Water Quality Assessment of Remote Sensing Techniques: A Comparative Insight Between Yangtze of China and Porong of Indonesia

Abstract

The river water quality, exceptionally the total suspended solid (TSS) in China and Indonesia, has deteriorated due to human activities. Remote sensing makes it easier for observers to monitor river water quality, especially TSS. However, measuring the river water quality by remote sensing is still in the model and algorithm development stage in China and Indonesia. This study aims to identify the river water quality on remote sensing in China's Yangtze River and Porong River, East Java, Indonesia, and to analyze comparisons of river water quality on remote sensing in Yangtze River, China, and Porong River, East Java, Indonesia. This method uses a literature review based on journals, articles, and primary sources to review related literature on TSS concentrations in rivers and remote sensing in China and Indonesia. River water monitoring methods can measure the TSS in China and Indonesia using remote sensing. Many water quality models for waterways are based on different satellite images. In the Yangtze Downstream River, the algorithm of TSS uses the latest random forest on Landsat-8. The algorithm of TSS in the Porong River estuary used linear regression on sentinel-2 imagery. These TSS algorithms can more precisely assess TSS in water quality for scientific studies. The results show that the latest random forest is a more precise remote sensing algorithm in China than Linear regression in Indonesia. The suspended solid models and remote sensing images such as China's MODIS, Landsat-8, and MERIS are accurate in China. Therefore, developing more precise remote sensing techniques, total suspended solid models composed of Wiggin's Algorithm and Markert Algorithm, NDWI Algorithm, and remote sensing imagery such as Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 in Indonesia is crucial to determine total suspended solids. The researchers additionally contribute to advanced research toward advancing suitable remote sensing techniques in various areas in Indonesia.