Pore Holes Research Articles

The Addition of Pore Holes in Paving Blocks in an Effort to Increase Infiltration

The problem of waterlogging and surface runoff on impermeable pavement surfaces requires finding new ways to manage water flow, especially from rainwater. The type of permeable pavement that is often used is paving block. The use of paving blocks for pavement materials is expected to reduce puddles that occur after rain. One way is to modify the paving block to be greater in seeping water into the soil. This study aims to determine the extent to which the effect of adding pore holes in paving block can increase water infiltration in surrounding soil. This research was conducted through testing in the Laboratory. The type of research is quantitative with experimental method using a rain simulator tool with variations of paving block. From the research results obtained that the addition of pores in the paving block affects the infiltration that occurs. This is evidenced by the increae in the value of infiltration, the infiltration rate value of normal paving block is 182.92-10.43 mm/hour, 2% ratio is 183.75-10.75 mm/hour, 5% ratio is 190.00-11.30 mm/hour, 7% ratio is 231.33-11.46 mm/hour, 10% ratio is 236.88-17.61 mm/hour. From the test results between pore holes with infiltration rate has a significant relationship of 0.037 (<0,05).

Planning For Kucica Residential Drainage System in South Tangerang City Using SWMM Modelling

Planning an efficient drainage facility in residential areas is necessary to drain run-off water on the surface. To minimize the potential for inundation that can cause flooding. This research aims to design an efficient drainage system in one of the residential areas in BSD and to analyze the ability of drainage channels using the EPA SWMM 5.1 application for a 10-year return period. The results of this study for secondary channels with a maximum discharge plan of 0.101 m3/s can use a U-Ditch with dimensions of 30 cm × 40 cm, while primary channels with a maximum discharge plan of 0.288 m3/s can use a U-Ditch with dimensions of 40 cm × 60 cm. In this analysis only taking into account rainwater run-off from household sewage is not taken into account. In the main channel, using retention pond only can reduce around 12% of maximum discharge, so the alternative of flood prevention for this residential area can be implemented by using bio pore holes, which reduce 27.85% of maximum discharge. From these analyses, it can be concluded that the drainage system design can already accommodate the flood discharge, and adding retention pond does not affect decreasing flood discharge on the main channel too much.

Efficient and rapid adsorption of methylene blue dyes by novel metal-organic frameworks and organic/inorganic hybrid alginate-based dual network gel composites

To address the limitations of gel-based adsorbents, such as inadequate mechanical strength, low adsorption capacity, and limited reusability, this study presents an innovative approach employing a dual network gel. The dual network consists of calcium alginate (CA) ionic crosslinked organic networks, and vinyl silica-based nanoparticles (VSNP) as crosslinking agents in acrylic acid (AA) free radical polymerization networks (denoted as P (AA-co-VSNP), abbreviated as PAV). After freeze-drying, ultimately yielding an organic/inorganic hybrid dual network gel (referred to as CA/P(AA-co-VSNP), abbreviated as CPAV), enriched with abundant functional groups, thereby enhancing material reusability. To further enhance the adsorption capacity, CPAV undergoes hydrothermal reactions to obtain metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) composite dual network gel adsorbent (UiO-66@CPAV). UiO-66@CPAV exhibited a density of 0.165 g/cm3 and showcased a unique pore structure with nested macropores and mesopores, featuring a uniform distribution of pore holes. Notably, the specific surface area was measured at 96.3 m2/g, and an average pore diameter was 17.9 nm. Most impressively, the actual maximum adsorption capacity reached 841.7 mg/g, and even after 10 cycles of use, the adsorption capacity remained 91.9 % of its initial value. Overall, this research introduced a novel methodology for the development of dual network MOFs@gel adsorbents, showcasing promising advancements in the field.

Bismuth ferrite Fenton‐like pretreatment improves lactic acid production from corn stover without detoxification by Bacillus coagulans

AbstractAgricultural stover is attractive as a raw material for lactic acid (LA) and polylactic acid (PLA) production because it does not compete with other food sources. The demand for PLA is extremely high. Pretreatment is an important step for LA production from agricultural stover. It improves the degradability of cellulose but always generates fermentation inhibitors. In this study, corn stover was pretreated with ammonia combined with a bismuth ferrite Fenton‐like process and then used for LA production through simultaneous enzymic saccharification and fermentation without detoxification treatment. The LA titer and yield were 92.35 ± 2.25 g L−1 and 0.62 g/g in fed batch fermentation under nonsterile conditions. Traces of formic acid were detected at the beginning of all experiments and disappeared during fermentation. Specific surface area and scanning electron microscopy observations of lignocellulose showed that there were many pore holes in pretreated corn stover fiber, which obviously improved the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. These results indicated that the bismuth ferrite Fenton‐like process is an economical and efficient pretreatment method that can improve the degradability of fiber, reduce inhibitors, and then achieve high LA production without detoxification and sterilization. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Quality of Set Yogurts Made from Raw Milk and Processed Milk Supplemented with Enriched Milk Fat Globule Membrane in a Two-Stage Homogenization Process.

Dairy products are relevant in the food industries as functional ingredients for several food products and contribute towards human nutrition in ameliorating certain disorders. In this study, set yogurts were produced from raw milk and processed milk combined with 4% Lacprodan®PL20 concentration and subjected to two-stage pressure homogenization. The total solids concentration of the mixture was raised to 15% using SMP (skim milk powder). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Lacprodan®PL20 on the set yogurt quality produced by homogenization-induced pressure and its interaction with milk components. The changes in the physical and chemical attributes of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) via destabilization of the membrane significantly affected the physicochemical properties of set yogurts produced from processed or raw milk. There was a slight variation in MFGM-specific proteins detected in the set yogurts. Set yogurt produced from homogenized raw milk (HRM) had a considerably higher water-holding capacity, firmness, and apparent viscosity. The microstructure of HRM was dense and compacted, unlike non-homogenized raw milk (NRM) with large MFGM fragments and pore holes between the matrixes. The inclusion of homogenization showed a remarkable improvement in set yogurt quality, promoting interaction between MFGM components and milk proteins.

FeOCl-Modified Peanut Hull As Novel Bio-Sorbent for Fast Adsorption of Methylene Blue: Kinetics, Isotherms, and Mechanisms

This study focused on removing methylene blue with FeOCl modified peanut hull. FeOCl modification altered the surface structure of peanut hull such that PH FeOCl had a rough surface with irregular pore holes. The absorption equilibrium of PH FeOCl was achieved after only 6 min of oscillation, and the removal efficiency was 85.1% when the solution pH was 6.0, the concentration of MB was 100 mg·L –1 , the temperature was 25 °C, and the dosage was 1.0 g·L –1 . Besides, PH FeOCl could be used to achieve the maximal MB adsorption capacity of 132 mg·g –1 . The MB adsorption followed pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models and conformed to the Redlich-Peterson and Langmuir models. Based on the results obtained from the thermodynamic analysis, it was concluded that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. The adsorption mechanisms involve the participation of hydrogen bonds, electrostatic, and Van der Waals force.

Potensi Pemanfaatan Serat Selulosa sebagai Material Bahan Baku dalam Sintesis Filter Udara Non-Woven sesuai Standar TAPPI T 205

Industry 4.0 era materials used by entrepreneurs should be recycled, environmentally friendly, renewable with less chemical content. Indonesia as a tropical country has a large land area with the potential to produce the largest natural fiber in the world. One opportunity that can be applied to the utilization of natural fibers in air filters that currently use dominant materials is synthetic fibers. natural fiber has the advantage because it does not contain toxic chemicals, local raw materials, and is easily produced. This research will analyze the mechanical and morphological characteristics of biological fibers that have great potential as pre-filter raw material. Analysis of mechanical properties through tensile strength testing for single fibers and morphological analysis through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Tensile testing was the results are; palm oil has a tensile strength of 620 MPa; 998 MPa and 213 MPa flax coconut fiber. For the morphological test results from SEM analysis for ramie fiber, it looks solid without fiber holes; The fibers appear to be many small fibers bound to one another while coir fibers have many pore holes in one observed fiber.

Effect of Cr2O3 on the Microstructure and Oxidation Resistance of Enamel Coating with TC4 Titanium Alloy

By adding 0 % to 50 % Cr2O3 ceramic particles, the enamel composite coating is produced on the surface of TC4 titanium alloys. The detection analysis indicates that with the increase of the amount of Cr2O3 particles added, the density of enamel coating increases as well, and the amount of the pore holes decreases at the same time, but the enamel coating becomes porous with more than 30 % of the amount of Cr2O3 particles added. The main crystalline phases of enamel coating are NaAlSi3O8 and Ca2SiO4, whereas the Cr2O3 ceramic particles added are mainly presented as an independent phase, and part of the particles are in the form of Ca5Cr3O12 phase after the reaction. The enamel coating with 30 % Cr2O3 ceramic particles added has the best high-temperature oxidation resistance, mainly because the main crystalline phase of NaAlSi3O8 is changed into Na2Si2O5 during the high-temperature oxidation, which is beneficial to the self-healing of the coating.

ENKAPSULASI FRAKSI N-HEKSAN DAUN KESUM (Polygonum Minus Huds) TERSALUT Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) DAN PATI DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DENGAN TEKNIK FREEZE DRYING

Kesum have a scientific name Polygonum Minus Huds is one of the endemic plants originating from West Borneo. Extracts of kesum leaf is easily damaged and the compounds contained therei are volatile. Therefore it is necessary to take measures to protect the extracts of kesum leaf. One effort that can be made to im exprove the stability of the compounds in the extract is by the process of encapsulation. This process needs to be done so that the leaf extract can last longer so it can be used for various purposes. Encapsulation aims to protect sensitive material components and reduce the degradation of the active compounds in the material. This study aims to determine the effect of mass of core materials on the efficiency of encapsulation and antioxidant activity and the effect of temperature on encapsulation. The results showed that the encapsulated with the mass of core material 10% gave the highest efficiency of 89.7%. The mass of the core material affects the encapsulation efficiency, the less the core material will provide a high value of encapsulation efficiency. Enkapsulates containing n-heksan fractions of 444.53 ppm have a lower value IC50, thus having better antioxidant activity properties. The stability of the encapsulated antioxidant activity performed at room temperature 25◦C at 10% n-hexane fraction yielded 88.36% ihibisi on day 1, 80.90% on day 3, 79.67% on day 6 and 78.04% on day 9. Activity the antioxidant encapsulant on the first day at room temperature 25◦C is better than the third, sixth and ninth days. SEM leaf extract analysis results have uneven spherical particles, no visible fracture or pore holes as large as encapsulation have round particles that are almost as large.

Precursor Selection for Carbon Membrane Fabrication: A Review

The rapid expansion of gas separation technology since it was first introduced is promoted by the beneficial selective permeability capability of the polymeric membranes. Up to the currently available information, a large number of studies have reported polymeric membranes permeability and selectivity performances for a different type of gasses. However, trends showed that separation of gases using as per in synthesized polymers had reached a bottlenecks performance limits. Due to this reason, membranes in the form of asymmetric and composite structures is seen as an interesting option of membrane modification to improve the performance and economic value of the membranes alongside with an introduction of new processes to the field. An introduction of new polymers during membrane fabrication leads to a formation of its unique structure depending on the polymers. Thus, structured studies are needed to determine the kinetic behavior of the new addition to membrane structures. This review examines the ongoing progress made in understanding the effects of the different polymers additives to the structural modification and the gas separation performances of the carbon membranes. A reduction of defects consisted of pore holes, and cracks on carbon membranes could be minimized with the right selection of polymer precursor.

Penerapan Pembuatan Teknik Lubang Biopori Resapan Sebagai Upaya Pengendalian Banjir

The students of State University of Jakarta (UNJ) try to apply the bio pore hole technique to restraint the flood problem through the community service program. The purpose of this program is (1) sharing knowledge to campus community about application of science and technology, (2) adding skill to general community especially the college student of UNJ in using bio pore holes technique to avoid the flood problem, (3) Improving the image of UNJ as a supplier of versatile functional technology to the developing regions. The method that have been used for this community service program are lecturing, discussing and direct practicing after material delivery through individual and groups.

Pentaerythritol Phosphate Melamine Salt, A New Aggregating Reagent for Oilfield Chemical Sand Control: Preparation, Properties, and Mechanism

The production of sands in oil well production has long been a crucial and thorny issue, but many related technologies are either costly or ineffective. This study introduced a new aggregating reagent, pentaerythritol phosphate melamine salt (PPMS for short), for controlling this problem. PPMS was the reaction product of pentaerythritol, phosphoric acid, and melamine, and there was an amine and a phosphate ester (both are positively charged) in its chemical structure. It could effectively change the ζ potentials of solid particles and help them aggregate through hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions, thereby aggregated particles could settle down at the bottom of the pore holes without severe formation permeability damage, which plays a remarkable role in eliminating the co-production of formation particles with oil. PPMS exhibited an excellent performance when the concentration was 0.8 wt % under 60 °C at a neutral environment, at which PPMS (positively charged) not only can highly condense the d...

Enhancement of Fingerprint Using FFT×|FFT|n Filter

Fingerprint enhancement is an indispensable task in the Automatic Fingerprint Identification System. In this paper, a simple method for the enhancement of fingerprint images is presented, which is based on FFT. The FFT is found out after the fingerprint image is partitioned into blocks. It is then multiplied with |FFT|n, where n is obtained by trial and error as 2.2. The best enhancement results were obtained for a block size of 4×4. In this approach, patching of pore holes in the ridges and joining discontinuous ridges were achieved. This method was compared with the different conventional enhancement techniques.

New approach to the synthesis of porous silicon with silver nanoparticles using ion implantation technique

A new technique for the synthesis of porous silicon layers with silver nanoparticles has been proposed which is based on the high-dose low-energy implantation of crystalline silicon with metal ions. In order to demonstrate this technique, in this work we implanted a polished wafer of monocrystalline silicon Ag+-ions with an energy of 30 keV at a dose of 1.5 × 1017 ion/cm2 and a current density in the ion beam of 4 μA/cm2. Using high-resolution scanning electron and atomic force microscopy, as well as X-ray spectral microprobe analysis and Raman scattering, it is shown that an amorphous layer of a porous silicon is formed at the surface of silicon as a result of implantation with average sizes of pore holes on the order of 150–180 nm; depth of about 100 nm; and thickness of the walls of 30–60 nm, in whose structure silver nanoparticles are located with a diameter of 5–10 nm. In addition, it is shown that the formation of pores by implantation with silver ions is accompanied by sputtering the surface of silicon.

Studi Kapasitas Infiltrasi Metode Horton untuk Pemakaian Biopori di Kampus Universitas Bina Nusantara Berdasarkan Debit Limpasan Permukaan

Changes in land use due to the rapid growth of building construction leads to an increase in direct runoff, as well as declining water that seeped into the ground. Consequently, water distribution happens to be unequal of between the rainy and dry seasons. This phenomenon also occurs in the area of Kijang Campus - Bina Nusantara University which always comes up with puddles even though the rain falls with only a short duration. In this research the rainfall on the Kijang Campus - Bina Nusantara University is assessed based on the rainfall data record to obtain the rainfall intensity of various periods. Field survey is conducted to determine the existing infiltration capacity (with / without bio pore holes) and on-site. It is concluded based on the research results using Horton method that the soil on the Kijang Campus - Bina Nusantara University is earth embankment that has the infiltration capacity ranging between 0.0867 - 0.2165 m3/hr. This illustrates that the soil infiltration capacity is relatively small and thus requires the installation of bio pore holes with distance by 0.5 meters.

A Novel Approach to Engineer the Microstructure of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell materials

AbstractA novel and cost‐effective process to accurately control the design of 3D structures of SOFC materials is proposed. A master mould is fabricated from a rubber‐based material. Metallic meshes are used to transfer any type of patterns to the rubber‐based material. The reusable master mould can then be filled with a slurry of inorganic materials made of single or complex oxides and other organic components commonly used in tape‐casting technology. After drying at room temperature, the master‐mould can be easily peeled‐off and then a slow thermal process allows obtaining a sintered material with precisely controlled features such as the size and distribution of the pore holes in the structure, the thickness of the electrode and electrolyte layers, type of patterning, etc. The potential advantages of micro‐ and nanoengineering of materials for energy applications are also discussed.

Positronics and nanotechnologies: Possibilities of studying nano-objects in technically important materials and nanomaterials

This article shows that an effective method to define the size of nano-objects (vacancies, vacancy, clusters, free pore volumes, cavities, and holes), and their concentration and chemical composition, is positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS). A review of the state of the art of the application of the PAS technique to probe nanostructures in porous silicon, silicon and single crystal quartz samples is presented.

A New, Nondamaging, Acid-Soluble Weighting Material

Iron carbonate, a new acid-soluble weighting material, promises significant reduction of filter cake buildup and particulate invasion formation damage. It is soluble in dilute hydrochloric and formic acid, has gravity and hardness similar to barite, is compatible with oil and water muds, and can be used to weight muds up to the 19-lb/gal range. Introduction Often, the productivity of a formation is damaged by the invasion of undesirable mud solids. This is especially true when higher weighted fluids using barite are employed, since these fluids contain a high percentage of insoluble solids. The resulting loss of production has been attributed to four primary causes:particle invasion into the production zone;filter cake buildup particle invasion into the production zone;filter cake buildup on the wellbore adjacent to the production zone;invasion of the fluid phase into the production zone; andinvasion of whole mud into the production zone. Particle invasion into the production zone can block pore holes, causing a loss of either injection or return permeability, or both. Filter cake buildup on the wellbore can also lead to injection permeability loss. This in turn reduces penetration of acidizing fluids that are designed to stimulate production.Fluid phase invasion leads to swelling of clays in the formation or to water blockage caused by differences between the interfacial tension of the formation fluid and the invading fluid.Invasion of whole mud along fracture planes of a producing formation can also cause irreversible damage deep within the formation; thus a combination of particle invasion, filter cake buildup, and fluid phase damage occurs within the formation.This paper describes a laboratory study of iron carbonate-based fluids in which two of the primary causes of formation damage - particle invasion and filter cake buildup - were investigated. Their damaging effects were virtually eliminated. As a weighting material for fluids up to the 19-lb/gal range, iron carbonate appears to offer excellent potential for minimizing formation damage during workover operations, in the initial penetration of new pay zones, and when perforating. Theory and Background Glenn and Slusser have shown that mud-particulate invasion can penetrate to appreciable depths in the porous zone, causing penetrate to appreciable depths in the porous zone, causing substantial reduction in permeability. Insoluble weighting materials may also allow deposition of a damaging filter cake in the wellbore. The combined effects of the insoluble filter cake and invading particles can reduce the effectiveness of well stimulation techniques.The development of improved fluids has concentrated on solids-free and calcium-carbonate based formulations. One of the major problems of these systems is their upper weight limitation, Those systems employing calcium carbonate as a weighting material are used for workover and completion because of their acid solubility. With these fluids, both the filter cake and the particles that have invaded the porous formation can be dissolved, particles that have invaded the porous formation can be dissolved, thus allowing maximum penetration into the formation. However, because of the relatively low density of calcium carbonate (2.7 gm/cc), fluids made with this material are limited in weight to about 14 lb/gal. JPT P. 15

Differentiation of protoplasm in nummulitidae (Foraminifera) from Elat, Red Sea

Chambers and canal system in the shells of Operculina ammonoides (Gronovius) and Heterostegina depressa d'Orbigny contain different protoplasm. The connections between the two main parts of the protoplasmic body are much smaller than the connections from chamber to chamber by the stolo system. The connections between chamber and canal system are located in the marginal sulcus and at the base of the chamber. The chamber protoplast (including the stolo system) is protected by a relatively thick, lamellar, mucopolysaccharide membrane — called organic lining — which represents also the template for the mineralization of the shell. Together, organic lining and shell form the cell wall. Over the pore holes in the lateral chamber walls, the organic lining thins out, but is not perforated. The plasma membrane below the organic lining seems to be differentiated by a bossy surface with comparatively coarse granules. The symbionts are concentrated below the lateral wall of the chambers, nestling against 2 or 3 pore-hole depressions. The differentiation of the organic lining, the plasma membrane below the pore holes, and the position of the symbionts in the chamber plasma point to a physiologic relationship between pores and symbionts. The cell organelles in the chamber protoplasm indicate the mainly metabolic function of the chamber protoplast. The protoplasm in the canal system is covered only by the plasma membrane, and is particularly rich in microtubuli similar to ordinary foraminiferal rhizopods. The canal system is, therefore, interpreted as consisting of a system of invaginations of the cell wall determining the morphology of proximal parts of the pseudopods.

The Ultra-structure of the Surface of the Cuticle of the Hen’s Egg in Relation to Egg-cleaning

THE cuticle (“Schleimhäutchen” after Schmidt, 1961) is the outermost layer of the egg shell. It consists predominantly of organic matter, namely mucin, attached to the calcified part of the shell. It is said to participate in protecting the egg contents against penetration of micro-organisms by closing the pore holes leading through the calcareous shell (Romanoff and Romanoff, 1949).Dirty eggs need cleaning before they reach the consumer. Studies on the effect of cleaning techniques (e.g., washing) which, possibly removing part of the cuticle, might be supposed to further spoilage, are therefore of economic importance. Bacterial spoilage of the egg contents was increased by washing regardless of original condition (Lorenz and Starr, 1952). Of late years some authors have ascribed a greater stability to the cuticle (Brooks and Hale, 1955; Tyler and Simkiss, 1958; Schmidt, 1961). No common opinion yet having been reached we decided to study the effect of washing …