Population In European Countries Research Articles

A ilegalidade dos imigrantes como categoria de inclusão social e condição da sua subalternização

Os intensos fluxos globais têm conduzido a um aumento das populações migrantes nos países Europeus e em Portugal, particularmente. A crescente dificuldade dos cidadãos provenientes de países como Bangladesh, Indía ou Paquistão em se legalizarem e os processos políticos de rejeição do migrante – O Brexit por exemplo – conduziram à procura de alternativas a essas rotas que remontam à época colonial com origem no trabalho forçado de autóctones. Entretanto, séculos depois, o tráfico de pessoas é uma realidade e é neste contexto que Portugal no pós crise 2008 tem vindo a tornar-se um país legislativamente mais amigo dos imigrantes, particularmente através de medidadas tomadas pelo governo socialista eleito em 2015. Muitos desses migrantes que nalguns casos durante décadas não viram os seus familiares, puderam a partir de 2018 cumprir esse desejo e alguns deles estabelecerem-se em Portugal, trazendo as esposas e tendo filhos já com a nacionalidade portuguesa. Procuraremos elucidadar como este processo iniciado em 2015 se foi desenvolvendo e revelando uma condição social dos indivíduos enquanto párias indesejados e sujeitos de um corpo ilegal, por isso passível de exploração. O papel do Estado no ultrapassar dessa condição revela-se essencial.

Use of muscle relaxants and neurostimulation of treminal system in treatment of chronic daily headache

The article is devoted to the urgent problem of practical medicine – the treatment of primary cephalgia. The prevalence of chronic tension headache among the population of European countries is extremely high. Primary headaches are on the list of the most common causes of disability in all over the world. At the same time, existing treatment methods are often not able to completely cure this pain syndrome. In this work, the authors conducted a study on a new approach in the treatment of chronic daily headache: a combination of the non-pharmacological approach – stimulation of the trigeminal system using the Cefaly and the medication – the use of Kalmirex myorelaxant.In 61 patients with chronic daily headache, the effectiveness of the proposed approach was shown both in the relief of pain and in positive changes in the psychoemotional status and quality of life of patients.

BRCA1/2 and CHEK2 mutation prevalence in patients with breast and/or ovarian cancer in the South of Russia.

e13088 Background: The development of breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC), as well as their chemoresistance may be due to the presence of mutations in many genes, but most often in BRCA1/2 and CHEK2. Early diagnosis and subsequent preventive interventions improve the survival of patients with mutations in the BRCA1/2 genes. Genotyping of the gene inactivation events predicts a high sensitivity of BC and OC to platinum-containing cytostatics. Our purpose was to study the spectrum of germline mutations in the BRCA1/2 and CHEK2 genes in BC and/or OC patients in the South of Russia. Methods: The study included 622 patients of 10 nationalities with BC and/or OC from the South of Russia. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes; mutations were detected by Real-Time PCR in the BRCA1 (185delAG, 300T > C, 2080delA, 4154delA, 5382insC, 3819delGTAAA, 3875delGTCT), BRCA2 (6174delT), CHEK2 (1100delC, IVS2+1G > A, 470T > C) genes. Results: Mutations in the BRCA1/2 gene were found in 13.5% of cases, in CHEK2 – 6.2%. In the BRCA1/2 gene, the frequency of 5382insC mutation was 76.2%; 4153 delA – 9.5%; 300T > G – 7.1%; 2080delA – 3.6%; 185delAG, 3875delGTCT, 6174delT - 1.2% each. In the CHEK2 gene: 470Т > C – 73.1%; IVS2+1G > A – 23.1%; 1100delC – 3.8%. Two patients showed a combination of 5382insC mutation in the BRCA1 gene and 470T > C mutation in the CHEK2 gene. The observed prevalence of mutations in BRCA1 was generally consistent with that for European countries (p = 0.062). Identification of 470T > C mutation in CHEK2 in two cases confirmed the final diagnosis of Li-Fraumeni syndrome (OMIM: 609265); however, we failed to establish a family history of cancer in one patient. A high-risk cancer group was formed for prophylactic purposes based on the data of genotyping for major mutations in the BRCA1/2 and CHEK2 genes in patients with BC/OC and their healthy relatives. Conclusions: The frequency of BRCA1/2 and CHEK2 mutations in the studied multinational population of Caucasian patients with BC and/or OC was 17.2%. The 5382insC BRCA1/2 (76.2%) and 470Т > C CHEK2 (73.1%) mutations were the most frequent which corresponded to the occurrence of these SNPs in populations of European countries.

The Association of Stress with the Socio-Economic Factors of Individuals That Attended the Taxpayers’ Appreciation Week 2018, Kampala Uganda

Introduction: Work-related stress has increased in nine European Union (EU) countries in the last ten years. Eighty (80%) percent of the general population in European countries believes that work-related stress will rise in the coming five years. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the association between the various levels of stress with the socio-economic elements among individuals that participated in Uganda’s tax payer’s appreciation week in the year 2018 held in Kampala. Methodology: This study applied a cross-sectional study design that unified quantitative research methods and a convenience sampling method were used in this study to gather the information from the 390 respondents. Data were examined using SPSS version 20; univariate and bivariate analysis were done to measure the association between stress and the participant’s socio-economic factors. Results: Respondents who were employed recorded the majority with a percentage of 60%, while the unemployed recorded the minority with a percentage of 40%. Respondents who were employed were more likely to experience low stress as compared to those who were unemployed, under the category of moderate stress, respondents who were employed were more likely to be moderately stressed as compared to their unemployed counterparts, as for the category of high stress, unemployed respondents were more likely to be highly stressed than those that were employed and this was not statistically significant (X2 =2.374; p-value = 0.305). Conclusion: The results from this research indicated that there was no significant association between the socioeconomic factors of the respondents with stress levels. Recommendations: More community sensitization and awareness should be carried out to educate individuals about stress and its impacts on health.

State-political and people's collaborationism in Europe in the Second World War period

Impedance coatings of cylindrical bodies’ synthesis in order to The authors of the article made an attempt to reveal the main causes and motives of mass collaboration in European countries during the Second World War. Mentally, European man has recognized himself as part of a single space for centuries, under one-man rule: the Roman Empire, the Empire of Charlemagne, and the Holy Roman Empire. The imperial idea initially suggested the European peoples’ unification under the auspices of a strong center. The second component of the European mentality was built on the idea of Eurocentrism, proclaiming the superiority of European nations over others, and Western European civilization over the rest of the world. The ruling elite of the German Empire made plans to create "Middle Europe", proclaimed in 1871, which incorporated the economic union of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Poland and trimmed France. In 1923, a new idea was published in the manifesto of an Austrian political scientist, Kudenhove-Kalergi - "pan-Europe." The author meant a new, political, single space, spoke about pan-Europe. At the beginning of 1925 the United States of Europe appeared as a more recent idea. These were concrete steps towards creating a united Europe. On the eve of the war years and during that period, leaders and population of European countries were increasingly inclined to take joint actions with Hitler to create a new European device to be able to oppose communist expansion. Mentally, Europe was ready to create a strong core that organized the European space.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the context of the gut microbiome

The article presents modern views on the epidemiological situation with the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the world, its prevalence among the population of European countries, and gender-associated characteristics. The role of the intestinal microbiome in the pathogenetic mechanisms of NAFLD development at the stage of steatosis, as well as the role of the intestinal microbiota in the progression of the disease, has been elucidated. The role of the main pathogenetic factors in the disease onset in healthy people and NAFLD development has been demonstrated, including the short chain fatty acids, bile acids, lipopolysaccharides, changes in the permeability of the intestinal wall, the balance of the main bacterial clusters. The relationship of insulin resistance with the above factors and their effects on its significance in patients with metabolic syndrome has been established. The authors showed the anatomical and functional relationships of the intestine and liver within the intestinal microbiota. The experimental data have been presented that demonstrate the effects of the intestinal microbiota on the formation and progression of non-alcoholic steatosis. The effects of intestinal microbiota metabolites on the formation of liver steatosis is separately disclosed: ethanol, bile acids, trimethylamine-N-oxide, aromatic amino acids. Moreover, the authors presented the experimental data, providing explanation for the role of the intestinal microbiota on the manifestations of the metabolic syndrome and, in particular, NAFLD. In addition, the results of clinical and preclinical studies of the effects of microbiome correction on the leading pathogenetic mechanisms of NAFLD have been shown. The effects of individual bacterial phylotypes on the course of NAFLD have been considered. The main therapeutic strategies in the treatment of the disease, based on the principles of evidence-based medicine, have been presented, as well as the trends for antibiotic therapy, probiotic therapy and fecal transplantation in the context of NAFLD therapy and their potential role.

Regarding effectiveness of atropine use in children and adolescents with progressive myopia (literature review)

The issue of myopia prevention or myopia control is becoming more and more relevant every year. The approaches to myopia pathogenesis and myopia control have changed fundamentally, stereotypes have been dispelled, hypotheses and numerous studies are becom¬ing the basis of new scientific developments. However, the reality dictates the necessity to integrate the updated evidence based medicine data regarding myopia control into the clinical ophthalmological practice. The main reason that concerns the professional community is a growing prevalence of progressive my¬opia among children and adolescents around the world. The incidence of myopia among the adult population of European countries and the United States is estimat¬ed at 20-50%, whereas in Asian countries it amounts to 60-90%. In recent years, there was an increased interest towards the use of conservative methods of treatment in order to stabilize myopia, including the use of pharmacological agents. The publications from 1964 up until today were analyzed in the following review. They were focused on the results of studies that showed the ef¬fect of different concentrations of atropine on myopia progression in children and adolescents who had been observed during a maximum period of 5 years. Conclusion. According to numerous studies, low-concentration atropine (0.01%) is an effective mean to slow the progression of myopia and stabilize refraction. In addition, long-term therapeutic use of this particular concentration of atropine is associated with the least frequent occurrence of negative side effects.

Refugees’ trajectories in Switzerland: Impact of residence permits on labour market integration

Life course trajectories of refugee populations in European countries highly depend on the various statuses and residence permits that are assigned to them. Taking the case study of Switzerland, this article aims at showing the impact of the legal framework on refugees’ chances of labour market integration. The term «refugee» here refers to all the individuals who came to Switzerland seeking asylum, no matter the outcome of the asylum procedure – and not only to those who obtained the status as defined by the 1951 Geneva Convention. In this study, the longitudinal follow‐up of the individuals is made possible by the matching of data from several population registers. From a descriptive point of view, sequence analysis allows the visualization of refugees’ trajectories from their arrival in the country – in terms of both residence permits and of labour market participation. Survival analysis models then show the concordance between the administrative status and the economic status, the access to more stable permits increasing significantly the chances of labour market integration. As a consequence, those who remain for many years with the most precarious permits (asylum seekers and provisionally admitted persons) go through a process of cumulative disadvantage. Although the economic vulnerability of refugees has been highlighted previously, this paper shows that within the refugee population, the host countries’ legislation creates an additional hierarchy, based on the residence permits, that further widens inequalities.

МІГРАЦІЙНА ПОЛІТИКА ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ ЩОДО КРАЇН ПІВНІЧНОЇ АФРИКИ

The article is devoted to the actual issues of the European Union migration policy with regard to the countries of North Africa. Indeed, the intensive migration movement that has recently taken place in Europe has forced the EU to develop a new, adequate migration policy that would be able to effectively address the problems encountered in this area. The reasons and the current state of migration processes are investigated. The main directions and areas of regulation of migration processes in the European Union concerning the countries of North Africa are highlighted. In particular, attention is drawn to such an important direction of the EU migration policy as the fight against illegal migration. The main problems of regulation of migration processes, in particular, labor migrants and refugees, are outlined. The substantial quantitative and qualitative changes that have taken place in the migration processes from the countries of North Africa to Europe have been analyzed. The general economic consequences of migration from the countries of North Africa for donor countries and recipient countries are described. Attention is drawn to the issue of professional training of Africans for further employment in the EU. It is concluded that migration in the EU countries plays a special role due to the aging of the population in European countries and the need to attract labor from third countries. Migration flows between the countries of North Africa and the EU are particularly intense. This is due to the geographical proximity of these regions, as well as close economic, political and cultural ties. Among the priority areas of the EU migration policy, such as border management and the return of illegal migrants to their homeland, convergence of Member States practice in strengthening the common European regime, sharing responsibilities and ensuring the acceptance of refugees with their further resettlement among EU member states.

Инвалидизация населения стран Европы как индикатор результативности их политики в сфере здравоохранения

Инвалидизация населения стран Европы как индикатор результативности их политики в сфере здравоохранения

Risk Communication in Families of Children with Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Identifying Motivators and Barriers to Cascade Screening to Improve Diagnosis at a Single Medical Center.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is severely underdiagnosed in the USA; yet, factors influencing family notification about risk for FH in the US pediatric setting have not been well elucidated. Most previous research on these factors has occurred in adult patient populations in European countries with organized cascade screening programs; therefore, we sought to characterize parent experiences with cascade screening in the US pediatric setting. A quantitative survey measuring family notification of FH risk information was administered to 38 parents of children with FH identified within a pediatric cardiology clinic. Participants were also asked if family notification was impacted by intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, community, and public policy factors identified previously in other populations. Notification of at least one of the proband's living grandparents or aunts/uncles was reported by 76% (n = 25/33) and 71% (n = 24/34) of participants, respectively. The most common reason for notification was to protect relatives from heart disease. Two of the most common reasons participants did not notify relatives were a lack of information about FH and concern that the relative would have difficulty understanding the information. Yet, only a minority of participants (39%) accessed institutional resources such as educational materials to share with relatives or assistance drafting a family letter that could address these barriers. Based on the identified barriers and motivators for family communication, we suggest facilitators to improve implementation of cascade screening.

ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ АМЕРИКАНСЬКОЇ УРЯДОВОЇ КОМІСІЇ З ПИТАНЬ ВІЙСЬКОВИХ БІЖЕНЦІВ: ЄВРЕЙСЬКИЙ АСПЕКТ (1944 – 1945)

The purpose of the study – to describe the War Refugee Board`s activities concerning the providing of salvation to the Jewish population in European countries during 1944 – 1945. The methodology of the study is based on the principles of historicism, consistency, science, as well as on the use of general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction) and special-historical (historiographical and source-analysis analysis, historical-systemic, historical-genetic methods). The novelty is that, firstly, in the national historiography on the basis of exclusively foreign archival materials, the role of the WRB in the process of assistance and rescue of European Jews is clarified; main directions of this institution`s activity in the last stage of the World War II are described. Conclusions. The WRB was the first government agency for helping and rescuing the Jews during the Holocaust. The organization was established by Executive Order by President F. D. Roosevelt in 1944, as response on mass requests of American Jewish societies to provide aid and rescue their European brethren. The WRB managed to establish effective interaction with various institutions (the JDC, ICRC, WJC, JA, « Vaad Haatzala » ) around the world. The main activities of the WRB were: 1) the issuance of special licenses for the humanitarian activities of other institutions; 2) transfer the funds to intermediaries for assistance and rescue; 3) provision of food, clothing, medicines to victims; 4) issuing visas for further travel abroad; 5) organization of emigration. Through these kinds of activities, the Board managed to save tens of thousands of civilian persons (mostly Jews) in European countries. But, considering the fact, that the WRB began its work only in 1944, when the main part of Jewish population in Europe was exterminated, we can assume that the rescue activities of the agency could be more productive, if it functioned from the beginning of the World War II. With the end of war in Europe in 1945, the activity of the WRB was no longer needed, and the organization was dissolved in September 1945.

Social Integration of Immigrants and the Attitude of the Native Population in European Countries

In this paper, I focus on the relationships between the attitude of the native population towards immigrants and immigration (ATII) in 20 European countries and the level of social integration and perceived discrimination of first and second generation immigrants in those countries. The stringency of naturalization policies in the host countries is also taken into consideration as a mechanism of the development of these relationships. The results confirm that a country’s naturalization policies fairly represent most ATII indicators, and that immigrants feel less discriminated against in more welcoming societies. However, no systematic relationship was revealed between the attitude of the native population and the social integration of immigrants. On the other hand, the results suggest lower perceived discrimination and higher social integration of first generation immigrants in countries where the naturalization status of immigrants is more secured, and the possibility of dual nationality is more restricted. The results also show that the perceived discrimination of immigrants does not decline with the duration of residence in the host countries, but the latter revealed a positive relationship with the social integration of immigrants.

Clinical, pathological, and molecular features of classical and L-type atypical-BSE in goats.

Monitoring of small ruminants for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) has recently become more relevant after two natural scrapie suspected cases of goats were found to be positive for classical BSE (C-BSE). C-BSE probably established itself in this species unrecognized, undermining disease control measures. This opens the possibility that TSEs in goats may remain an animal source for human prion diseases. Currently, there are no data regarding the natural presence of the atypical BSE in caprines. Here we report that C-BSE and L-type atypical BSE (L-BSE) isolates from bovine species are intracerebrally transmissible to goats, with a 100% attack rate and a significantly shorter incubation period and survival time after C-BSE than after L-BSE experimental infection, suggesting a lower species barrier for classical agentin goat. All animals showed nearly the same clinical features of disease characterized by skin lesions, including broken hair and alopecia, and abnormal mental status. Histology and immunohistochemistry showed several differences between C-BSE and L-BSE infection, allowing discrimination between the two different strains. The lymphoreticular involvement we observed in the C-BSE positive goats argues in favour of a peripheral distribution of PrPSc similar to classical scrapie. Western blot and other currently approved screening tests detected both strains in the goats and were able to classify negative control animals. These data demonstrate that active surveillance of small ruminants, as applied to fallen stock and/or healthy slaughter populations in European countries, is able to correctly identify and classify classical and L-BSE and ultimately protect public health.

Improving the quality of care delivered to adolescents in Europe: a time to invest

While many governments, non governmental organisations (NGOs) and United Nations (UN) agencies have focused in the past on the health of mothers, infants and young children, there is now growing...

SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THE COUNTRY’S NATIONAL ENERGY SPHERE DEVELOPMENT

Introduction. The issue of consumer protection during electricity market reforming becomes of special urgency and requires the appropriate instrumentarium that would meet the aquis communautaire criteria as for providing information, contractual obligations and quality of services in the electricity market of Ukraine. Purpose. of the article is to expand approaches to the definition of the category of vulnerable consumer; as a factor of effective reform of the countries energy sector in accordance with the standards and norms of European legislation. Methods. During the research the following methods were used: economic and statistical (for analysis of the current state of Ukrainian households’ income and expenditures); statistical (for a complex diagnosis of the current welfare population in Ukraine and the welfare of population in European countries; the cost and volume of electricity, affecting the socio-economic development of the country). Results. The work analyzes the households’ indicators on the level of material welfare as a factor reflecting the state of socio-economic development of the country and the provision of the population with tangible and intangible benefits. The world experience of existing mechanisms of consumer rights protection in the liberalized electricity market has been analysed. Discussion. It is proved that the minimum consumption tariffs make the price structure non-transparent and have the direct interrelationship with the effect of cross-subsidiziation, which can lead to incorrect price signals for consumers and investors from energy suppliers. Considering this an important point in the rules of social protection is the absence of administrative interference in the natural mechanisms of the energy market. It is emphasized that it is the consumer’s awareness of his rights, duties and the market data which lays the foundation for successful reformation and functioning of the electricity market and is the basis for ensuring energy efficiency and the economical use of energy resources.

Perception of livestock ecosystem services in grazing areas

This study investigates how the ecosystem services (ES) linked to livestock grazing are perceived across countries. A total of 82 case studies collected from 42 countries via survey (53.7% cases from Europe and 46.3% from outside of Europe) have been analysed through a multivariate approach. In all, 18 non-provisioning ES were considered. Overall, the reported impacts of livestock grazing on the different ES were much more positive than negative. Notably, a large proportion of respondents reported either positive or very positive impacts for some cultural ES, namely cultural, historic and natural heritage (84%), knowledge systems and educational values (77%), landscape values (74%), and for some supporting and regulating ES, namely habitat provision (66%), nutrient cycling (65%), and bush encroachment/fire control (66%). Based on multiple regression analysis, geographic origin, stakeholder type and species category, as well as protection status of the grazing area, had significant effects on the perception of the impacts. Respondents reported those impacts as more positive in Europe, in protected areas and where several species were present in the grazing area. A significantly larger proportion of respondents reported recognition of ES provided by the grazing livestock population in European countries (40.9%) compared with non-European countries (23.7%). Based on the survey responses it appears that in non-European countries absence of formal recognition, especially by policy makers, is a major challenge for the continued provision of ES in grazing systems. In Europe, where such recognition is already often included in legislation, the long-term sustainability of related policies and incentives to provide such services is viewed as a major issue by the respondents.

Gabaa Subtypes-Selective Modulation: A Novel Mechanism-Based Approach to the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain

Neuropathic pain (NP) affects about 7% of the general population in European countries. Meta-analyses indicate that only a minority of NP patients has adequate response to drug therapy and management of NP is still an unmet medical need. New insights into the contribution of defined subtypes of GABAA receptors (GABAA Rs) to the different clinical effects of benzodiazepine (BDZ)s, including analgesia, have suggested that α1-sparing selective BDZs, such as N-desmethylclobazam (NDMC), may be a new realistic alternative for the treatment of NP. Healthy volunteers, proof-of-concept RCT assessing antihyperalgesic and sedative effects of BDZs on a UVB-induced pain model of central sensitization. Human cell electrophysiology (recombinant GABAA Rs) and mice behavioral experiments based on a chronic constriction injury model comparing diazepam (DZP), clobazam (CBZ) and NDMC activity profiles. In healthy volunteers, at the time of maximum effect, CBZ and clonazepam (CLN) antihyperalgesic effect was greater (vs. placebo) by respectively 15.7% (95% CI 0.8 – 30.5) and 28.6% (95% CI 4.5 – 52.6), p <0.05. Difference (vs. placebo) in sedation (VAS) was only significant for CLN 26.3mm (95%CI 15.0-37.7), p< 0.001. In recombinant receptors, NDMC had better α2- over α1GABAARs activity ratio than CBZ and DZP. Unlike DZP, NDMC caused no or modest sedation at antihyperalgesic doses in two strains of wild-type mice. NDMC α2/α1 in vitro activity profile and long term clinical experience from its marketed parent compound (CBZ) make it an advisable clinical candidate for further proof-of-concept assessments in human. Therefore the HUG has manufactured a new chemical entity and initiated a drug development program for NDMC starting with a phase-I trial comparing analgesic and sedative effects of NDMC 20mg and 60mg with clonazepam 1.5mg in healthy volunteers and two phase-I single and repeated dose pharmacokinetic studies.

Una aproximación al síndrome de burnout y las características laborales de emigrantes españoles en países europeos

Job characteristics (both external and job content) in Spanish migrant population in European countries (The United Kingdom and Germany) and their connection with the three dimensions of burnout syndrome were analyzed in this study. It was also assessed whether these variables were predictors of life satisfaction. Using a sample made up of 679 people, results showed that the worse the job characteristics (external and job content characteristics), the higher the levels of emotional exhaustion and cynicism and the lower the professional efficacy (and vice versa). Likewise, among other findings, differences in burnout dimensions and job content characteristics according to the match between job and training level and time of residence in the country of destination were observed. Finally, job characteristics, cynicism, and professional efficacy were found to be predictors of life satisfaction, but not emotional exhaustion.

Multiple Helices as Agents of Change? The Case of the Neighborhoods of the Future Project and the Development of Direction for Policy and Practice on Health, Happiness and Wellbeing for the next Generation of Older Adults

This article describes a case study on a project to create cooperation between international (EU) and national governments, small and large enterprises, universities and non-governmental charitable and social organizations. It explains the nature of the project and investigates the implications of the project for the discourse concerning the Triple Helix. The project, still in progress at the time of writing, required the stimulation of large scale and pervasive innovative responses to the challenge of aging populations in European countries, particularly as regards the creation of appropriate homes and neighborhoods that will enable the new generation of older adults to live well, happily and healthily. People in this new generation is conventionally referred to as baby boomers, the largest, longest lived, healthiest, wealthiest, longest working older generation that Europe has ever seen. The paper describes the first stage of the project - the creation of an inclusive dialogue between the different parties. Then it presents a discussion of the learnings from the case study for organizers of other similar dialogues, based upon an in-depth interview with the initiator of the project, who is also one of this article’s co-authors. It also proposes a new configuration of Triple Helix model. We conclude this paper by presenting a question that Triple Helix participants as agents of change will have to answer in the future.