Pore Structure Of Carbon Research Articles

Construct a porous carbon structure 3D-NOPC doped with N and O as the sulfur main body for durable lithium-sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have consistently demonstrated high specific energy capacity and density, making them one of the most promising lithium-ion battery successors. However, the shuttle effect of polysulfide intermediates and the low conductivity of S/Li2S, greatly confine the Li-S battery applications. Herein, we utilized a one-step carbonization technique for synthesizing nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) double-doped three-dimensional porous carbon (3D-NOPC) to overcome these difficulties. One-step carbonization of sodium citrate combined with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) yields 3D nanoporous carbonaceous frameworks which achieve porosity for sulfur species accommodation and confinement effect simultaneously. The porous carbon structure of the 3D-NOPC host owns a huge surface area (490 m2 g−1) and pore volume (0.385 cm3 g−1) as well as a high N, O doping concentration (2.8 and 5.3 at%). The 3D-NOPC@S cathode delivers a reversible capacity of around 900 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C and a maintained capacity of 703 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles, in virtue of the confinement effect, polysulfides adsorption, and conductivity enhancement. The initial cyclic discharge specific capacity of the 3D-NOPC@S cathode is 617 mAh g−1 at 2 C rate, with a reversible capacity of 543 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles and superb cycling stability with an ultralow decay rate of 0.024% per cycle. This research uses hierarchical porous materials engineering to limit shuttle polysulfide moieties in sulfur host materials for efficient and stable Li-S batteries.

A leaf-like porous N-doped carbon structure embedded with CoS2 nanoparticles self-supported on carbon fiber paper as a cathode in flexible zinc–air batteries

Leaf-like porous N-doped carbon structures embedded with CoS2 nanoparticles self-supported on carbon fiber paper have excellent battery cycle stability in flexible zinc–air batteries.

Influence of ZIF-9 and ZIF-12 structure on the formation of a series of new Co/N-doped porous carbon composites as anode electrodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries.

A series of new Co/N-doped porous carbon composites, denoted as Co/CZIF-9 and Co/CZIF-12, containing Co nanoparticles encapsulated in nitrogen-doped carbon matrices were prepared by annealing Co-based zeolite imidazolate framework materials, ZIF-9 and ZIF-12, as the efficient precursors at different temperatures. The structural features of the as-synthesized composites at 900 °C were determined by analytical methods with high reliability. Consequently, Co/CZIF-12_900 exhibits a high first specific discharge capacity of 971.0 mA h g-1 at a current density of 0.1 A g-1. Notably, the specific discharge/charge capacity of Co/CZIF-12_900 reaches about 508.8 mA h g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 after 100 cycles. The outstanding behaviors can be accounted for by the efficient incorporation of hetero-nitrogen doping and the Co nanoparticles within the layered structure of porous carbon, enhancing electrical conductivity and structural stability and limiting volume change during the intercalation/deintercalation of Li+ ions. These findings suggest that the Co/CZIF-12_900 material could be employed as a promising anode electrode for energy storage products.

Characterization of quenched MD simulated porous carbon electrodes for supercapacitors

Energy storage devices are playing a significant role in reducing the harmful effects of global warming. Automobile manufacturers are already shifting towards electric vehicles (EVs) in order to curb vehicular pollution. One of the significant drawbacks of the current EV batteries lies in their power density which limits their application. Supercapacitors are a category of energy storage devices that keep excellent specific power capacity and can be used in a hybrid setup with Li-ion batteries in order to make EVs with longer life and rapid acceleration. Electrode porosity in supercapacitors performs a major role in defining their energy and power density. This work explores the quenched molecular dynamics (QMD) simulations followed by thorough characterization for understanding the bimodal pore size distribution (combination of micro- & mesopores) of a porous electrode structure for maintaining a high energy and power density. We performed simulations at various quench rates on porous carbon structures ranging from 600 K/ps to 5 K/ps. Once the porous structures obtained room temperature (300 K), we characterized it for its pore sizes that allow ions to move in and out of the pores during charging and discharging, respectively. The interconnected channeling method has been developed to identify the channel throats and their lengths for different cases of quench rates. Direct output of this study will help experimentalists in fabricating tunable porosity in order to achieve high energy density while maintaining a relatively good power density of supercapacitors.

Hierarchical porous-structured self-standing carbon nanotube electrode for high-power lithium–oxygen batteries

Hierarchical porous-structured carbon nanotube electrode with macro-sized interconnected pores was prepared. Lithium–oxygen batteries equipped with the electrode exhibited power densities over 4.0 mW cm−2.

Regulating the specific surface area and porous structure of carbon for high performance supercapacitors

The porous structure and specific surface area (SSA) of porous carbon are important factors affecting the performance of supercapacitors. However, it is still a great challenge to leverage the tradeoff between the SSA and mesopores to achieve both excellent capacitive and rate performance. Herein, we develop a facile pore- regulating strategy to integrate interconnected porous structure, large SSA and suitable mesopore volume in porous carbons. The co-pyrolysis of cotton stalks and oxidized coal can generate more defect sites, which is conducive to form a honeycomb-like morphology and reasonable porous structures in the following activation process. The integration of large SSA (1510 m2 g−1) and abundant mesopore volume (0.24 cm3 g−1) endow the optimal sample with a high capacitance (345 F g−1 @ 1 A/g), superior rate performance (69 % capacitance retention @ 50 A/g), and excellent long cyclic stability in 6 M KOH electrolyte. Moreover, the assembled symmetric supercapacitor exhibits a high energy density of 56 Wh kg−1 @ 741 W kg−1 in EMIM BF4. This work provides a simple strategy to tailor the morphology and structure of coal and biomass-derived porous carbon, and offers new insights into the tradeoff between SSA and mesopores for high performance supercapacitors.

Efficient CF4 adsorption on porous carbon derived from polyaniline

BackgroundAs a significant greenhouse gas emitted in large quantities from the electrolytic aluminum and semiconductor industries, tetrafluoromethane (CF4) has an extremely high global warming potential (GWP) and a fairly long atmospheric lifetime. MethodsIn this study, porous carbon was prepared via a thermochemical process involving the carbonization and K2CO3 activation of precursor polyaniline (PANI). The activation temperature (600–800 ℃) and K2CO3/carbonized PANI mass ratio (1–4) had significant influences on the porous structure and CF4 uptake of the PANI-derived porous carbon (PDC). Significant findingsThe prepared PDC-3-800 adsorbent exhibited the largest specific surface area (2268 m2 g−1) and highest pore volume (1.48 cm3 g−1), whereas PDC-2-700 adsorbent demonstrated the highest CF4 uptake of up to 2.16 mmol g−1 at 25 ℃ and 1 bar. Notably, CF4 uptake was predominantly dependent on the presence of narrow micropores with diameters below 0.9 nm at atmospheric pressure. The CF4 adsorption isotherms were well fitted by the dual-site Langmuir (DSL) model. Moreover, the isosteric heat of adsorption and CF4/N2 selectivity of PDCs were investigated. These experimental results demonstrate that PDCs with high CF4 adsorption capacity, excellent CF4/N2 selectivity, and good recyclability, have immense potential for practical CF4 capture applications.

FeNi coordination polymer based highly efficient and durable bifunction oxygen electrocatalyst for rechargeable zinc-air battery

In the current field of electrochemistry, it is still a great challenge to develop bifunction oxygen electrocatalysts with low cost, high activity and long-lasting durability for rechargeable metal-air batteries. In this research, an excellent electrocatalyst for both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which was composed of nanostructured FeNi alloy nanoparticles inlaid on N-doped GOs-tangled porous carbon matrix (FeNi/N-GPCM), was prepared by pyrolyzing the Ni2+ ion doped bimetallic Fe-Ni coordination polymer (CP) with graphene oxide (GO) as template in the presence of melamine. Owing to the multilayer porous carbon structure and strong synergistic coupling between N-doped carbon species and FeNi alloy, the prepared electrocatalyst exhibited better catalytic performance (half-wave potential of 0.883 V and overpotential of 310 mV) than commercial Pt/C and RuO2. In addition, the Zinc-air battery prepared by the as-obtained bifunction-catalyst has a small charge–discharge voltage gap of 0.85 V, a high energy efficiency of 58.45 %, and an excellent cycling performance (400 h) at 10 mA cm−2 under ambient conditions. This work provided a great promising non-noble metal based multifunctional electrocatalyst for the storage and conversion of renewable energy and was very conductive for the design and synthesis of new CP or metal organic framework (MOF)-based electrocatalysts in the future.

Structure regulated 3D flower-like lignin-based anode material for lithium-ion batteries and its storage kinetics

As a green sustainable material, lignin-derived porous carbon (LPC) exhibits great application potential when used as the anode material in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), but the applications are limited by the heterogeneity of the lignin precursor. Therefore, it is crucial to reveal the relationship among lignin properties, porous carbon structure and the kinetics of lithium-ion storage. Herein, LPCs from fractionated lignin have been prepared by an eco-friendly and recyclable activator. The structure of the LPCs was regulated by adjusting the molecular weight, linkage abundance and glass transition temperature (Tg) of lignin macromolecules. As the anode material of LIBs, the prepared 3D flower-like LPCE70 could achieve a reversible capacity of 528 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.2 A g−1 after 200 cycles, 63 % higher than that of commercial graphite. Furthermore, kinetic calculations of lithium-ion storage behavior of LPCs were firstly used to confirm the contribution ratio of diffusion-controlled behavior and capacitive effect. Lignin with a high linkage abundance could yield LPCE70 with the largest interlayer spacing and specific surface area to maximize lithium-ion storage from both diffusion-controlled and capacitive contributions of specific capacities. This work provides a green, facile and effective pathway for value-added utilization of lignin in LIBs.

Optimizing the Micro/Mesoporous Structure of Hierarchical Porous Carbon Synthesized from Petroleum Pitch Using the Solvent-Free Method for Ultra-Fast Capacitive Deionization.

In this work, a solvent-free ZnO-template method is used to synthesize hierarchical porous carbons (denoted as HPC-X; X = 1, 1.5, 2, and 4 g of ZnO) via the pyrolysis of petroleum industrial-residual pitch with ZnO. The proposed method allows precise control of the micro/meso/macroporous structure of the HPC by adjusting the amount of ZnO. The results show that the average pore size of HPCs prominently increases from 2.4 to 3.7 nm with the increase in the ZnO/pitch ratio. In addition, it is shown that HPCs have a high surface area between 1141 and 1469 m2 g-1, a wide-range pore size distribution (micro-, meso-, and macropores), and a tap density ranging from 0.2 to 0.57 g cm-3. The capacitive deionization performances of HPCs for sodium and chloride ions are investigated. The results show that HPC-2 exhibits the highest electrosorption capacity of 9.94 mg g-1 within 10.0 min and a maximum electrosorption capacity of 10.62 mg g-1 at 1.2 V in a 5.0 mM NaCl solution. Hence, HPC-2 is a highly promising candidate as an electrode material for rapid deionization.

Polysaccharide of agar based ultra-high specific surface area porous carbon for superior supercapacitor

Although extensive research has been focused on porous carbon in supercapacitor, the simple and non-template preparation of high specific surface area (SSA) carbon material with hierarchical porous structure is still a lingering issue. Herein, the cross-linked hierarchical porous carbon with ultra-high SSA of 3184 m2 g−1 is prepared via the sol-gel follows the freeze drying and followed activation process. Agar is used as carbon precursor, L-arginine is nitrogen sources, and the formed gel is activated by KHCO3. The obtained N-doped porous carbon shows a superior specific capacitance of 443.0 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 in 6 M KOH, and exhibits an excellent rate capability (255 F g−1 at 50 A g−1). Furthermore, due to the combined synergistic effect of high SSA, hierarchical porous structure and N doping, the symmetric supercapacitor that assembled with the prepared gel electrolyte of Agar-Na2SO4 achieves a superior energy density of 35.5 Wh kg−1 and a long cycle life with the capacitance retention of 99.7% after 20,000 cycles. This work provides an efficient and simple method to prepare ultra-high surface area, hierarchical porous structure carbon materials for high performance supercapacitor.

Pore structure regulation of hierarchical porous agaric-derived carbon via boric acid activation for supercapacitors

The development of sustainable carbon materials from biomass for electric double-layer supercapacitors is a promising solution to alleviate energy and environmental pressures. The electrochemical performance of biomass-derived carbon materials is greatly affected by their hierarchical porous structure. In general, the pore structure of biomass-derived carbon activated using chemical method is dominated by micropores with few mesopores. This hinders the transmission of electrolyte ions, thus limiting the electrochemical properties. Here we have designed a green unique boric acid-assisted method to synthesize hierarchical porous agaric-derived carbon. Benefiting from the unique hygroscopic recovery characteristics of agaric, boric acid can enter the interior of the agaric and act as a novel activator to effectively adjust the pore structure of porous carbon. During the carbonization process, the melted boron oxide with high viscosity and excellent wetting properties adheres to the agaric matrix as a template, which plays a key factor for increasing the mesopores (<4 nm) and promoting ions transport. The synthesized porous carbon has a high specific surface area (2279.5 cm 2 g −1 ), more reasonable hierarchical porous structure, abundant nitrogen atom doping (4.69 at.%) and high capacitance (502 F g −1 @ 0.5 A g −1 ). The symmetric supercapacitor tested in 1 M Na 2 SO 4 electrolyte has excellent performances. This optimization strategy provides a new idea to design more reasonable hierarchical porous biomass-derived carbon materials. • Synthesis of agaric-derived carbon using a green method of boric acid-assisted • The etching of boric acid increases pores in 1–4 nm. • Superior design of hierarchically porous structure promotes ions transport. • N-doped agaric-derived carbon has an excellent specific capacitance of 502 F g −1 .

Accumulation of Vapors of Liquified Natural Gas in Porous Carbon Structures

Accumulation of Vapors of Liquified Natural Gas in Porous Carbon Structures

A high-performance textile pressure sensor based on carbon black/carbon nanotube-polyurethane coated fabrics with porous structure for monitoring human motion

Recently, wearable pressure sensors have increasingly attracted much attention due to their potential applications in human motion detection and personal health monitoring. To date, it is still a challenge to fabricate flexible pressure sensor with both comfort and high performance. In this study, we demonstrate a novel and simple blade-dip-coating method to manufacture an all-textile-based pressure sensor. we fabricated a close-fitting pressure sensor assembled from a porous structured carbon nanotube/carbon black-polyurethane (CNT/CB-PU) coated fabrics and the fabric patterned with conductive nylon fiber interdigitated electrode, which can be used as the sensing layer and the electrode layer, respectively. The assembled pressure sensor without polymer encapsulation shows advantages such as flexibility, washable and air permeability. In addition, the sensor also demonstrates excellent performance, including high sensitivity (8.9 kPa −1 for 0-2.3 kPa; 37.5 kPa −1 for 2.3-10.6 kPa), a short response time (189 ms), and a wide sensing range (up to 10.6 kPa). Owing to the facile integration of the fabric on clothes, the sensor can be easily attached to the human body to detect human physiological signals accurately, such as hand gestures, wrist pulse, elbow bending, and chest movement, which makes the sensor a powerful candidate in human motion detection and disease diagnosis. Furthermore, a 2×2 sensor array was fabricated on clothes substrate and used as flexible wearable touch keyboards systems for realizing spatial resolution pressure mapping and wireless signal transmission without sacrifice of comfort. Considering the breathable (close to the pristine fabric) and washable (10 stirring cycles) features, our work may provide a new strategy for the fabrication of wearable electronics and intelligent textiles.

Coal-Derived N-Doped Porous Carbon Accompanied with Fe2O3 for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

In this study, a class of non-precious metal catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), namely N-doped porous carbon accompanied with Fe2O3 (herein named as AC-4), is synthesized from one-step pyrolyzing the precursors of KOH, coal, Fe salt and melamine, followed by acid-leaching. Several catalysts, AC-1 from KOH + coal, AC-2 from KOH + coal + melamine and AC-3 from KOH + coal + Fe salt, are also shown for comparison. As a result, AC-4 provides the best ORR catalytic activity with the ORR peak potential (Ep) of 818 mV, followed by the order of AC-2 (783 mV) > AC-3 (775 mV) > AC-1(771 mV), meaning that the N-doping strategy plays more effect than the Fe2O3-doping method, and AC-4 has the synergetic effect of these two ways. Furthermore, the ORR mechanism on AC-4 is near a four-electron transfer pathway with the electron transfer number around 3.7–3.9. It also has a good stability and methanol-resistance. Structure measurements display that introduction of N heteroatom and/or metal can increase the disorder degree of AC, and AC-4 has a structure of N-doped porous carbon (the special surface area of 1193 m2 g−1) accompanied with Fe2O3.

Zanthoxylum bungeanum branches activated carbons with rich micropore structure prepared by low temperature H3PO4 hydrothermal pretreatment method for toluene adsorption

Waste biomass is used as raw material to prepare activated carbons for the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) adsorption elimination, which is an effective way to solve the waste biomass resource utilization and air pollution problems. Zanthoxylum bungeanum branches activated carbons with rich micropore structures were prepared by adopting H 3 PO 4 low-temperature hydrothermal pretreatment activation method. The prepared activated carbons were characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The toluene adsorption/desorption performances and reusability were also tested to evaluate the application value of the prepared activated carbons. The toluene adsorption capacity increased with the rising of hydrothermal pretreatment temperature. When hydrothermal pretreatment temperature increased from 100 °C to 180 °C, the specific surface area of the prepared activated carbons increased from 956.0 to 1290.9 m 2 /g. And the micropore ratio of the prepared activated carbons markedly increased from 30.55 % to 63.35 %. Interestingly, the linear fitting results of toluene adsorption capacity and pore structures showed that the micropore volume and toluene adsorption capacity had maximum correlation. The micropore volume increased from 0.40 to 0.56 cm 3 /g, and the toluene adsorption capacity increased from 309.80 to 532.89 mg/g with the increase of hydrothermal pretreatment temperature. Toluene adsorption results were fitted by quasi-first, quasi-second, and Bangham models to analyze the toluene diffusion mechanism. The toluene adsorption process of all studied samples conformed to the Bangham kinetic model, which indicated that the diffusion mechanism of toluene adsorption process mainly followed intra-particle diffusion. Besides, the toluene adsorption capacity of the prepared biomass activated carbons could be regenerated at relatively low thermal desorption temperature (≤150 °C). • The activated carbon pore structures are obviously affected by the hydrothermal pretreatment temperature. • H 3 PO 4 hydrothermal pretreatment activation can prepare activated carbons with high micropore ratio. • Toluene adsorption capacity of the biomass activated carbons could be regenerated at low temperature. • The toluene adsorption process mainly was intra-particle diffusion.

A Nickel-decorated porous graphitized carbon/sulfur cathode enabling excellent cycling stability of all-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries

• A high electrical conductivity of Nickel-decorated porous graphitized carbon (Ni-PGC) host materials are prepared by a simple and effective calcination. • Ni-PGC-sulfur cathode realizes the fast redox kinetics of all-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries. • Applying Ni-PGC-S material to all-solid-state Li-S battery can significantly improve the utilization of active materials. All-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs) with high theoretical specific capacity and low cost are considered a promising electrochemical energy storage system. However, it suffers from large polarization, low sulfur utilization, and severe capacity decay, owing to the sluggish solid-solid reactions between sulfur and its discharging products (such as lithium sulfide, etc.). Herein, a Nickel-decorated porous graphitized carbon (Ni-PGC) is prepared using a one-step calcination method for the sulfur host in ASSLSBs with PEO-based solid electrolytes. The high specific surface area (638.2 m 2 g -1 ) of porous carbon structure with sufficient pore volume (0.69 cm 3 g -1 ) could uniformly disperse the active material (Sulfur). The metallic Nickel nanoparticles embedding in the porous network could significantly improve the electronic conductivity of composite cathode in ASSLSBs. As a result, the higher electrical conductivity of 8.22 S cm -1 is achieved from the Ni-PGC-S cathode, compared to 0.33 S cm -1 for the amorphous carbon-sulfur cathode. Furthermore, Li + diffusion coefficients (4.19×10 -11 cm 2 s -1 at the cathodic peak of 2.40 V, 7.54×10 -11 cm 2 s -1 at the cathodic peak of 2.05 V, and 2.69×10 -10 cm 2 s -1 at the anodic peak of 2.35 V) of the Ni-PGC-S cathode at 60 o C, are 11.11 times, 3.17 times and 2.17 times of the amorphous carbon-sulfur cathode without Ni doping. Therefore, the all-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries assembled with the Ni-PGC-S cathode exhibit an extraordinary initial discharge capacity of 1311.3 mAh g -1 and a low cycling degradation (0.30 % per cycle) at 60 o C and 0.1 C. Even at 1 C, the battery delivers 375.8 mAh g -1 after 300 cycles.

Interfacial Electronic Engineering of NiSe–Anchored Ni–N–C Composite Electrocatalyst for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution

Rational design and construction of cost–effective electrocatalysts for efficient hydrogen production has attracted extensive research attention worldwide. Herein, we report the construction of a transition metal selenide/carbon composite catalyst featuring uniform NiSe nanoparticles anchored to single Ni atom doped porous carbon structure (NiSe/Ni–N–C) via a facile one–pot pyrolysis of low–cost solid mixtures. NiSe/Ni–N–C exhibits remarkable catalytic performance towards hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in 1.0 M KOH, requiring a low overpotential of 146 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2. The unique carbon layer encapsulation derived from the enwrapping of fluid catalytic cracking slurry further renders NiSe/Ni–N–C excellent for long–term durability in electrolyte corrosion and nanostructure aggregation. This work paves the way for the design and synthesis of highly efficient composite HER electrocatalysts.

Promotional effect of nitrogen-doped and pore structure for the direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from hydrogen and oxygen by Pd/C catalyst at ambient pressure

Nitrogen-doped porous carbon is potential support for directly synthesizing H2O2 from H2 and O2. Here, density functional theory (DFT) was used to study the effect of N-doped porous carbon on H2O2 directly synthesized. The theoretical calculation results showed that N-doped improved H2O2 productivity and H2 conversion by increasing the dispersion of Pd nanoparticles and the Pd0/Pd2+ ratio. However, N-doped decreased H2O2 selectivity by reducing oxygen's dissociation energies. The experimental results showed that adjusting the pore structure of N-doped porous carbon could improve the adverse effects of N-doping for H2O2 selectivity. The H2O2 productivity and selectivity of Pd/C catalyst with a macropore-mesoporous-microporous hierarchical porous structure were up to 328.4 molH2O2·kgcat-1·h−1 and 71.9 %, respectively, at ambient pressure. The macropore structure enhances the transfer and diffusion performance of the catalyst and effectively inhibits the effect of N-doping on OO bond dissociation, which improves H2O2 productivity and selectivity. This research provides a possible solution for designing a high-performance Pd/C catalyst to directly synthesize H2O2 from H2 and O2 at ambient pressure.

Rational construction of 3D porous Fe3N@C frameworks for high-performance sodium-ion half/full batteries

Metal nitrides have excellent electrical property and high theoretical capacities, which have great potential as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. However, the inferior air stability and serious pulverization problems are urgent to be solved for their applications. Herein, the three-dimensional porous Fe3N@carbon frameworks (Fe3N@C/3DPCF) composed of Fe3N nanoparticles and hierarchical porous carbon network were synthesized by the sol-gel and post-annealing method at 500 °C with the polystyrene spheres as soft templates. The hierarchical porous carbon structure can protect Fe3N nanoparticles from the air oxidation, accommodate the volumetric expansion of Fe3N, and accelerate the diffusion of electrolytes and the transmission of electrons during Na+ insertion and extraction processes. Meanwhile, the interface coupling effect between Fe3N nanoparticles and porous carbon further improved the electrochemical performance and structural integrity of the electrode. The Fe3N@C/3DPCF electrode for sodium-ion battery exhibited a reversible capacity of 494.6 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, long cycle life over 1000 times, and high rate capacity of 310 mA h g−1 at 2 A g−1. Moreover, the full cell and flexile cell assembled with pre-sodiated Fe3N@C/3DPCF as anode and Na3V2(PO4)3@C as cathode respectively delivered the discharge specific capacities of 351.2 and 390.5 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1. Therefore, this work will pave the way for the air unstable conversion materials for the applications as sodium-ion battery anode.