Demand For Pork Research Articles

Analysis of Housing Risk Factors for the Welfare of Lean and Heavy Pigs in a Sample of European Fattening Farms.

Simple SummaryAnimal welfare is a major challenge that most European pig producers have been facing in recent decades to comply with EU legislation and to meet the increasing societal and market demand for pork produced in a sustainable way. Pig welfare is ruled in terms of minimum requirements for housing and management, but stakeholders have considered that both farm-level and animal-based indicators are fundamental to monitor animal welfare. Some of the welfare issues still affecting fattening pigs are the lack of space, bedding and manipulable material, and the continued practice of routine tail docking of pigs. Tail docking is applied routinely across most European countries to reduce the occurrence of severe tail biting lesions, despite its ban in the EU. An observational study on 51 pig farms in seven EU countries, aimed at investigating housing risk factors for the welfare of finishing pigs, showed that body weight and presence of bedded solid floored resting area (BED) identify three clusters of farms. The outcomes of this study confirmed that BED and larger availability of space per pig, above the minimum requirement of EU legislation, can limit the occurrence of lesions in pigs with undocked tails.Pig welfare is affected by housing conditions, the minimum requirements of which are set up by EU legislation. Animal and non-animal-based measures are useful indicators to investigate housing risk factors for pig welfare. An observational study on 51 pig farms in seven EU countries, aimed at investigating housing risk factors for the welfare of finishing pigs, showed body weight and presence of bedded solid floored resting area (BED) identifying three clusters of farms. Farms with BED were featured by no or limited tail docking, larger availability of manipulable materials and lower number of pigs per farm and per annual work unit. In these farms, less skin and ear lesions were found, compared with lean pigs of farms without BED, which were characterized by lower pig space allowance, mortality rate and medication cost. In farms without BED, heavy pigs were featured by more space per pig, more pigs per drinker and higher mortality rate and medication cost per pig, compared to lean pigs. No statistical difference in tail lesions was found between the three farm clusters, although tail docking was performed in all farms without BED and not performed on most farms with BED.

An Assessment of the Economic Impacts of the 2019 African Swine Fever Outbreaks in Vietnam.

The 2019 African swine fever (ASF) outbreaks in Vietnam imposed considerable impacts on the pig sector in Vietnam, resulting in the death or culling of nearly six million pigs, or more than 20% of the country's pig population. In order to assess the magnitude of the outbreak at sector level (both on farm and at value chain level), on livelihoods, and on the broader national economy, a comprehensive impact assessment was conducted using a mixed methods approach that integrated a value chain assessment with the use of quantitative modeling tools at sector and national levels. The results showed that the outbreak caused severe direct and indirect economic losses among farmers, particularly medium- and large-farmers whose livelihoods are largely derived from pig production. The outbreaks also affected other value chain actors due to a halving in the volume of pigs traded. At sector level, the outbreaks posed adverse impacts on the domestic supply and demand for pork, especially in the traditional sector. Meanwhile, the modern sector with higher levels of biosecurity and high technology growth was less likely to be affected and even benefited from the outbreak, which was evidenced by increased supply and income throughout the simulation period in this sector. At national level, different model simulation scenarios showed a sharp reduction in total gross domestic product (GDP) and a substantial loss of jobs. Improvements in the system of ASF compensation scheme are needed, both in terms of its administration, but also in its targeting, with greater emphasis needed on developing improved risk-sharing and funding mechanisms across national and local levels.

Geographic Drivers of Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Pigs in Khon Kaen Province, Thailand.

In Thailand, pig production has increased considerably in the last decades to meet a growing demand for pork. Antimicrobials are used routinely in intensive pig production to treat infections and increase productivity. However, the use of antimicrobials also contributes to the rise of antimicrobial resistance with potential consequences for animal and human health. Here, we quantify the association between antimicrobial use and resistance rates in extensive and intensive farms with a focus on geographic proximity between farm and drugstores. Of the 164 enrolled farms, 79% reported using antimicrobials for disease prevention, treatment, or as a feed additive. Antimicrobial-resistant E. coli were present in 63% of farms. These drugs included critically important antimicrobials, such as quinolones and penicillins. Medium-scale farms with intensive animal production practices showed higher resistance rates than small-scale farms with extensive practices. Farms with drug-resistant Escherichia coli were located closer to drugstores and a had a higher proportion of disease than farms without drug-resistant E. coli. We found no association between the presence of resistance in humans and antimicrobial use in pigs. Our findings call for actions to improve herd health to reduce the need for antimicrobials and systematic training of veterinarians and drugstore owners on judicious use of antimicrobials in animals to mitigate resistance.

114 Domestic and International Pork Demand and their Implication on Pork Production Practices

Abstract Domestic and international demand for pork products drives pork production. Consumers purchase pork products based on their personal tastes and preferences. These tastes and preferences have substantially changed over the last 20 years. Consumers desire to know more information about pork production practices and are willing to pay premiums at grocery stores for adoption of these practices. Producers response to changing consumer demands has important implications for the growth and profitability of the pork industry. I address the current economic understanding of domestic and international consumer demand for pork products and how this demand has and will continue to shape pork production practices.

Selected Endemic Zoonoses in Pigs Presenting for Slaughter in Kampala, Uganda.

.Leptospirosis, brucellosis, and Q fever (coxiellosis) are bacterial zoonoses that cause acute febrile illness in people as well as reproductive losses in pigs. Pig keeping is an increasingly important livelihood to millions of smallholder farmers in Uganda because of exponential increases in demand for pork. The prevalence of leptospirosis and Q fever in pigs is unknown, and the few studies of porcine brucellosis have estimated a range of seroprevalence. Therefore, we undertook a prevalence survey of leptospirosis, brucellosis, and Q fever in pigs using quantitative real-time PCR to determine the potential importance of these zoonoses to the growing pig sector in Uganda. Six hundred forty-nine pigs were sampled in 2015–2016 at an urban pork slaughterhouse. Ten percent of pigs (n = 68) had leptospiral DNA in either their kidney or reproductive tissue. In adjusted analyses, variables predictive of leptospiral status included female sex (odds ratio [OR]: 2.37, P < 0.01) and pigs sampled in March 2016 (OR: 2.23, P = 0.02) and October 2016 (OR: 0.30, P = 0.04). DNA fingerprinting revealed circulation of at least four distinct serovars in these pigs. Brucella spp. and Coxiella burnetii DNA were not detected in any sampled pig. This is the first report of widespread circulation of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in pigs in Uganda, suggesting that leptospirosis likely has a greater impact on the health of pigs than was previously recognized. Pig farmers, pig traders, and slaughterhouse workers may be at greatest occupational risk because of their direct contact with infective leptospires in aborted fetuses, bodily fluids, and other tissues.

Managing Price Risk of Pork through Gross Margin: A Depiction from China and US

China’s demand for pork has been increasing at a relatively constant rate and its pork imports are increasingly determined by the fluctuations of its domestic supply. This fluctuation in domestic supply has resulted in making farmers suffer from the shocks of price instability. Despite the absence or underdevelopment of livestock insurance in most developing countries, an experience from China and US serves as a lesson for these countries to pay attention to the subsector with potential contribution to the country’s economy but having little or no efforts accorded to the same. This study explored the importance of Livestock Gross Margin (LGM) insurance by analyzing the pork price fluctuation trend in China and linking the risk to the impacts on revenues of pork producers. The sources of data were national surveys reports, research papers and data obtained from China’s Ministry of Agriculture (MoA). Findings revealed that Pork producers in China had been faced with adverse price fluctuations that posed threats to producers’ revenues. The study shows LGM insurance as an important and alternative tool to smooth incomes of the producers in the pork industry when it is managed in its advanced stage. For pork industry to continue prospering, the study recommends establishment of reliable futures market to provide partial income risk insurance to producers whose output is risky.

Investigation of Ebolavirus exposure in pigs presented for slaughter in Uganda.

In 2008, an outbreak of Reston ebolavirus (RESTV) in pigs in the Philippines expanded our understanding of the host range of ebolaviruses. Subsequent experimental infections with the human‐pathogenic species Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) confirmed that pigs are susceptible to African species of ebolaviruses. Pig keeping has become an increasingly important livelihood strategy throughout parts of sub‐Saharan Africa, driven by increasing demand for pork. The growth in pig keeping is particularly rapid in Uganda, which has the highest per capita pork consumption in East Africa and a history of sporadic human outbreaks of Ebola virus disease (EVD). Using a systematic sampling protocol, we collected sera from 658 pigs presented for slaughter in Uganda between December 2015 and October 2016. Forty‐six pigs (7%) were seropositive based on ELISA tests at two different institutions. Seropositive pigs had antibodies that bound to Sudan NP (n = 27), Zaire NP (Kikwit; n = 8) or both NPs (n = 11). Sera from 4 of the ELISA‐positive pigs reacted in Western blot (EBOV NP = 1; RESTV NP = 2; both NPs = 2), and one sample had full neutralizing antibody against Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV) in virus neutralization tests. Pigs sampled in June 2016 were significantly more likely to be seropositive than pigs sampled in October 2016 (p = .03). Seropositive pigs were sourced from all regions except Western region. These observed temporal and spatial variations are suggestive of multiple introductions of ebolaviruses into the pig population in Uganda. This is the first report of exposure of pigs in Uganda to ebolaviruses and the first to employ systematic abattoir sampling for ebolavirus surveillance during a non‐outbreak period. Future studies will be necessary to further define the role pigs play (if any) in ebolavirus maintenance and transmission so that potential risks can be mitigated.

A New Equilibrium Strategy of Supply and Demand for the Supply Chain of Pig Cycle

The pig market had experienced a cycle of price rise and fall, also known as the “pig cycle.” This paper analyzes the fluctuation relationship between pig price, pig supply, and pork demand, constructs a system dynamics model of the pig industry by decomposing the structure of the pig supply chain, and then discusses the causes of “pig cycle,” as well as the supply chain management strategy and industrial policy, to stabilize the pig industry market. Research shows that reducing the cost of pig breeding, countercyclical adjustment, and government macrocontrol can effectively reduce the fluctuation of pig prices. Among them, reducing the pig breeding cost is the most effective long-term strategy to stabilize the pig price.

PORCINE CYSTICERCOSIS RISKS: AWARENESS, ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS ON SAFETY PRACTICES AMONG FARMERS, BUTCHER-OWNERS AND CONSUMERS IN WESTERN KENYA.

Background:The demand for pork is increasing in Africa with the increasing need for animal protein in the household diets. But pork safety and quality remains a pervasive concern that needs intervention to assure consumers of protection from Porcine Cysticercosis (PC) contamination. This study assessed among farmers, butcher-owners and consumers in Western Kenya about their awareness, attitudes and perceptions about safety practices regarding risk of PC.Materials and Methods:Data were obtained using structured questionnaires in cross-sectional survey interviews with 162 farmers, 26 butcher-owners and 92 consumers from Busia and Kakamega Counties. The data were in binary response, so were analyzed with Chi - square test.Results:Only two in ten farmers had knowledge of Taenia solium parasite (24.1%), risk factors in PC transmission (21.6%) and could associate pig management system with PC (17.3%). A larger proportion (p<0.01) of the butcher owners perceived pork from slaughter slabs (76.9%) and home slaughters (73.1%) as presenting high risks but considered pork from the butcheries (69.1%) and eateries (61.5%) as presenting no risks. Among the consumers, majority strongly agreed (p<0.05) that pork in the market (85.9%), from slaughter slabs (92.4%) and butchery (81.5%) was safe but a larger proportion strongly disagreed that pork from the eateries exposed them to cysticercosis (64.1%).Conclusion:The awareness about risks of PC was low among farmers. Butcher-owners and consumers perceived pork safety differently along the value chain. Strengthening public education about PC risks and pork safety among all actors in the pork value chain in Western Kenya is recommended.

Pig-Breeding Management in the Early Medieval Stronghold at Mikulčice (Eighth–Ninth Centuries, Czech Republic)

ABSTRACT The archaeozoological analysis sets point to the vital role of pigs in the subsistence economy of Early Medieval Mikulčice, an important Great Moravian centre (Czech Republic). The results of slaughtering distribution analyses indicate that pigs were a meat source for a consumer population. Analyses of stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon suggest that the demand for pork was predominantly met by animals raised by extensive husbandry. . In addition to extensive breeding, small-scale household rearing was also documented. The assumed length of the fattening period represented a more important factor for δ15N values. It has been determined that pigs that were slaughtered at the latest after two years consumed protein-richer fodder when the roots of their third molars were formed. By contrast, the collagen of pigs that were expected from the outset to be used for long-term breeding shows lower values of the isotope in question. It has also been corroborated that the root dentine collagen of domestic pigs from the bailey has slightly higher average δ15N values compared to the collagen of pigs from the acropolis. Such a difference may be explained by different husbandry management techniques having been applied within a single settlement.

PSVIII-37 Estimation of genetic parameters for novel meat quality and carcass traits in Duroc pigs

Abstract In recent years, swine breeding programs have turned their selection attentions from focusing mostly on growth, feed efficiency and percent fat towards including meat quality and carcass traits with aims to efficiently produce nutritious and tasty meat to attend a growing demand for pork. In this context, the success of genetic selection for such traits relies on several factors, especially the heritability (h2) of the traits included in the selection indexes. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate genetic parameters for seven meat quality and carcass traits in Duroc pigs, including: meat lightness (L*), loin pH (pH), marbling (MARB), untrimmed belly weight (UBLW), untrimmed ham weight (UHW), untrimmed loin weight (ULW), and untrimmed shoulder weight (USW). Phenotypic measurements were collected on 2,857 purebred Duroc gilts from a Terminal Sire line. The pedigree-based relationship matrix included 5,316 animals and genetic parameters were estimated using univariate models under the REML approach. The traits studied here were shown to be moderately to highly heritable (h2 estimates were 0.32, 0.42, 0.47, 0.35, 0.24, 0.28, and 0.28 for L*, pH, MARB, UBLW, UHW, ULW, and USW, respectively). Our findings suggest that these traits are under genetic control, and thus, they can be genetically improved if included in selection schemes. The next step will be to estimate the genetic correlation between those traits (among themselves and with other traits), as well as alternatives to efficiently incorporate these traits in the selection indexes.

A method to estimate the environmental impacts from genetic change in pig production systems

PurposeThe environmental impacts (EIs) of the global pig production sector are expected to increase with increasing global pork demand. Although the pig breeding industry has made significant progress over the last decades in reducing its EI, previous work has been unable to differentiate between the improvements made through management improvements from those caused by genetic change. Our study investigates the effect of altering genetic components of individual traits on the EI of pig systems.MethodsAn LCA model, with a functional unit of 1 kg live weight pig, was built simulating an intensive pig production system; inputs of feed and outputs of manure were adjusted according to genetic performance traits. Feed intake was simulated with an animal energy requirement model. A correlation matrix of the genetic variance and correlations of traits was pooled from data on commercial pig populations in the literature. Three sensitivity analyses were applied: one-at-a-time sensitivity analysis (OAT) used the genetic standard deviations, clusters-of-traits sensitivity analysis (COT) used the genetic standard deviations and clustering based on correlations, and the sensitivity index (SI) applied the full correlation matrix. Five EI categories were considered: global warming potential, terrestrial acidification potential, freshwater eutrophication potential, land use, and fossil resource scarcity.Results and discussionThe different EI categories showed similar behaviour for each trait in the sensitivity analyses. OAT showed up to 18% change in EI relative to baseline for energy maintenance and around 3% change in EI relative to baseline for most other traits. COT grouped traits into a grower/finisher cluster (up to 17% change relative to baseline), a reproductive cluster (up to 7% change relative to baseline), and a sow robustness cluster (up to 2% change relative to baseline), all clusters including negative correlations between traits. By including genetic correlations, the SI went from being influenced by maintenance, and finisher and gilt growth rate into solely being dominated by maintenancen and protein-to-lipid ratio responsible for above 0.8 and 0.35 of the variance in EI respectively.ConclusionsWe developed a novel methodology for evaluating EIs of changes in correlated genetic traits in pigs. We found it was essential to include correlations in the sensitivity analysis, since the local and global sensitivity analyses were not affected to the same extend by the same traits. Further, we found that finisher growth rate, body protein-to-lipid ratio, and energy maintenance could be important in reducing EI, but mortalities and sow robustness had little effect.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PIG FARMING SYSTEM IN THE BRUYADORI DISTRICT BIAK NUMFOR REGENCY

Bruyadori District Biak Numfor Regency is one of areas that supply pigs to several regions in Papua. One of the regions supplied is Nabire Regency. Pigs have a high economic value in Papuan society, because pigs can be used as savings, are very useful in customs events in Papua (paying fines, dowry) and demand for pork increases at ecclesiastical events (Christmas and Easter). This research is expected to provide an overview of the characteristics of pig farming systems in Bruyadori District, Biak Numfor District. The research method used is descriptive research method with case study techniques, the case in this study was farmers. There were 30 respondents who were taken to get data. Pig farmers in Bruyadori District are 100% Biak or Papuan indigenous tribes, and judging from their education background, it is still very low mostly only have elementary and junior high school diploma but the experience of breeding is very good, about 20 - 40 years, whereas the purpose of raising livestock as a side business, farmers have a main job as farmers and fishermen so the number of livestock ownership is still less than 1-5 pigs because the number of livestock is influenced by the number of litter size and farowing rate which is very low every year, about 1-5 pigs and the number of sow that is productive is only 1 sow. Farmers in the Bruyadori District provide feed still from the garden and household waste or food scraps from the kitchen. The maintenance system applied is an extensive and intensive maintenance system.Keywords: Bruyadori District, Biak Tribe, Pigs, Maintenance System

Porcine Anti-viral Immunity: How Important Is It?

Pork has become the number one meat consumed worldwide. Meeting the demand for pork has forced the revolution of swine production from traditional husbandry practices that involved a few pigs or small herds to intensive concentration of swine raised in multisite production systems. This dramatic change has made the production of pork very efficient, but it has also changed the ecology of many swine diseases, may encourage the emergence of new diseases, and amplifies the economic impact of swine diseases. Sustained treatment of diseases in livestock production is not feasible making prevention of disease a priority. Prevention of livestock diseases involves eliminating exposure to pathogens and anti-viral strategies to prevent or reduce clinical disease. For some swine diseases, efficacious vaccines can be made, however, for other diseases the host/pathogen relationship is more complex and efficacious vaccines are not available. Given the increasing demand for pork, the development of new approaches to improve swine anti-viral immunity is critical. Rate-limiting steps to improving vaccines are understanding how the pathogen interacts with the host's immune system, any immunopathology resulting from such interactions and how the host's immune system resolves the infection. Solving this puzzle will require sustained research and may require new technologies to battle contemporary diseases now wreaking havoc in swine production systems around the world. This Special Issue will focus on current swine viral diseases that are the most challenging to the global production of pork with contributions focusing on anti-viral immunity.

103 Research needs for the development of the pork industry

Abstract Global demand for pork and pork products is increasing, as is competitive pressure throughout the industry. Therefore, pork producers and processors must continue to become more efficient and innovative while focusing on evolving consumer demands. To do so, a strong research focus is needed by all involved. Traditionally, academia has focused its research on the basic science, while industry has worked to apply that scientific information into everyday practice. In the future, academia and industry will need to align to develop understanding, tools, and technology that are both meaningful for everyday use and practical to implement in production and genetic improvement programs. Understanding the fundamental biology of skeletal muscle and the interaction with the environment is the foundation, and this includes an understanding of embryonic development all the way through aging of fresh pork products. We must better understand both the pre-slaughter factors influencing the conversion of muscle to meat as well as the post-mortem biochemistry that underlies pork quality development. Moreover, a method of grading pork quality at line speeds of near 1500 / hr, and with traits that guarantee an enjoyable eating experience, will cement pork as the meat of choice to the consumer. Lastly, genetic improvement is allowing pigs to grow faster and heavier than ever, while still maintaining leanness and desirable eating quality. However, heavier pigs are often met with resistance by the processor and consumer as traditional cuts simply become “too big” for the average portion. New methods of cutting and processing a pork carcass, and increased understanding of whole muscle cut profiles that can be turned into new and exciting products for the consumer, are a major key to unlocking the total value of the pig for future producers and consumers alike.

Participatory innovation analysis along livestock value chains: Case of swine value chain in Benin

Rural poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa remains a huge challenge despite the successive agricultural development policies, most of which have failed to involve stakeholders actively. The present rise of pork demand in Benin calls for an assessment of the swine value chain (VC) to envision its development. A participatory approach is here proposed to join this assessment to a stimulation of innovation among stakeholders. The approach is divided in four stages: i) identification of actors and direct links along the VC, ii) characterisation of innovation practices, iii) identification of bottlenecks and opportunities using innovation system framework, and iv) measurement of agreement among VC actors about constraints and value-added sharing, using proportional piling tool. A second survey, two full years after the first one, assessed the impact of actions conducted with VC actors. A typological analysis of innovation practices was conducted to define “innovation profiles” among each of the three main categories of actors: swine stockbreeders (n = 134), pork butchers (n = 45) and input suppliers (n = 25). Three innovation profiles were retained for each category, which may be understood as covering 2 distinct innovator profiles and one non-innovator profile. The profiles qualified as “innovators” accounted for 82%, 84%, and 76%, respectively in stockbreeders, pork butchers and input suppliers. The lack of professionalisation appeared to actors as the main constraint. The Kendall's coefficient of concordance (W) indicated that actors agreed to state that pork butchers gained the most part of the value-added, followed by input suppliers. The second survey showed favorable impacts of the approach and follow-up activities on exchanges and organisation within the VC. It is here advocated that the present participatory method, while characterising the value-chain in a rapid way, further sets the basis for the dialogue between actors and the stimulation of innovation along the VC, which can be further sustained through an exchange platform.

Socio-economic drivers of pig production and their effects on achieving sustainable development goals in China

ABSTRACTUnderstanding changes in livestock production and their relationship with socio-economic and environmental impacts is important for exploring the pathways towards sustainable development goals (SDGs) of food systems. We used pig production in China as a case study to evaluate how socio-economic indicators influence pig production and nutrient losses using the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) and Gini index. The recent acceleration in pig production is driven by an increase in average consumption of pig products per capita and government policies that support new pig production systems. The relationship between the rapid growth of worldwide pig production and its environmental impacts can be described using the EKC. The turning point in the EKC, i.e. the average income at which environmental degradation starts to decrease, is estimated to be USD 15–35 000 per capita when the pig production density is greater than 5.0 head per hectare of arable land. China’s pig production has not yet reached the EKC turning point; however, given the uneven distribution of pig production systems and supply chains (feed and water) and the limited land availability for utilizing manure nutrients, the continued increasing demand for pork in China will inevitably result in continued environmental degradation. The EKC turning point should be reached earlier than the global average level, especially as environmental regulation has been reinforced since 2014. Future government policies and regulations that optimize geographical locations for sustainable pig production (i.e. better spatial planning) and support improved manure nutrient management at both regional and farm levels are required.

Competitive Analyses of the Pig Industry in Swaziland

Over recent decades, Swaziland’s pork industry has been stagnant, failing to meet the domestic demand for pork. It is only in recent years that the number of pig farmers has increased rapidly, with smallholder farmers taking the lead. However, while higher demand for pork could lead to opportunities for growth, with uncertain future markets, increased pig production capacity could subject farmers to extreme market competition and failure to sell their produce. This study used a survey and SWOT analysis to assess the current pig production and market performance of smallholder farms in Swaziland. To quantify SWOT factors, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to derive priorities for subsequent formulation of potential pig production strategies that are resilient both to market and climate changes. Strategy formulation was based on Porter’s cost leadership strategy. The findings revealed that, currently, the pig industry is attractive, and that the present is probably the best time for smallholder farmers to maximize their profits. Unfortunately, the industry was found to be threatened by the expected increase in production capacity, future market competition, and the socio-environmental challenges associated with expansion. Despite this, the findings suggest that smallholder farmers can survive future market challenges by strategically using agro-industrial by-products as alternative feed ingredients to reduce production cost. The formation of farmers’ associations could benefit smallholder farmers through economies of scale, processing and product value addition, and increased access to markets, and unity could strengthen their position in the market when bargaining for better prices.

Marketing Margin Analysis and Profits of Pork Retailers in Traditional Markets of Gunungsitoli City

The demand for pork is related to the supply provided by the market, as well as the ability of farmers and marketing agencies to market livestock products to consumers. Traders plays an important role in determining the sale price of meat and meat offerings. Therefore, research is conducted to find out the marketing process and profit obtained by the final institution. This research was conducted in traditional market of Gunungsitoli City from April to May 2018. The method used in data collection is purposive sampling.In this study, traders who were sampled amounted to 16 people. Analysis includes marketing margins, farmers share, profit pork sharers traders. The results show that there are two marketing channels. Margin on channel two is smaller than channel one. Larger farmers share through two marketing channels is on channel one. Average profit of pork traders for one month per person is Rp.16.699.664,1. Capital factors, working hours, trading experience and the amount of labor affect the profits.

Variability of Fresh Pork Belly Quality Evaluation Results Depends on Measurement Locations

The increase in pork demand has led to an especially high increase in demand for precisely quality-defined bellies. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of quality measurement location on the pork belly on the results of qualitative evaluation and then to recommend the main measurement locations required to determine the precise quality evaluation of the whole cut. The research material consisted of 92 fresh pork belly samples, each divided on 12 testing locations. The highest pH values were noted for M2 (5.74), M1 (5.70), and D3 (5.69) locations, as well as A4 (5.53; P ≤ 0.05) generating the most outliers. Location D2 was distinguished by generally obtaining the highest values for parameters L*, b*, C*, and H* and the lowest for a*; this was independent of the measurement side. The highest water holding capacity values were reported for D4 and D3 locations, and the lowest (about 7% lower than the maximal values) were obtained for A4 and A2 locations. The highest values for the cooking loss parameter were noted for D4, D1, and M4 (about 33%) locations, and the lowest values were observed for location M2 (only 22%). In the case of sensory evaluation between the analyzed locations, differences (P ≤ 0.05) were recorded for all parameters. It is recommended to evaluate belly quality using one location: A1 and M3 are most accurate. The highest position in the ranking for processing quality parameters was occupied by the middle locations: M4, M1, and M3. However, when consumers ranked important quality parameters, the highest positions were given to location A1 and then D3 and M2. From a practical point of view, it is highly recommended to take quality parameters from location A1, which is much easier to obtain, and obtaining samples from this location leads to the least damage to the structure of the whole commercial cut.