Population Consumption Research Articles

Health literacy and consumer health information

The rigours of the past few years have demonstrated the importance of good health literacy levels with the imperative of being able to obtain and interpret information to maintain and improve one's health never more apparent. With this in mind, this issue is focused on consumer health information, the gender and population group differences that exist in information seeking behaviour, the challenges of understanding medical explanations and terminology, and existing criteria to assess and ultimately produce better consumer health information.

ANALISIS INDEKS HARGA KONSUMEN (IHK), INFLASI, DAN JUMLAH PENDUDUK TERHADAP KEMISKINAN DI ACEH BARAT

This study examined the effect of the consumer price index (CPI), inflation, and population against poverty in West Aceh. This study used secondary data in the form of time-series data from 2001 to 2020. The analysis method used was a multiple linear regression with the help of E-views 10. The results partially indicated that the consumer price index positively and significantly affected poverty in West Aceh, inflation negatively and insignificantly affected poverty in West Aceh, and population negatively and significantly affected poverty in West Aceh. Simultaneously, the consumer price index, inflation, and population affected poverty in West Aceh with a probability value of 0.04.

Dietary oily fish intake reduces the risk of all-cause mortality in frequent fish consumers of Amerindian ancestry living in coastal Ecuador: the Atahualpa project.

To assess the relationship between dietary oily fish intake and all-cause mortality in a population of frequent fish consumers of Amerindian ancestry living in rural Ecuador. Individuals aged ≥ 40years enrolled in the prospective population-based Atahualpa Project cohort received annual questionnaires to estimate their dietary oily fish intake. Only fish served broiled or cooked in the soup were included for analysis. Poisson regression and Cox-proportional hazards models adjusted for demographics, education level and cardiovascular risk factors were obtained to estimate mortality risk according to the amount of oily fish intake stratified in tertiles. Analysis included 909 individuals (mean age: 55.1 ± 12.8years) followed by a median of 7.5 ± 3years. Mean oily fish intake was 9.4 ± 5.7 servings per week. A total of 142 (16%) individuals died during the follow-up. The mortality rate for individuals in the first tertile de oily fish intake (0.0-6.29 servings) was 2.87 per 100 person-years, which decreased to 1.78 for those in the third tertile (10.59-35.0 servings). An adjusted Cox-proportional hazards model showed that individuals allocated to the second (HR 0.61; 95% CI 0.41-0.92) and third (HR 0.60; 95% CI 0.40-0.91) tertiles of dietary oily fish intake had significantly lower mortality risk than those in the first tertile. Sustained oily fish intake of more than six servings per week reduces mortality risk in middle-aged and older adults of Amerindian ancestry.

Mechanisms of individual variation in large herbivore diets: Roles of spatial heterogeneity and state-dependent foraging.

Many populations of consumers consist of relatively specialized individuals that eat only a subset of the foods consumed by the population at large. Although the ecological significance of individual-level diet variation is recognized, such variation is difficult to document, and its underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Optimal foraging theory provides a useful framework for predicting how individuals might select different diets, positing that animals balance the "opportunity cost" of stopping to eat an available food item against the cost of searching for something more nutritious; diet composition should be contingent on the distribution of food, and individual foragers should be more selective when they have greater energy reserves to invest in searching for high-quality foods. We tested these predicted mechanisms of individual niche differentiation by quantifying environmental (resource heterogeneity) and organismal (nutritional condition) determinants of diet in a widespread browsing antelope (bushbuck, Tragelaphus sylvaticus) in an African floodplain-savanna ecosystem. We quantified individuals' realized dietary niches (taxonomic richness and composition) using DNA metabarcoding of fecal samples collected repeatedly from 15 GPS-collared animals (range 6-14 samples per individual, median 12). Bushbuck diets were structured by spatial heterogeneity and constrained by individual condition. We observed significant individual-level partitioning of food plants by bushbuck both within and between two adjacent habitat types (floodplain and woodland). Individuals with home ranges that were closer together and/or had similar vegetation structure (measured using LiDAR) ate more similar diets, supporting the prediction that heterogeneous resource distribution promotes individual differentiation. Individuals in good nutritional condition had significantly narrower diets (fewer plant taxa), searched their home ranges more intensively (intensity-of-use index), and had higher-quality diets (percent digestible protein) than those in poor condition, supporting the prediction that animals with greater endogenous reserves have narrower realized niches because they can invest more time in searching for nutritious foods. Our results support predictions from optimal foraging theory about the energetic basis of individual-level dietary variation and provide a potentially generalizable framework for understanding how individuals' realized niche width is governed by animal behavior and physiology in heterogeneous landscapes.

Heavy metal contents in salted fish retailed in Egypt: Dietary intakes and health risk assessment.

In Egypt, salted fish is considered a typically processed fish, including salted sardine, salted mullet (feseikh), keeled mullet (sahlia), and herrings. High-quality protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vital amino acids, and trace minerals such as magnesium and calcium are all abundant in fish. However, eating salted fish can expose people to toxins found in the environment, such as heavy metals. In Zagazig, Egypt, four types of locally produced salted fish-salted sardine, feseikh, sahlia, and herrings-were tested for heavy metals, specifically lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg). Second, the assessed heavy metals linked to the Egyptian population's consumption of salted fish were used to calculate estimated daily intakes (EDIs) and potential health hazards, such as hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI). Samples of salted herrings, feseikh, sahlia, and sardines were gathered from the markets in Zagazig. Samples of salted fish were subjected to acid digestion and then heavy metal extraction. Atomic absorption spectrometers (AAS) were used to measure heavy metals. HI, HQ, and EDI were computed computationally. With the exception of mercury, which was not found in the salted herrings, the recorded results showed that all of the tested metals were present in the samples that were evaluated. The herrings contained residual Pb and Cd contents that were highest, followed by sardine, feseikh, and sahlia, in that order. After sardine, herrings, and sahlia, feseikh has the greatest concentration. Sardine, feseikh, and sahlia had the highest quantities of mercury, in that order. A number of samples were found to be above the maximum allowable levels. There were no apparent hazards associated with consuming such conventional fish products, according to the computed HQ and HI values for the heavy metals under investigation based on the daily intakes. Samples of salted fish sold in Zagazig, Egypt, had high quantities of the hazardous elements Pb, Cd, As, and Hg. Due to the bioaccumulation and biomagnification characteristics of these studied metals, such data should be taken carefully even though the computed health hazards revealed no potential problems.

Methodology of assessment of the effectiveness of scientific-technological modernization of the oil-and-fat industry based on green technologies

The article covers the methodology of assessment of the impact of scientific-technological modernization and describes the advantages and disadvantages of traditional assessment methods. The necessity of improving the methodology for assessing the effectiveness of modernization is scientifically substantiated and an approach based on target evaluation criteria that take into account the factors and directions of modernization is proposed. Unlike the existing methods of modernization assessment, this approach includes the direction of environmental efficiency and the "green economy" factor. The model has been developed after the example of the modernization of fat- and-oil industry enterprises, and It is based on the research of the level of influence of interaction between process participants (enterprise, technological community, scientific, educational institutions, innovation centers), state, investors, consumer (population, food enterprises, organizations) and supplier (raw material suppliers, machine-building enterprises) on the provision of efficiency directions (economic, social, ecological and scientific-technical) in interdependence and integrity. The system of assessment indicators is proposed in the model, and a matrix for assessment of the effectiveness of scientific-technological modernization in terms of directions and participants of the process is developed. The proposed methodology can be used to assess the creation of modernized fat-and-oil clusters in regions based on green technology.

New Patients in Treatment for Opioid Addiction in Spain.

Patients seeking first time treatment for opioid consumption reflect the characteristics of the consumer population. This group has not been studied in Spain in decades. The objective of this study was to characterize the opioid user population seeking first time treatment (incidents) and compare them group with those with prior treatment (prevalents). Cross-sectional study (N = 3325) with patients with opioid addiction seeking care at public addiction centers in the Community of Madrid from 2017 through 2019. Differentiation and comparisons were carried out using bivariate analysis, adjusted by sociodemographic characteristics related and those related to substance use consumption in incident and prevalent patients. About 12.2% were incidents. Compared to prevalents, there were more foreigners (34.1% vs 19.1% P < .001), but with a better social network. Regarding opioid use, incidents were less likely to use injection (10.7% compared to 16.8% P = .008), but had greater daily frequency (75.8% vs 52.2%, P < .001). The age of initial consumption was greater (27 years vs 21.3 years, (P < .001)). About 15.5% of incidents sought care for non-heroin opioids, compared to 4.8% of prevalents (P < .001). Women sought care at twice the rate of men (29.3% vs 12.3%; P > .001). New patients presented a profile with many stable characteristics, but which highlighted an increase in the use of other opioids, as occurs in the international context. Surveillance of the new patient characteristics can serve as an early indicator of consumption changes in. Thus, periodic monitoring is important.

(De)Prescribing of proton pump inhibitors: what has changed in recent years? an observational regional study from the French health insurance database

BackgroundProton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are one of the most widely prescribed drug classes in the community and at hospital. The significant misuse of PPIs requires the implementation for a deprescribing strategy. Numerous studies aiming at evaluating the impact of deprescribing interventions have been set up, implying a precisely known evolution of consumption of PPIs in the population studied without intervention.The main objective of the study was to study overall changes in PPI prescribing and deprescribing in a regional population of chronic consumers without intervention, according to health insurance databases.MethodsThis historical cohort study was based on the French National Health Data System databases. All adult patients living in the Pays de la Loire area and covered by the French National Health Insurance and who had at least one reimbursement for a PPI dispensing between 01 October 2016 and 31 December 2020 were included. Only chronic consumer patients were included, defined as patients who has had PPI dispensed for 3 consecutive months with a temporal coverage of at least 80%. Patients under 18 years of age and patients who received parenteral PPIs only were excluded.ResultsThe percentage of chronic treatment discontinuation in 2017 was 12.5% and remained stable to reach 12.4% in 2020. The number of new chronic patients increased from year to year to reach 77,222 patients in 2020, with an increasing rate of 1.2 to 2% between 2017 and 2020. The prevalent patient population increased from year to year to reach 167 751 patients in 2020, with an increasing rate of 4.2 to 4.4% between 2017 and 2020.Regarding the initiation of PPI therapy, in 2020, 87.1% of treatment initiations were done by general practitioners. They renewed 2,402,263 prescriptions (89.3%) between 2017 and 2020.ConclusionsThis study shows a stagnation over the last 4 years in the deprescribing of chronic PPI treatments in a French region despite the information on their inappropriate use reported by national agencies and in the literature with increasing frequency. This reinforces the interest of setting up a deprescribing project.

Application of a hybrid model based on multiple linear regression -principle component analysis (MLR-PCA) for electricity export forecasting

International electricity trade as a strategic commodity plays a prominent role in the foreign trade market of countries. Electricity export forecasting leads to better production planning, supply security, blackouts reduc-tion, and obligations fulfillment. This paper aimed to provide a model for electricity export forecasting. In this regard, electricity consumption in different consumer sectors, gas consumption, population, GDP, and electric-ity prices have been entered into the multiple regression model as predictor variables. Although R2 =.976, F=66.110, and SIG<.05 indicate the model appropriateness, the high correlation between the predictor variables created collinearity. In other words, Tolerance, VIF (variance inflation factor), Eigenvalue and the Condition Index are less than .2, more than 10, close to zero, and more than 15 respectively. To solve this problem, two hybrid methods of Multiple Regression-First Difference Function and Multiple Regression-PCA have been used. In the first hybrid method (R2 =.553) the Tolerance and VIF index still show the presence of collinearity. In the second hybrid method (R2 =.936, F=169.9, SIG<.05) due to all the mentioned indicators, the collinearity has been completely resolved. So, the MLR-PCA method is the most appropriate model for electricity export forecasting. The data collected from Iran have been used to illustrate the model.

Reconstructing midge consumer-resource dynamics using carbon stable isotope signatures of archived specimens.

Population cycles can be caused by consumer-resource interactions. Confirming the role of consumer-resource interactions, however, can be challenging due to an absence of data for the resource candidate. For example, interactions between midge larvae and benthic algae likely govern the high-amplitude population fluctuations of Tanytarsus gracilentus in Lake Mývatn, Iceland, but there are no records of benthic resources concurrent with adult midge population counts. Here, we investigate consumer population dynamics using the carbon stable isotope signatures of archived T. gracilentus specimens collected from 1977 to 2015, under the assumption that midge δ13 C values reflect those of resources they consumed as larvae. We used the time series for population abundance and δ13 C to estimate interactions between midges and resources while accounting for measurement error and possible preservation effects on isotope values. Results were consistent with consumer-resource interactions: high δ13 C values preceded peaks in the midge population, and δ13 C values tended to decline after midges reached high abundance. One interpretation of this dynamic coupling is that midge isotope signatures reflect temporal variation in benthic algal δ13 C values, which we expected to mirror primary production. Following from this explanation, high benthic production (enriched δ13 C values) would contribute to increased midge abundance, and high midge abundance would result in declining benthic production (depleted δ13 C values). An additional and related explanation is that midges deplete benthic algal abundance once they reach peak densities, causing midges to increase their relative reliance on other resources including detritus and associated microorganisms. Such a shift in resource use would be consistent with the subsequent decline in midge δ13 C values. Our study adds evidence that midge-resource interactions drive T. gracilentus fluctuations and demonstrates a novel application of stable isotope time-series data to understand consumer population dynamics.

High capacity for a dietary specialist consumer population to cope with increasing cyanobacterial blooms

We present a common-garden experiment to examine the amphipod Monoporeia affinis, a key deposit-feeder in the Baltic Sea, a low diversity system offering a good model for studying local adaptations. In the northern part of this system, the seasonal development of phytoplankton is characterized by a single diatom bloom (high nutritional quality), whereas in the south, the diatom bloom is followed by a cyanobacteria bloom (low nutritional quality) during summer. Therefore, the nutrient input to the benthic system differs between the sea basins. Accordingly, the amphipod populations were expected to be dietary specialists in the north and generalists in the south. We tested this hypothesis using a combination of stable isotope tracers, trophic niche analyses, and various endpoints of growth and health status. We found that when mixed with diatomes, the toxin-producing cyanobacteria, were efficiently incorporated and used for growth by both populations. However, contrary to expectations, the feeding plasticity was more pronounced in the northern population, indicating genetically-based divergence and suggesting that these animals can develop ecological adaptations to the climate-induced northward cyanobacteria expansion in this system. These findings improve our understanding regarding possible adaptations of the deposit-feeders to increasing cyanobacteria under global warming world in both limnic and marine ecosystems. It is possible that the observed effects apply to other consumers facing altered food quality due to environmental changes.

Consumer behavior of Russians: opportunities and priorities

The article examines the dynamics of changes in the volume of monetary income as a means for life of Russians, including implementation of their consumption priorities. It shows distribution of the population's expenditures on consumption of food and non-food products, alcoholic beverages and payment for services. The analysis is based on government statistics on 20 percent income groups, it covers a four-year period, including two years on the eve of the coronavirus pandemic and two years of its development. In the structure of the use of monetary income of the entire (without breakdown into groups) population (2018-2021) are analyzed indicators characterizing changes not only in the purchase of goods and services, but also in the increase/decrease in savings, which act as a reserve for future consumer opportunities. There are identified differences in the change in the share of household spending on food and services in the overall structure of consumer spending by macro-regions of Russia — Federal districts. From the standpoint of macro-regional differentiation in the structure of the use of monetary income for a ten-year period, the emphasis is placed on the purchase of goods and payment for services in Russia as a whole, and especially on the active growth in the Far Eastern and North Caucasus macro-regions. The share of expenses for the purchase of a number of the most important food products in household consumer spending is considered by decile income groups. A comparative analysis of the least and most affluent groups of the population is carried out within the frames of the specified directions reflecting priorities in the consumer behavior of the Russian population.

Consumer Attitude, Consumer Trust, and Price Perception on Purchace Decision

The purpose of this studyis to determine if consumer attitudes, consumer confidence and awareness of prices influence purchasing decisions at KebabQue Sepanjang. The survey used questionnaires to collect data, and the consumer population of KebabQue MSME is not yet known. The sample is taken using the Lameshow formula and the result is 96, rounded up to 100. The method used in this study is accidental sampling. The results of this survey show that consumer attitudes have a significant impact on purchase decisions, and consumer trust has a posittive andssignificant impact on purchasing deecisions. Price awareness has a positive and important impact on purchasing decisions. Consumer attitudes, consumer confidence and price awareness also have a positife and important impact on purchasing decisions. The implications of this study are that KebabQue MSME partners will continue to provide high quality foods and meet consumer needs as much as possible so that consumers can truly trust Kebab Que MSME foods.

THE IHSS+ ADRD TRAINING PROJECT: BOLSTERING THE DEMENTIA CARE WORKFORCE IN CALIFORNIA

Abstract California’s In-Home Supportive Services (IHSS) program provides vital home care to low-income consumers, some of whom live with Alzheimer’s disease or related dementias (ADRD). Yet, most IHSS caregivers receive little or no training in dementia care. With the prevalence of ADRD among Californians age 55+ projected to increase 127% by 2040, reaching over 1.5 million people, the IHSS consumer population living with ADRD will likely increase at a similar rate, exacerbating the need for dementia-trained home care workers. This poster describes preliminary outcomes of the IHSS+ ADRD Training Project, a 10-week, competency-based training program, aiming to reach 600 IHSS caregivers in Alameda County, California, by 2024. All planned in-person activities switched to virtual strategies due to the COVID-19 pandemic. To date, 348 IHSS caregivers have been trained through 16 classes, with 9 classes offered in English, 3 classes in Spanish, and 4 classes in Cantonese. A quasi-experimental, longitudinal design was used to evaluate the project’s impact through pre, post, and 3-month follow-up surveys. Caregiver outcome measures included the: 1) Dementia Knowledge Assessment Tool 2, 2) Fortinsky self-efficacy scale, 3) Caregiver Self-Assessment Questionnaire, and 4) Patient Health Questionnaire-2. Preliminary outcomes trend toward significant increases in caregivers’ knowledge about ADRD and self-efficacy to maximize care they provide to consumers. While caregivers also reported slight increases in stress and depression, they expressed high levels of satisfaction with the training. Future analysis will include comparing IHSS caregiver outcomes to healthcare utilization patterns of IHSS consumers before and after their caregiver’s participation in the training.

PENGARUH TAGLINE DAN BRAND AMBASSADOR TERHADAP BRAND IMAGE PRODUK NATURE REPUBLIC DI OUTLET TUNJUNGAN PLAZA 6 SURABAYA

The industrial sector plays an important role as the main driver and support for the national economy. Strategies to promote products in today's business world to be more creative. The purpose of the study was to determine and simultaneously analyze the influence of Tagline and Brand Ambassador variables on the Brand Image of Nature Republic products. This research used quantitative research methods. In collecting the data, this research uses a questionnaire, the source of the data taken is primary data. Research population of consumers of Nature Republic products at Outlet Tunjungan Plaza 6 Surabaya. To obtain maximum results, the sample taken is 100 respondents to consumers who have purchased Nature Republic products at the Tunjungan Plaza 6 Surabaya Outlet. The sampling technique in this study used non-probability sampling. Classical assumption test consists of Multicollinearity Test, Autocorrelation Test, Normality Test. The analytical technique used in this research is using multiple linear regression analysis. The conclusion of this study is that the Tagline and Brand Ambassador variables simultaneously and partially have a significant effect on Brand image

Health risk indices associated with heavy metals from vegetables cultivated in Tsagero District, Rimi Local Government Area, Katsina State, Nigeria

Local preservation of vegetables involves drying to enhance shelf life. The drying processes could, in turn, contaminate the vegetables with environmental heavy metals. Ingestion of foods contaminated with heavy metals may lead to an increase in the chances of incurring cancer and other health disorders in the consumer population. This study investigated heavy metals contaminations and health risks associated with the consumption vegetables from Turaji, Tsagero District, Rimi Local Government Katsina State, North west Nigeria. The vegetables were three samples of Solanum lycopersicum L. (tomato) as fresh tomato, tomatoes sun-dried along tarred road side, and tomatoes air-dried on farmland soil; three samples of Capsicum annuum (sweet pepper) as fresh sweet pepper, sweet pepper sun-dried along tarred road side and sweet pepper air-dried on farmland soil. The samples were grinded, ashed and digested with HNO3 and HCl separately using standard methods. The heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Fe, Cr, Cd, Mn, Zn, and Pb) contents of the samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Daily intake, non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks as well as hazard indices of the heavy metals were determined. Results of the study showed that the vegetables analyzed generally have low levels of the heavy metals, with Ni being below detection level (BDL) in all the samples. All of the detected heavy metals concentrations were below the maximum permissible limits as set by the regulatory agencies. The calculated target hazard quotient (THQ) Health risk indices (HRIs) of the evaluated heavy metals in all the samples were therefore, less than 1. The Incremental Life time Cancer Risk (ILCR) to the population from consumption of the samples lies within the safe limit (≤10-4). From the results, these vegetables are hence, safe for human consumption.

Financial Hazard Prediction Due to Power Outages Associated with Severe Weather-Related Natural Disaster Categories

Severe weather conditions not only damage electric power infrastructure, and energy systems, but also affect millions of users, including residential, commercial or industrial consumers. Moreover, power outages due to weather-related natural disasters have been causing financial losses worth billions of US dollars. In this paper, we analyze the impact of power outages on the revenue of electric power suppliers, particularly due to the top five weather-related natural disasters. For this purpose, reliable and publicly available power outage events data are considered. The data provide the time of the outage event, the geographic region, electricity consumption and tariffs, social and economic indicators, climatological annotation, consumer category distribution, population and land area, and so forth. An exploratory analysis is carried out to reveal the impact of weather-related disasters and the associated electric power revenue risk. The top five catastrophic weather-related natural disaster categories are investigated individually to predict the related revenue loss. The most influencing parameters contributing to efficient prediction are identified and their partial dependence on revenue loss is illustrated. It was found that the electric power revenue associated with weather-related natural disasters is a function of several parameters, including outage duration, number of customers, tariffs and economic indicators. The findings of this research will help electric power suppliers estimate revenue risk, as well as authorities to make risk-informed decisions regarding the energy infrastructure and systems planning.

Ethnic crop consumption and marketing in the Eastern United States: Trends and prospects

The population demographics of the eastern U.S has changed in recent years with an increase in immigrants, particularly of Asian and Hispanic origins. This trend motivated the identification of foods preferred by these ethnic communities in 16 states in the region and Washington, D.C., focusing on greens and herbs. Over 100 ethnic greens and herbs were identified as being preferred food choices, from which 40 were selected for further study, representing 10 crops important to four ethnicities: Asian Indian, Chinese, Mexican, and Puerto Rico. Bulletin board focus group and telephone survey participants responded to questions regarding their consumption in 2010. The relevant information was collected to assess retail sales for each crop for each of the four ethnic groups. Results demonstrated that the ethnic crop demand in the eastern U.S is significant, and the prospects for future growth are promising as the population of ethnic consumers in the region is projected to continue to grow.

Elucidating Heavy Metals Concentration and Distribution in Wild Edible Morels and the Associated Soil at Different Altitudinal Zones of Pakistan: a Health Risk Implications Study.

This study evaluates macro-nutrient (MN) and prevailing heavy metal (HM) concentrations in wild edible morels (WEM) species viz., Morchella crassipes, Morchella pulchella, and Morchella eohespera and the associated soil that were collected from different altitudinal zones (Azad Kashmir, Murree, Swat, and Skardu) of Pakistan. A special emphasis on potential health risk analysis for HM in WEM consumption was also explored. In general, MN concentration in fruiting bodies and their associated soil samples were in the following order: potassium (K) > magnesium (Mg) > calcium (Ca) > sodium (Na) and Ca > Mg > K > Na, respectively. The concentration for HM in WEM ranged between 20.0 and 78.0mg/kg, 1.09 and 22.1mg/kg, 2.1 and 22.1mg/kg, 0.26 and 13.1mg/kg, 0.43 and 9.1mg/kg, 1.07 and 7.0mg/kg, 1.01 and 5.4mg/kg, and BDL and 3.1mg/kg for zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), respectively, and those in underlying soil samples, lowest and highest HM concentration were recorded for Zn (33.7-113.6mg/kg), Cu (13.0-40.8mg/kg), Ni (3.1-23.0mg/kg), Pb (1.3-22.0mg/kg), Co (2.9-5.6mg/kg), Cr (2.7-11.1mg/kg), Mn (2.0-7.1mg/kg), and Cd (1.1mg/kg 7.6). Although, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations in some of the WEM samples and Cd in the soil had exceeded the permissible limits set by different organizations. The greater accumulation/or transfer potential for Zn, Co, Ni, and Cu were recorded in WEM from their associated soil. The health risk index (HRI) for HM in all assessed samples of WEM was < 1, predicting no risk to the consuming population. Furthermore, the correlation analyses depicted that the power of hydrogen (pH), low organic matter contents, and sandy texture are likely to be responsible for HM transfer to the lower pool of soil. But the increasing concentration of HM in WEM warrants threats and suggests further monitoring and future policy plan and implementation to avoid the potential health risks via its regular consumption.

Research on Youth Consumer Behavior and Brand Marketing Strategy of Want Want Group

This paper studied the teenage consumer behavior and brand marketing of Want Want Group because the main consumer group of the Want Want brand is teenagers, and it is difficult for Want Want to break through the current state. The consumer population is slowly updating, although it is trying to become younger. Want Want needs a more optimized strategy to maintain the freshness it brings to consumers to attract more young people’s attention and consumers. This paper also used the survey method and comparative analysis and found that when buying snacks, most people are most concerned about the price of snacks. More than ordinary people choose paper bags or cartons as snack packaging. More than half of the people learn about Want Want products through TV advertisements. Most people think that the disadvantages of the Want Want brand are that the packaging is not exquisite enough, and the celebrity publicity is not in place. It is believed that the frequency of TV advertisements for the Want Want is low. Many people will choose to buy Want Want products because of their spokespersons. The people aged 17-18 account for the largest proportion of Want Want target consumers. Want Want needs to increase the delivery of advertisements and increase the delivery of advertisements. Want Want can choose short videos as a form of advertising and add more pictures to attract consumers. Want Want also can add celebrity spokespersons to encourage consumers to buy their products.