic unicellular or multicellular microscopic photoautotroph organisms. High lipid content in microalgae biomass can be used as raw material for biodiesel. Porong river estuary is one of the sites of industrial waste disposal. The polluted waters considered will affect the lipid microalgae metabolism. The main research aims are to isolate and characterize of high lipid content microalgae found in Porong river estuary through the selection of qualitative lipid content. Sampling was conducted at three different stations. Isolation was conducted in solid agar media enriched with Porong River Estuary sterile water and using streak plate method. The isolated microalgae were characterized using a light microscope and to be matched with identification books. The lipid content was determined qualitatively by coloring the isolated-microalgae cells with Nile Red, an intracellular lipid dye then observed its luminescence color under a fluorescence microscope. Several genera of microalgae that can be isolated in this study are Oscillatoria, Nitzschia, Merismopedia, Navicula, Nannochloropsis, and Melosira. The results of qualitative lipid analysis show that the genus Nannochloropsis and Nitzschia have high intracellular lipid accumulation.

Remote Sensing and GIS Application for Sedimentation Modeling in Porong River Estuary as an Impact of Lapindo Mudflow, Sidoarjo

Lapindo mudflow that has occurred since May 2006 in Porong, Sidoarjo have raised thorny issue. One of the consequences that turned up physically was the alteration that has occurred in Porong River estuary. Porong River estuary has undergone drastic morphological change since 2006 to 2016 that became interesting phenomenon studied using remote sensing imagery. Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS images were used to observe the changes that occurred in Porong River estuary. Porong River estuary had additional land area of 149.4 Ha in 2000-2006, 93.79 Ha in 2006-2010 and 100.24 Ha in 2010-2016. This addition was largely due to the change of land use in the sub-watershed, input from Lapindo mudflow, as well as human activities in the development of a new delta called Sarinah Island. There were several algorithms that were used in the calculation of the sediment concentration value (SSC), such as blue, green, near infrared band, also Doxaran, NDSSI, and the red/near infrared band ratio. However, the SSC of pixel value did not have strong correlation with the SSC field value. The dynamic of object and accuracy of the algorithm became the most influential factor that must be considered in calculating the value of SSC.

Evaluation of Total Suspended Sediment (TSS) Distribution Using ASTER, ALOS, SPOT-4 Satellite Imagery in 2005-2012

Lapindo mud thrown to Porong River from September 27, 2006 brought an enormous impact to the environment and surrounding communities. This will exacerbate the damage Porong ecosystems, and pollute the Madura Strait and surrounding areas (Wibisono, 2006). Disposal of sludge in large quantities and continuously to Porong also indicated sedimentation resulted in Porong River, Porong River estuary and along coastal of Surabaya-Pasuruan. This is because the material sediment transport along water flow, and the influence of geographical conditions, and the waves of the sea water. Satellite image data used in this study is the ASTER in 2005-2008, ALOS/AVNIR-2 in 2010, and SPOT-4 years 2009.2011 and 2012. In the satellite image processing, for obtain the value of is used TSS algorithm of Jing Li (2008) for ASTER satellite imagery, algorithms of Hendrawan and Asai (2008) for the ALOS satellite imagery, and algorithm of Budiman (2004) for the SPOT-4 satellite imagery. TSS value of the image processing results then performed validation / test precision using reference data TSS In-Situ to obtain linear correlation (R2). R2 value was obtained is 0.854 in 2009, 0.761 in 2011, and 0712 in 2013. That indicates that the value of TSS in the field is proportional with the TSS value in image and has a very good correlation. The results show the value of TSS in the study area ranged from 25 until more than 150 mg/L and according to the results of the analysis showed an upward trend of TSS values over time. There are several locations that indicated experiencing severe sedimentation impacts such as in Porong River, Porong River Estuary, Alo River Estuary, and the surrounding area of the estuary. According to Government Regulation Number 82 in 2001, the maximum value of TSS in the river or water is must less than 50 mg/L and so the value of TSS in the study area is very improper that if allowed to continue may damage the ecosystem in the area. Results from this study is expected to be referenced in the rehabilitation, development, and utilization of the area in the research area and coastal zone management in the future.

SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM FOR ECOFISHERYTOURISM IN SIDOARJO LUMPUR ISLAND

Sidoarjo Lumpur Island is an artificial island created as a solution to the handling of sediment deposition in Porong River Estuary as a result of the mudflow which flowed into the sea via the Porong River. Lumpur Island is currently utilized as a habitat for mangrove ecosystem extension as well as a site for aquaculture with wanamina system (silvofishery). Ecofisherytourism is a way to utilize mangrove ecosystem for ponds silvofishery based on educational and economic approach to achieve the welfare of society. In addition, ecofisherytourism has a direct benefit of preserving nature and the environment. The research objective was to evaluate the condition of the mangrove ecosystem and analyze the physical condition of the Sidoarjo Lumpur Island as a reference in developing the island as ecofisherytourism region. The methods used were a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Data were collected through analysis of aerial photographs, field measurements, observation and documentation. Mangrove ecosystem conditions in Lumpur Island was classified as good to be utilized as ecotourism and fisherytourism . The highest elevation of the island is the tidal zone where mangroves grow well. Keywords: ecofisherytourism, mangrove, silvofishery

SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM FOR ECOFISHERYTOURISM IN SIDOARJO LUMPUR ISLAND

<p><em>Sidoarjo </em><em>Lumpur</em><em> Island is an artificial island created as a solution to the handling of sediment deposition in Porong River Estuary as a result of the mudflow which flowed into the sea via the Porong River. Lumpur Island is currently utilized as a habitat for mangrove ecosystem extension as well as a site for aquaculture with wanamina system (silvofishery). Ecofisherytourism is a way to utilize mangrove ecosystem for ponds </em><em>silvofishery</em><em> </em><em>based on educational and economic approach to achieve the welfare of society. In addition, ecofisherytourism has a direct benefit of preserving nature and the environment. The research objective was to evaluate the condition of the mangrove ecosystem and analyze the physical condition of the Sidoarjo Lumpur Island as a reference in developing the island as ecofisherytourism region. The methods used were a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Data were collected through analysis of aerial photographs, field measurements, observation and documentation. Mangrove ecosystem conditions in Lumpur Island was classified as good to be utilized as ecotourism and </em><em>fisherytouris</em><em>m . The highest elevation of the island is the tidal zone where mangroves grow well.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> ecofisherytourism, mangrove, silvofishery</em>

Spatial Analysis and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal in Aquaculture Sediment of Porong River Estuary

Study on heavy metal contaminants in sediments provide major role because they have longer residence time. Increased levels of heavy metals in water which originally required for various metabolic processes may turn out to be toxic to aquatic organisms. The metal will be absorbed in the sediment then accumulated into microorganisms through the food chain. The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial concentration of heavy metals in aquaculture’s sediments of in Porong River estuary. Firstly, this research was conducted by examined content of eight heavy metals in the sediment, then tested with ICP-MS instruments. Then, the calculation of some parameters was analyzed spatially with ArcGIS. IgeO Parameter of aquaculture sediment of Porong River Estuary from largest to smallest is are Hg> Pb> Cd> Mn> As> Cu> Zn> Co. EF value of aquaculture sediment of Porong river estuary from largest to smallest values are Hg> Pb> Cd> Mn> Cu> As> Zn> Co. DC Results obtained in all 12 stations of this study has value between is 27.47- 36.35 within the categorization Very High Degree of Contamination. ERI value shows that almost entire ly area of Porong river estuary shows High Risk result. Keywords: Aquaculture, Heavy metal contamination, Porong river estuary, Sediment, Spatial

Profil Fraksi Geokimia Logam Cd, Pb dan Zn pada Sedimen Wilayah Reklamasi Lumpur Sidoarjo di Muara Sungai Porong Sidoarjo

Sediments of Porong River estuary suspected of containing a high concentration of heavy metals. the Sediment sample was collected from Porong Estuary river at two different location. The purposes of this study to determine the distribution concentration of metals geochemical fraction (Cd, Pb and Zn) at sediment Porong River estuary and correlation Against Physico-chemical properties of sediments. Analysis of sediment includes determining the concentration of Cd, Pb and Zn and determining of physicochemical properties of sediments such as pH, salinity, redox potential, cation exchange capacity, organic materials and sediment particles size. Extraction Method performed by BCR (Community Bureau of Reference) three steps sequential extraction, where a geochemical fraction of metals divided to 4 fractions, such acid soluble, reducible, oxidized and residual fractions. Research showed Zn has the highest concentration of each fraction and followed by Pb and Cd. Concentration of Zn in Fraction 1-4 ranged from 31,909 – 84,966 mg/Kg, Pb concentrations range 3,354 – 18,956 mg/Kg, whereas Cd concentrations range between 0,221 – 0,611 mg/Kg. The order of metals geochemical fraction concentration at Fraction 1, 2, 3 and 4 is Zn>Pb>Cd. There is some correlation between metals concentration against physicochemical properties of sediment. Where the physicochemical properties of sediment influence heavy metal content and concentration in the sediment of Porong River Sidoarjo.

KONSENTRASI LOGAM BERAT Pb, Cu dan Zn PADA AIR DAN SEDIMEN PERMUKAAN EKOSISTEM MANGROVE DI MUARA SUNGAI PORONG, SIDOARJO, JAWA TIMUR

Porong River Estuary is potentially assumed to be contaminated of heavy metals Pb, Cu and Zn from anthropogenic and industrial activities in Sidoarjo, East Java. This study aimed to analyze the difference of heavy metal contaminations (Pb, Cu and Zn) in water and sediment of mangrove ecosystem located in Porong River Estuaries in September 2014. The location of sampling was selected by purposive sampling method considering the river parts: (1) upstream, (2) downstream and (3) open sea. Analysis of heavy metal contaminations (Pb, Cu and Zn) were performed by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The average concentration of Pb, Cu and Zn in water were <0.0044, 0.0226 dan 0.3555 mg/kg, respectively. While those of Pb, Cu and Zn in sediments were 0.0648, 0.3543 and 0.5653 mg/kg, respectively. It showed significance different of Pb and Cu concentration in water and sediments. On the other hand, there was no difference of Zn concentration between those medium.

Concentration of Heavy Metal (Pb and Cu) in Sediment and Mangrove Avicennia Marina at Porong River Estuary, Sidoarjo, East Java

Abstract –The ability of mangrove (Avicennia) to absorb heavy metal has been known. This study aims to determine whether there are differences of absorption level of non-essential (Pb) essential (Cu) heavy metals in Avicennia marinafrom different location, based on distance of pollutants sources (downstream) toward to the mouth of Porong River Estuary at Sidoarjo. Results showed that accumulation of Pb in the roots and leaves was ranged from 0.0044 to 0.139 ppm and from 0.004 to 0.019 ppm respectively, while in sediment was ranged from 0.0560 to 0.0660 ppm. The accumulation of Cu in the roots and leaves was ranged from 0.07 to 0.415 ppm and 0.0318 to 0.2520 ppm while in sediments was from 0.2930 to 0.381 ppm. The highest concentration of Pb and Cu were found from sediments followed by roots and leaves. The high concentration of heavy metal (Pb and Cu) in the root is likely due to sediment size. The high concentration of heavy metal (Pb and Cu) in the root is likely due to sediment size. When the size is finer, heavy metal accumulation will be higher, although there was no significantly different from different location.

Modelling of the COD, TSS, Phosphate and Nitrate Distribution Due to the Sidoardjo Mud Flow into Porong River Estuary

Mudflow disaster in Sidoarjo on May 29, 2006 have resulted in losses in various fields, whether social, economic, and ecological. One of the efforts to control the mud is mostly channeled to Porong river towards the sea in the Madura Strait. Mouth of the river is part of the coastal area that plays an important role in the economic, ecological, and also a region with a complex ecosystem. As a result of the disposal of sludge to the Estuary of Porong river this leads to changes in water quality, it therefore need for water quality modeling in order to identify it in accordance with the benchmarks of quality standards is allowed. A Hydrodynamic and water quality model with Mike 21 Hydrodynamics and Ecolab module1 are used to quantity and to find out the spreading of COD, TSS, phosphate, and nitrate. At high tide, currents in estuary Porong moving upstream, so the spread of water quality parameters will be small around the estuary. At low tide conditions the flow moves in the opposite direction so that the distribution of water quality parameters will be greater than the current at the river mouth. The condition of water quality parameters most significantly, the worth of 34mg / L for COD, 14.46mg / L for nitrate, 30mg / L for TSS, and a phosphate worth to 0.43mg / L.

Effects of mud flows from the LUSI mud volcano on the Porong River estuary, Indonesia

ABSTRACT Kure, S., Winarta, B., Takeda, Y., Udo, K., Umeda, M., Mano, A., Tanaka, H. 2014. Effects of Mud Flows from the LUSI Mud Volcano on the Porong River estuary, Indonesia. In: Green, A.N. and Cooper, J.A.G. (eds.), Proceedings 13th International Coastal Symposium (Durban, South Africa), Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 70, pp. 568–573, ISSN 0749-0208. On May 29, 2006, mud and gases began erupting unexpectedly from a hydrocarbon exploration well near Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia. The eruption, called the LUSI (Lumpur Sidoarjo [Lumpur means mud in Indonesian]) mud volcano, has continued since then at rates as high as 180,000 m3 per day. The mud inundated an area in excess of 6.5 km2, in spite of attempts to contain it via the construction of a series of levees. The mud is erupting and accumulating behind the levee system. It is also being pumped into the Porong River, which then carries the mud to the ocean approximately 20 km to the east. The main objective of this study is to assess ...