Pore Diameter Research Articles

Observation of Nine Types of Spinach Pollen Morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a dioecious, wind-pollinated, and important green leafy vegetable that is widely cultivated worldwide. The characteristics of spinach pollen remain unclear. Herein, we investigated the pollen microscopic morphology of nine spinach genotypes by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Because pollen grains of spinach are isodiametric and spheroidal, the following data for the pollen properties were observed: the maximum diameter of the pollen (27.66–33.05 um), pore diameter max (1.26–2.57 um), the number of visible pores (30–44), the density of pore elements/100 μm2 (4.33–11.00), and the density of spinule elements/10 μm2 (4.00–5.33). These are useful characteristics in distinguishing the species. Furthermore, by applying the cluster analysis method, based on key components, nine varieties are categorized into two main classes. These results provide a useful reference for the classification and identification of different spinach varieties.

Preparation and Characterization of Sulfonated CaO Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil

Biodiesel production depends on raw materials. Low-quality oils, such as cooking oil, crude palm oil, and sludge oil, are used to reduce costs, and they contain free fatty acids (FFA) and water. Soap can be produced when using the alkaline catalyst during transesterification. In this work, the sulfonation method prepared the esterification of waste cooking oil by sulfonated CaO as a bifunctional catalyst. The sulfonated CaO catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), temperature-programmed desorption of carbon dioxide and ammonia (TPD), BET surface area, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was observed that the specific surface area, pore volume, and pore diameter of the CaO increased after being sulfonated with a 2 M sulfuric acid solution. It showed a high total surface acidity and basicity, 7.22 and 3.86 mmol/g, respectively. The optimal FFA conversion (84.94 %) from the waste cooking oil was acquired at a reaction temperature of 65 ˚C, a 9:1 MeOH: Oil molar ratio, and 5 wt% catalyst loading for a 3 h reaction time. The 2 M sulfonated CaO catalyst can be reused twice with a high FFA conversion without further treatment under optimized reaction conditions. The 2 M sulfonated CaO catalyst has potential treatment for biodiesel production from high-FFA oils due to its lower production cost and high catalytic activity.

Synthesis of porous carbon xerogel adsorbents with tailored hierarchical porosity and morphology for the selective removal of sulfamethoxazole from water.

In this work, pellet-type carbon xerogel adsorbents (CXCs) were synthesized through sol-gel polymerization of resorcinol (R) and formaldehyde (F) using Cs2CO3 (Cs) as a catalyst for the removal of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a hazardous water pollutant. The R/Cs ratio was varied at 100, 500, 1000, and 2000 (denoted CXCs100, CXCs500, CXCs1000, and CXCs2000), resulting in CXCs with a well-defined hierarchical porous structure composed of interconnected spherical particles. Increasing the R/Cs ratio led to larger spherical particle sizes, with pore diameters ranging from 60.7 to 126.6nm, providing accessible and low flow resistance macroporosity. The maximum adsorption capacity was achieved in the CXCs100 sample (87.8mg/g), which decreased with increasing R/Cs ratios due to a reduction in total pore volume and meso and macropore areas, indicating that adsorption occurred in macropores and wide mesopores, driven by π-π dispersive interactions. CXCs500 emerged as the optimal adsorbent, with a favorable adsorption capacity (72.0mg/g) and adequate rigidity (315.9MPa) to prevent adsorbent breakdown. The adsorption capacity decreased with increasing pH due to electrostatic interactions, and increased with temperature, indicating an endothermic process.

Highly Ordered Bimodal Mesoporous Carbon from ABC Triblock Terpolymers with Phenolic Resol.

Mesoporous carbons (MPCs) with a bimodal distribution of pore diameters are more advantageous than their monomodal counterparts for applications in adsorption, catalysis, and drug delivery systems; however, reports on their fabrication remain limited. In this study, we successfully fabricated bimodal MPCs using a soft template method with poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) (PTFEMA)-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP)-b-polystyrene (PS) and resol. The blend samples formed microphase-separated structures comprising PTFEMA spheres, PS cylinders, and matrix domains composed of P4VP and resol, leading to the separation of the PTFEMA and PS domains. The P4VP and resol matrix domains were carbonized at a high temperature of 900 °C, whereas the PTFEMA and PS domains were thermally decomposed. This process resulted in bimodal MPCs with both spherical and cylindrical mesopores. The pore diameters calculated using scanning electron microscopy were approximately 10 and 30 nm, while nitrogen adsorption measurements indicated a large specific surface area with a bimodal pore distribution.

Enhancing the porosity of biphasic calcium phosphate using polyethylene glycol as the porogen for bone regeneration applications

Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) has been used as a material to support bone grafting, repair, recovery, and regeneration over the past decades. However, the inherent weakness of BCP is its low porosity, which limits the infiltration, differentiation, and proliferation of bone cells. To address this issue, porous BCP was synthesized using polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1000 with weight ratio ranging from 20%-60% in BCP as the porogen through the powder-forming method. Analytical methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy were used to demonstrate the purity, morphology and functional groups on the material surface of the obtained BCP samples. Structurally, the BCP sample with 60% PEG, named B60, possessed the highest porosity of 71% and its pore diameters ranging from 5 to 75 µm. Besides, thein vitrobiocompatibility of B60 material have been demonstrated on the L929 cell line (90% cell viability) and simulated body fluid (apatite formation after 1 d). These results suggested that B60 should be further studied as a promising artificial material for bone regenerating applications.

Predicting Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier Saturation In Dehydrogenation Cell Gas Diffusion Layers For Hydrogen Storage

Dehydrogenating methylcyclohexane (MCH) as a liquid organic hydrogen carrier offers a promising method for producing stored hydrogen. However, the transport properties of the gas diffusion layers (GDLs) in dehydrogenation cells (D‐cells) have not yet been optimized for high reactant saturation at the GDL‐catalyst layer (CL) interface, which is crucial for increasing hydrogen production. We apply pore network modeling (PNM) to quantify the anisotropic transport properties and local saturation of MCH in GDLs with distinct microstructures. We demonstrate that GDLs with larger mean pore diameters and lower tortuosity exhibit higher MCH permeability and diffusivity. Moreover, a high porosity at the GDL‐CL interface increases MCH saturation (from 0.05 to 0.11), highlighting the impact of local GDL porosity on MCH supply to the catalyst. The results of the invasion percolation simulation revealed that smaller pore sizes led to a longer MCH transport pathway to the GDL‐CL interface, thereby reducing MCH saturation at this interface (by more than twofold), which hinders reactant availability for hydrogen production. Therefore, we recommend a GDL that combines large pores for efficient MCH flow and small pores close to the CL for liquid retention to enhance MCH utilization in the anode of D‐cell, particularly at high current densities.

Effect of ball milling on bulk MoS2 and the development of Al–MoS2 nanocomposites by powder metallurgy route

Abstract The present study provides an in-depth investigation of the exfoliation of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) using high-energy ball milling and the subsequent development of aluminum‒molybdenum disulfide (Al–MoS2) nanocomposites via a powder metallurgy (PM) route. X-ray diffraction confirmed that the commercially available bulk MoS2 did not develop new phases after intense ball milling for up to 30 h. The effects of ball milling on the thermal stability and morphological changes in MoS2 powder have also been reported. The milling action caused a shift in the band gap of MoS2, from 1.2 to 1.44 eV due to quantum confinement phenomena confirmed by UV–visible absorption spectroscopy. The impacts of ball milling on the specific surface area and mean pore diameter of MoS2 were determined by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis technique. Additionally, the investigation through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy verifies the presence of functional groups, such as hydroxyl (O–H), alkane (C–H), and ether (C–O), on the MoS2 surface. The milling resulted in a significant reduction in particle size from an initial mean size of 1.2 µm–480 nm. Field emission scanning electron microscopy micrographs of the exfoliated MoS2 revealed a thin, cracked, and flake-like morphology. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images revealed that the high-energy ball milling resulted in few-layered MoS2 nanoplatelets after 30 h of ball milling. Subsequently, the investigation extended its focus to the development of Al–MoS2 nanocomposites using the PM route, incorporating MoS2 into the Al matrix at different weight percentages (1, 2, 3, and 5 wt.%). Al-5 wt.% MoS2 nanocomposite showed the highest relative density of 93.09 %, the maximum hardness of 743.6 MPa, and the best wear performance among all the Al–MoS2 nanocomposites. The hardness of Al-5 wt.% MoS2 nanocomposite was 109.11 % higher than that of the pure Al sample developed similarly. A maximum compressive strength (σ max) of 494.67 MPa was observed in Al-5 wt.% MoS2 nanocomposite, which was 1.84 times the value of σ max obtained from sintered pure Al sample.

Synthesis of biochar and its metal oxide composites and application on next sustainable electrodes for energy storage devices

Biochar materials have been applied in energy storage due to their unique properties, such as high storage of ions, high conductivity, chemical stability and ease of production. Combining it with the high specific capacitance could be a promising strategy to develop devices and improve the properties. Through a hydrothermal technique the biochar powders were synthesized from sugarcane biomass. An acid pretreatment was carried out before and after the graphitization process aiming to obtain carbon materials with high surface area and porosity. The morphological characterization reveals powders with pores of submicrometer diameter. For the pure biochar it was determined a superficial area of 477.66 m2.g−1 with a median pore size of 42.92 Å and a pore volume of 0.21 cm3.g−1. A carbon-based paste was then prepared to deposit on nickel foam and obtain the electrodes. In a 3-electrode system characterization, biochar has showed higher specific capacitance than the metal oxide composites due to higher surface area and higher medium pore diameter. It was calculated a resistance of 2.7 Ω, a capacitance of 446 mF.g−1, a power density of 46.2 W.kg−1 and an energy density of 1.8 W.h.kg−1. These results indicate the potential use of biochar-based electrodes with high electrical conductivity and improved surface area to obtain higher capacitance properties for development of advanced devices.

Calculation of the Limiting Pore Diameter Qualifying the Pore as a Capillary Under Conditions of Centrifugal Drying of Sediments

Calculation of the Limiting Pore Diameter Qualifying the Pore as a Capillary Under Conditions of Centrifugal Drying of Sediments

Electrospun herbal extract‐loaded poly (3-hydroxy butyric acid-co-3-hydroxy valeric acid) nanofiber mats as potential wound dressing materials

Electrospun nanofiber mats have aroused intensive attraction for the design and development of innovative wound dressing materials, due to their high specific surface area and porosity, great air permeability, and excellent extracellular matrix (ECM) imitativeness. In this study, piezoelectric poly (3-hydroxy butyric acid-co-3-hydroxy valeric acid) (PHBV) was electrospun into nanofibers, and two different concentrations of herbal extract, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge-Radix Puerariae herbal compound (SRHC), were loaded into PHBV nanofibers during the electrospinning process for constructing novel wound dressings with multiple functions. All the generated PHBV mats loading with or without SRHC were observed to be constructed with randomly oriented nanofibers with the diameters ranging from 200nm to 900nm, and the mean fiber diameter and mean pore size presented an increased trend with the addition of SRHC. The average fiber diameter and mean pore size of PHBV nanofiber mat loading with 5% SRHC was determined to be 649.6±242.1nm and 2.1±0.4 μm, respectively. The addition of SRHC was found to significantly enhance the surface hydrophilicity of as-generated PHBV nanofiber mats that was changed to be hydrophilic from hydrophobic, while maintain the high mechanical properties and piezoelectric properties originated from the main polymer, i.e., PHBV. Importantly, all the nanofiber mats exhibited great biological properties, and the nanofiber mat with high SRHC content was demonstrated to significantly improve the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory performances, as well as promote the adhesion and proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts. The present studies demonstrated pronounced advantages of SRHC-PHBV-5% nanofiber mats to be used as potential wound dressing materials for the wound treatment.

A new fractal permeability model for the dual-porous medium with a bundle of rough tree-like fracture networks

Shale gas reservoirs are typical dual-porous media where complex pore structures and fracture networks significantly impact gas transport. However, accurately predicting permeability in such media, especially complex fracture networks, remains challenging. The complex fracture network is modeled as of a bundle of rough tree-like fracture networks. The proposed permeability model comprehensively describes the structural characteristics of pores and fractures in shale gas reservoirs, including the fractal distribution of pore diameters and fracture apertures, the rough surface, and branching characteristics of fracture networks. Then, the model's accuracy is validated using reliable experimental permeability data. This model accurately predicts gas permeability and effectively describes gas transport characteristics in shale gas reservoirs with rough tree-like fracture networks. Each parameter has a clear physical meaning and avoids the use of empirical constants. Finally, sensitivity analyses are conducted to explore the effects of structural parameters on the permeability of dual-porous media. The results show that the permeability K of dual-porous media decreases exponentially with the increase in tortuosity fractal dimension Dtp of pores and surface fractal dimension Df of fractures, while it increases as a power function with increasing pore diameter fractal dimension Dp and fracture aperture fractal dimension Dh. The structural parameters of rough tree-like fracture networks significantly impact the permeability of dual-porous media. Increasing the aperture ratio γ, reducing the length ratio β, branching levels m, and the branching angles θ can significantly reduce gas flow resistance, decrease fluid kinetic energy loss, and increase the permeability of dual-porous media. This theoretical model is significant for enhancing permeability models of dual-porous media in shale gas reservoirs, offering reliable theoretical support for understanding gas migration and optimizing shale gas extraction.

Development of a novel emulsified asphalt enhanced steel slag-based geopolymer foamed concrete

Steel slag-based geopolymer foamed concrete (SSGFC) provide a promising value-added and carbon-neutral strategy for the re-utilization of SS, and the strength and physical properties of SSGFC are essential to its practical application. Therefore, this study proposes to use emulsified asphalt (EA) to improve the pore structure, compressive strength, water resistance and thermal insulation properties SSGFC. Firstly, different contents of EA were added into the foaming solution to prepare modified foam, and then SSGFC samples were prepared by using modified foam and steel slag-based geopolymer. The fresh properties, microstructure, pore structure, reaction products and physical properties of SSGFC samples were investigated. The results indicate that EA can reduce the fluidity and settlement value of the paste and increase the setting time. The addition of EA leads to a decrease in hydration products, but it can reduce the average pore diameter of the SSGFC and improve its pore diameter distribution. The SSGFC sample prepared by modified foam with 10 % EA showed the best physical properties. Compared with the control group, its compressive strength increased by 21.4 %, water absorption decreased by 16.5 %, and thermal conductivity decreased by 31.3 %. Therefore, EA shows significant potential to enhance the performance of SSGFC, thus providing reliable support for its practical applications.

Thermohydraulic performance optimization of integrated porous pin fins in microchannel heat sink using shape optimization coupled with NSGA

Micro porous heat sink (MPHS) with enhanced heat transfer performance faces higher pressure drop challenges than conventional heat sinks. Practical applications of MPHS are recently investigated focusing on basic structures. But explorations on complex structures and their performance enhancement are limited. Moreover, the heat conductivity along channel height direction needs further enhancement. To address the problems and extend porous fin designs, we propose a brand-new bionic integrated porous pin fin in MPHS. Procedures of shape optimization coupled with NSGA are applied to the porous fin design. The objective is chosen as figure of merit (FOM) regarding integrated pin fin spacing, solid sub pin fin spacing, and porous zone diameter. This novel method in MPHS investigation helps to find the optimal geometric parameter combination and counter-intuitive design. Then, a detailed performance comparative analysis for the optimized structure is conducted. The results show improvement ratio ranges of FOM are 18.79–––21.65%, 71.84–––108.72%, and 212.7–––231.5%, compared to non-optimized, partially-filled, and fully-filled structures, respectively. This work indicates that the innovative design attains significant energy efficiency improvement, and the novel method is feasible for comprehensive optimization.

Efficient hybrid supercapacitor performance enabled by large surface area of 2D mesoporous zinc sulfide nano-sheets synthesized via microwaves

Researchers have shown a significant amount of interest in synthesizing high energy density supercapacitors using a simplest, fast, and low cost technique. The electrochemical performance of supercapacitors can be impacted by the surface area and morphology of electrode materials. A one-step, rapid, and economical microwave-assisted synthesis technique was employed in this study in order to prepare mesoporous nanosheets that are composed of zinc sulfide. The ZnS-based nanosheets possess a large surface area of ∼120 m2g−1 and a mesoporous structure of a pore diameter of <22 nm, which offers numerous electrochemical active sites and it facilitates an excellent super capacitive performance, which is due to its shortened ion/electron diffusion path. The prepared mesoporous nanosheets exhibit a higher specific capacitance of 2282 Fg−1 (1037 C/g) when subjected to a 1 Ag−1 in 2 M KOH aqueous electrolyte with high capability rate. The fabricated device exhibits a high specific capacitance of 252.5 Fg−1 (140 C/g) at 1 Ag−1, which produces a remarkable energy density of about 90 Whkg−1 at 800 Wkg−1 value of power density and an excellent retention of ∼95 % after 10,000 cycles at 6 Ag−1. This study designed an instant, straightforward and low-cost approach to fabricate ZnS nanosheet electrode materials that exhibit excellent performance for supercapacitor applications.

A method for measuring the critical pore diameter of a homogeneous microchannel separator based on image analysis and a simulation comparison of CFD-DEM

Fine particles being captured or escaping from particle beds (microchannel separator) is a widespread phenomenon, with the size and distribution of pores (microchannel) significantly affecting these phenomena. However, due to the complexity of the pore structure, accurately measuring and validating it poses challenges. This paper introduces a new method to calculate the critical pore diameter of homogeneous microchannel separators (three types of homogeneous separation media with particle sizes of 0.8 mm, 1.0 mm and 1.2 mm). Initially, particle bed units with a thickness twice the diameter of the separation media were captured from multiple orthogonal projection directions to obtain high-resolution images of the pore structure. Then, the Feret diameter distribution of the pores were analyzed to quantify pore size and distribution. Next, unresolved CFD-DEM method was used to simulate the capture of fine particles to optimize and supplement the results. The results show that the average Feret diameter of the pores differs by only 0.85 μm, 1.70 μm, and 2.46 μm from the simulation results, and it is noted that the critical pore diameter is approximately 0.153 times that of the separation media diameter, the numerical difference from the critical dimension ratio is only 0.0017. Additionally, when the diameter of the fine particles is 0.155 to 0.165 times the diameter of the separation media, the homogeneous microchannel separator exhibits the highest efficiency during the deep bed filtration process. The study also examines the separation of homogeneous fine particles at varying inlet liquid flow rates, which can offer theoretical guidance for analyzing the porosity of microchannel separators and the efficient removal of solid pollutants, thus contributing novel ideas to deep bed filtration research.

Thermal decomposition behavior and kinetic mechanism of waste phosphors during sodium hydroxide roasting

Waste phosphors are critical rare earth secondary resources, and their recycling can help alleviate the depletion of rare earth mineral resources. However, stable Al–Mg spinel structures exist in waste phosphors. The direct acid leaching method remains difficult to use for leaching cerium and terbium. In this paper, the waste phosphors were first pretreated via alkali roasting. NaOH was used as an alkali roasting agent, thus achieving the decomposition of the Al–Mg spinel structure. On the basis of thermodynamic calculations, thermal decomposition experiments were performed. The results showed that when the temperature was greater than 500°C, the waste phosphors could be decomposed into MgO, Eu2O3, Y2O3, CeO2, Tb4O7, NaAlO2, and BaO. The Ce3+ and Tb3+ in the waste phosphors were partially oxidized to Ce4+ and Tb4+, respectively, during the roasting process. The BET surface area and the average pore diameter for the roasted products also increased. Under the conditions of roasting temperature at 900°C, NaOH/sample mass ratio of 2.5, and roasting time of 150min, the leaching efficiencies of Y, Eu, Ce, and Tb could reach 99.4%, 99.1%, 98.5%, and 98.8%. The decomposition process of waste phosphors conformed to the unreacted shrinking core model. In addition, the conversion processes of Ce and Tb depended on the chemical reaction. The results may provide a new direction of development for the resource utilization of waste phosphors.

Modified gum ghatti based hybrid hydrogel nanocomposite as adsorbent material for dye removal from wastewater

A hybrid hydrogel nanocomposite based on the polysaccharide-gum ghatti, has been made and evaluated as an adsorbent material for wastewater treatment. The nanocomposite is composed of a network of gum ghatti-graft-poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid) with magnetite nanoparticles embedded within. This functional material Ggh-g-PAMPS/Fe3O4 has been characterized by FTIR, TGA, SEM, EDS, XRD, BET and VSM techniques. The presence of magnetite nanoparticles imparted superparamagnetic property to the adsorbent material enabling its easy separation after use with an external magnet. The characterization data indicated mesoporous nature of the nanocomposite adsorbent with mean pore diameter of 4.9 nm. The nanoparticles imparted high surface area to the adsorbent material the value being 4.7 m2g−1 based on nitrogen adsorption experiments. The suitability of the material as an adsorbent for removal of cationic dyes from water was checked with two cationic dyes namely, rhodamine 6G and methylene blue. The maximum adsorption capacity of the nanocomposite Ggh-g-PAMPS/Fe3O4 towards rhodamine 6G and methylene blue were observed to be 403.2 and 427.8 mg g−1 respectively from their individual solutions of concentration 500 mg L−1. The pH dependence on swelling and surface charge indicated medium of pH of 7.0 as the ideal condition for effective adsorption. Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo second order kinetic model are observed to be the most befitting models to describe adsorption. Further, the thermodynamic studies revealed the adsorption to be a spontaneous and endothermic process. The desorption study portrayed the reusability of the adsorbent material. The excellent adsorption performance and magnetic nature of the developed nanocomposite suggests its potential application as an adsorbent material in wastewater treatment.

Osteogenic potential of esculetin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles in microporous alginate/polyvinyl alcohol scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is an emerging strategy for the treatment of critical bone defects using biomaterials and cells. Esculetin (ES), a coumarin phytocompound, has demonstrated therapeutic potential, although its osteogenic effects remain insufficiently explored. Owing to its hydrophobic nature, which limits its bioavailability, this study developed a drug delivery system using chitosan nanoparticles (nCS) to achieve sustained release of ES. These ES-loaded nCS nanoparticles were incorporated into biocomposite scaffolds composed of alginate (Alg) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) using freeze-drying. The synthesized nCS-ES nanoparticles exhibited spherical morphology with a uniform size distribution, ranging from 105 to 117 nm, and demonstrated excellent entrapment efficiencies (94.07 to 97.61 %). The nanoparticles displayed high zeta potential values (+27.8 to +33.2 mV), ensuring stable dispersion. The biocomposite scaffolds exhibited a uniform distribution of pores, with pore diameters ranging from 106 ± 14 μm to 112 ± 14 μm. The biocomposite scaffolds exhibited excellent swelling, protein adsorption, biodegradation, and biomineralization properties. The ES-loaded scaffolds showed sustained ES release, promoting osteogenesis in vitro, with the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In vivo studies using a rat tibial bone defect model further confirmed that these scaffolds stimulated new bone formation, highlighting the ES's potential for BTE applications.

Correlation between surface wettability and fluid physics characteristics of lignite under compound solution regulation

The specific composition and ratio of the composite wetting agent will affect its dust reduction effect. Therefore, in order to study the effect of the composite wetting agent on the wettability and physical structure of lignite, the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate was selected and mixed with different concentrations of sodium chloride to obtain different concentrations of the composite wetting agent. The correlation between the fluid physical properties of these composite wetting agents and the wetting of lignite surfaces was comprehensively explored by contact angle measurement, surface tension analysis, and low-temperature liquid nitrogen adsorption experiments, and the potential effects on pore structure were investigated. The results showed that as the sodium chloride concentration increased, the surface tension, contact angle, adhesion work, and surface free energy of the composite solution decreased, while the diffusion coefficient increased. There was a high linear correlation between the pore diameter of coal and the contact angle (R2 = 0.955), which revealed the close relationship between the permeability behavior of the fluid in the coal pores and the physical structure of the coal body. In addition, composite wetting agents with high sodium chloride concentrations exhibited a specific pore expansion effect, which helped optimize the coal's pore distribution and thus promoted effective coal wetting. This study not only deepens our understanding of the role of fluid physics principles in dust removal technology but also provides an important theoretical basis for selecting suitable composite wetting agents and their optimal ratios.

Unraveling the modulation art of ordered nanomesh-like hydration product on fiber-cement interfaces: Insights from fishing net inspiration

The morphology of interface hydration products is crucial as it directly determines the interface mechanics. Inspired by the fishing nets, we employed photo-grafted active copolymer Poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-acrylic acid) on the inert glass fibers. Providing a template for PVP-co-PAA maintains its regulatory capability in cement paste. For the first time, ordered nanomesh-like hydrated calcium silicate (CSH) with average pore diameter of 30 nm are developed in cement paste. The interface strength and energy absorption increased by 90 % and 253 %, respectively. XPS and SEM revealed that the multi-scale regulation mechanisms originated from the preferential adsorption and stable dispersion of Ca2+ result from the strong electronegativity and steric hindrance of pyrrolidone rings. CSH nuclei (60 nm) dispersed well on fiber templates, stacked along fiber surfaces, without collapse or tilt, intertwined into nanomesh. Nanomesh-like CSH in cement paste holds significant potentials for the improvement of mechanical properties of fiber-cement interfaces, contributing to construction sustainability.