Young Adult Population Research Articles

Long-Term Study on the Fluctuation of Self-Reported Awake Bruxism in a Cohort of Healthy Young Adults.

The introduction of a smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) approach has allowed achieving data on the frequency of different awake bruxism (AB) behaviours (i.e., teeth contact, teeth clenching, teeth grinding, and mandible bracing) reported by an individual in the natural environment. The fluctuation of AB reports over time has a certain degree of variability that has never been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to assess the long-term fluctuation of AB behaviours in a population of young adults. A smartphone application was used to assess a real-time report on five specific oral conditions related to AB in a sample of 77 young adults, aged 24.0 ± 0.8 years. Data were recorded over three periods of 7 days, with a three-month interval for a total of 6 months. The average frequency of the relaxed condition was 72.9%, 78.2%, and 80.8% at the end of the first, second, and third sessions, respectively. On average, teeth contact and mandible bracing were the most frequently reported conditions, with a mean prevalence of 12.9% and 7%, respectively, whilst the frequency of teeth clenching and teeth grinding was less than 3%. The ANOVA test showed an absence of significant differences (p < 0.05) between the three recording periods, and the frequency was in general only moderately variable from day-to-day (e.g., the coefficient of variation (CV) for the condition "relaxed jaw muscles" was 0.3). No gender differences were detected either. Findings suggest that in a population of healthy individuals, the frequency of AB behaviours over a six-month monitoring period is quite constant. This investigation represents a standpoint for future comparisons on the study of natural fluctuations of AB behaviours as well as on AB frequency in populations with risk/associated factors and possible clinical consequences.

Responsive Neurostimulation in Pediatric and Young Adult Patients With Drug-Resistant Focal, Multifocal, and Generalized Epilepsy: A Single-Center Experience

BackgroundResponsive neurostimulation (RNS) is used off-label in pediatric patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Our study aims to assess the safety and efficacy of RNS in pediatric and young adult patients with focal, multifocal, and generalized DRE. MethodsAll patients who underwent RNS implantation at Primary Children's Hospital in Salt Lake City, UT, between December 2017 and 2022. ResultsA total of 47 patients were retrospectively identified, of which 32 patients were included in the final analysis. Patients ranged in age from five to 21 years (pediatric n = 22, young adult n = 10) at the time of RNS implantation with focal (20 [63%]), multifocal (8 [25%]), and generalized (4 [12%]) DRE. Operative complications (3 [9%]) and negative side effects (6 [19%]) were minor. At the time of most recent clinic visit (mean 18.6 months, S.D. 13.9), 19 of 32 patients (59%) were responders with ≥50% reduction in seizure frequency (pediatric n = 14, young adult n = 5). The rate of responders increased with prolonged activation of RNS stimulation, reaching 71% (five of seven patients) after 24 months. Antiseizure medication was reduced in five (16%) patients, and seizure rescue medication usage was reduced in 10 (31%) patients. Quality of life improved in 15 (47%) patients. ConclusionsRNS implantation resulted in a sustained reduction in seizure frequency with minimal side effects in a majority of patients. Taken together, our data suggest that RNS is an effective and safe treatment option for focal, multifocal, and potentially generalized DRE in the pediatric and young adult population.

Tree-based classification model for Long-COVID infection prediction with age stratification using data from the National COVID Cohort Collaborative.

We propose and validate a domain knowledge-driven classification model for diagnosing post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), also known as Long COVID, using Electronic Health Records (EHRs) data. We developed a robust model that incorporates features strongly indicative of PASC or associated with the severity of COVID-19 symptoms as identified in our literature review. The XGBoost tree-based architecture was chosen for its ability to handle class-imbalanced data and its potential for high interpretability. Using the training data provided by the Long COVID Computation Challenge (L3C), which was a sample of the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C), our models were fine-tuned and calibrated to optimize Area Under the Receiver Operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and the F1 score, following best practices for the class-imbalanced N3C data. Our age-stratified classification model demonstrated strong performance with an average 5-fold cross-validated AUROC of 0.844 and F1 score of 0.539 across the young adult, mid-aged, and older-aged populations in the training data. In an independent testing dataset, which was made available after the challenge was over, we achieved an overall AUROC score of 0.814 and F1 score of 0.545. The results demonstrated the utility of knowledge-driven feature engineering in a sparse EHR data and demographic stratification in model development to diagnose a complex and heterogeneously presenting condition like PASC. The model's architecture, mirroring natural clinician decision-making processes, contributed to its robustness and interpretability, which are crucial for clinical translatability. Further, the model's generalizability was evaluated over a new cross-sectional data as provided in the later stages of the L3C challenge. The study proposed and validated the effectiveness of age-stratified, tree-based classification models to diagnose PASC. Our approach highlights the potential of machine learning in addressing the diagnostic challenges posed by the heterogeneity of Long-COVID symptoms.

Establishing Wideband Tympanometry Clinical Normative Data for the Iranian Young Adult Population

Background and Objectives: Wideband acoustic immittance (WBT) is a new method for assessing middle ear status by using a wide spectrum stimulus instead of the traditional 226 Hz probe tone. This study focuses on establishing normative data for WBT in the Iranian young adults. We aim to provide clinicians with specific norms for the Iranian population to enhance accuracy in diagnosing middle ear conditions and diseases. Methods: The research involved 20 healthy Iranian young adults who underwent WBT measurements. Results: Results showed differences in the WBT parameters compared to other populations, emphasizing the importance of using ethnicity-specific norms in clinical evaluations. Conclusion: The findings can help in diagnosing various middle ear disorders and monitoring treatment progress.

The Association Between BMI, Dietary Supplement Use, and Social Media Engagement in a Young Adult Population

The Association Between BMI, Dietary Supplement Use, and Social Media Engagement in a Young Adult Population

Exploratory analysis of blood alcohol concentration-related technology use and drinking outcomes among young adults.

Mobile health (mHealth) technology use may reduce alcohol use and related negative consequences; however, little is known about its efficacy without prompting from researchers or pay-per-use. This exploratory analysis assessed relationships between mHealth technology use frequency and alcohol-use outcomes. Young adults who drink heavily (N = 97, Mage = 23, 51% male, 64% non-Hispanic White, Mdrinks/week = 21) had the option to use three mHealth technologies (breathalyzer device/app, blood alcohol content estimator app, drink counting via text message) while drinking for 2 weeks. Relationships between alcohol-related outcomes and any, multiple, and specific mHealth technology use across study days and drinking days were evaluated via bivariate correlations and multiple regressions. Participants used one or more mHealth technologies on approximately 68% of drinking days (33% of field days), with multiple technologies used on 34% of drinking days. Bivariate correlations revealed that a higher percentage of study days with any mHealth technology use was related to higher mean weekly drinks. However, a higher percentage of drinking days with any mHealth technology use was related to lower mean weekly drinks, percent of heavy and high-intensity drinking days, and negative consequences. There were several significant, inverse correlations between alcohol variables and using the mHealth technologies that provided personalized feedback. Multiple regression analyses (holding sex and baseline alcohol variables constant) indicated that a higher percentage of drinking days with any mHealth technology use was related to lower mean weekly drinks and lower percentage of heavy drinking days. Using mHealth technologies to moderate drinking without direct prompting from the research team or per-use incentives was related to less overall alcohol use and heavy drinking. This indicates potential real-world engagement with mHealth apps to assist with in-the-moment drinking. Normalizing mHealth technology use during drinking could help curb the public health crisis around harmful alcohol use in young adult populations.

Investigation of the Impact of Inhalation Aromatherapy on Relaxation and Wellbeing in a Young Adult Population

Investigation of the Impact of Inhalation Aromatherapy on Relaxation and Wellbeing in a Young Adult Population

A Pandemic of Mental Health: Evidence from the U.S.

The direct impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the indirect impact of the ensuing economic and political response have affected the United States on a large scale. We document a substantial surge in anxiety and depression symptoms from 2019 to 2020 driven by the young adult population, indicating a disproportional indirect impact on the young. Multivariate regression analysis was utilized to quantify the stringency of state responses’ indirect effect on the changes in anxiety or depression symptoms during the pandemic. While we observe a slight decline in the share of the adult population experiencing anxiety and depression through July 2021- June 2022, such decline does not compensate for the large surge of mental health issues among young adults in 2020. Overall, our results indicate that the effects of the stringency of the mitigation measures on different areas of health are complex and vary by state, with a wide variation of mental health-related issues by age group and a higher prevalence in younger adult age categories. After discussing inequities in the accessibility of mental health treatment, lack of health insurance, and implications for quality of life among young adults, this paper adds to the breadth of ongoing COVID-19 research and emphasizes the importance of considering the overall health of the population in a large-scale health crisis as well as discussing the potential unintended consequences of the mitigation measures put in place.

Influence of Nutrition, Lifestyle Habits, and Socio-Demographic Determinants on Eating Disorder Symptoms in the Spanish Young Adult Population: A Cross-Sectional Nationwide Survey.

Eating disorders represent a complex and multifaceted public health challenge, highly prevalent among young people. Background and Objectives: To examine the prevalence of eating disorders in the Spanish young adult population aged 18-30 years, and their correlation with various eating habits and lifestyle factors. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was carried out using a non-probabilistic snowball sample. The valid and reliable NutSo-HH Scale was employed to collect data on nutrition, lifestyle, and health habits. Results: Data were collected from 9692 Spanish young adults, of which 101 (1.04%) were diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and 71 (0.73%) with bulimia nervosa. The prevalence of anorexia and bulimia was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in women than in men, regardless of socio-demographic variables such as educational level, income, region, and size of city of residence. A considerable percentage of participants showed possible symptoms of eating disorders. Nutritionally, individuals with eating disorders consumed less fast food and fried or ultra-processed food but tended to consume coffee and energy drinks more frequently. Additionally, sleep quality and duration were more adversely affected in individuals with eating disorders compared to the general population. Sedentary lifestyles did not significantly differ between those with eating disorders and healthy individuals, though physical activity increased in people with bulimia. Conclusions: The interplay between young adults' dietary habits, lifestyle factors, and mental health underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions to effectively address these complex public health challenges.

Less Might Not Be More, but May Be Enough for Some.

Mental health concerns among young adult populations have increased in recent years, with standard treatment approaches presenting many undue barriers (e.g., time and cost constraints and limited availability of therapists). Single-session interventions (SSIs) have been explored as an alternative, scalable intervention to address these barriers to care. We evaluated the acceptability and feasibility of a SSI in a real-world setting and found promising effects of the SSI on symptoms of depression in a young adult population. Given these findings, we offer support for the SSI as an accessible treatment alternative to perhaps be integrated into tiered care treatment models or settings with limited access to care.

Evaluation of Viral Suppression in Paediatric Populations: Implications for the Transition to Dolutegravir-Based Regimens in Cameroon: The CIPHER-ADOLA Study.

Mortality in children accounts for 15% of all AIDS-related deaths globally, with a higher burden among Cameroonian children (25%), likely driven by poor virological response. We sought to evaluate viral suppression (VS) and its determinants in a nationally representative paediatric and young adult population receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). A cross-sectional and multicentric study was conducted among Cameroonian children (<10 years), adolescents (10-19 years) and young adults (20-24 years). Data were collected from the databases of nine reference laboratories from December 2023 to March 2024. A conditional backward stepwise regression model was built to assess the predictors of VS, defined as a viral load (VL) <1000 HIV-RNA copies/mL. Overall, 7558 individuals (females: 73.2%) were analysed. Regarding the ART regimen, 17% of children, 80% of adolescents and 83% of young adults transitioned to dolutegravir (DTG)-based regimens. Overall VS was 82.3%, with 67.3% (<10 years), 80.5% (10-19 years) and 86.5% (20-24 years), and p < 0.001. VS was 85.1% on a DTG-based regimen versus 80.0% on efavirenz/nevirapine and 65.6% on lopinavir/ritonavir or atazanavir/ritonavir. VS was higher in females versus males (85.8% versus 78.2%, p < 0.001). The VS rate remained stable around 85% at 12 and 24 months but dropped to about 80% at 36 months after ART initiation, p < 0.009. Independent predictors of non-VS were younger age, longer ART duration (>36 months), backbone drug (non-TDF/3TC) and anchor drug (non-DTG based). In this Cameroonian paediatric population with varying levels of transition to DTG, overall VS remains below the 95% targets. Predictors of non-VS are younger age, non-TDF/3TC- and non-DTG-based regimens. Thus, efforts toward eliminating paediatric AIDS should prioritise the transition to a DTG-based regimen in this new ART era.

Mediated relationship between Vitamin D deficiency and reduced pulmonary function by copper in Taiwanese young adults

BackgroundVitamin D deficiency is prevalent worldwide and associated with worse outcomes in various lung diseases. This study examines the association between vitamin D deficiency and pulmonary function in healthy young adults. MethodsThis prospective cohort study (2017–2019) explored the impact of vitamin D deficiency on pulmonary function in a community-based young adult population. Pulmonary function was assessed via spirometry, with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and urinary copper levels quantified. Multivariate regression was used to estimate the relationship between vitamin D levels and lung function, with mediation analysis evaluating copper's role. ResultsThe study included 1034 participants, average age 33.45 years, 41.93 % male. The median 25(OH)D level was 19.20 ng/mL (Interquartile Range: 13.48–24.90 ng/mL). Over half (54.74 %) had 25(OH)D levels below 20 ng/mL. Higher 25(OH)D levels were associated with better forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁). Trends suggested subgroup differences, but these were not statistically significant, indicating a consistent effect of 25(OH)D on pulmonary function across groups. SEM analysis suggested urinary copper as a mediator between 25(OH)D levels and FVC. ConclusionVitamin D deficiency is significantly associated with reduced pulmonary function in young adults in Taiwan.

Physical activity and hippocampal volume in young adults.

Evidence from previous studies suggests that physical activity (PA) may contribute to functional and structural changes in the hippocampus throughout the lifespan. However, there is limited evidence available regarding the young adult population. Additionally, the personality traits that may influence this association remain unclear. With a sample of 84 young adults (43 women; age 22.7 ± 2.8y; range 18-29), the main aim of the current study was to analyze the association between objective and self-reported measures of daily PA and hippocampus subfield gray matter volumes, and to examine the role of the personality trait of punishment sensitivity in this association. Our results showed that only moderate to vigorous levels of objectively measured PA were positively associated with the hippocampal CA2/CA3 volume. Moreover, punishment sensitivity correlated negatively with the objective measure of sedentarism and with self-reported measures of PA. However, regression analyses did not find any interaction between punishment sensitivity and PA in explaining individual differences in hippocampal volumes. Thus, our data suggest that intense PA may contribute to enhancing the hippocampal CA2/CA3 volume in young adults.

High-quality expert annotations enhance artificial intelligence model accuracy for osteosarcoma X-ray diagnosis.

Primary malignant bone tumors, such as osteosarcoma, significantly affect the pediatric and young adult populations, necessitating early diagnosis for effective treatment. This study developed a high-performance artificial intelligence (AI) model to detect osteosarcoma from X-ray images using highly accurate annotated data to improve diagnostic accuracy at initial consultations. Traditional models trained on unannotated data have shown limited success, with sensitivities of approximately 60%-70%. In contrast, our model used a data-centric approach with annotations from an experienced oncologist, achieving a sensitivity of 95.52%, specificity of 96.21%, and an area under the curve of 0.989. The model was trained using 468 X-ray images from 31 osteosarcoma cases and 378 normal knee images with a strategy to maximize diversity in the training and validation sets. It was evaluated using an independent dataset of 268 osteosarcoma and 554 normal knee images to ensure generalizability. By applying the U-net architecture and advanced image processing techniques such as renormalization and affine transformations, our AI model outperforms existing models, reducing missed diagnoses and enhancing patient outcomes by facilitating earlier treatment. This study highlights the importance of high-quality training data and advocates a shift towards data-centric AI development in medical imaging. These insights can be extended to other rare cancers and diseases, underscoring the potential of AI in transforming diagnostic processes in oncology. The integration of this AI model into clinical workflows could support physicians in early osteosarcoma detection, thereby improving diagnostic accuracy and patient care.

Awareness and willingness to use pre-exposure prophylaxis among the University of Zambia students: A cross-sectional study.

Despite a quick rollout of PrEP as a preventive method against Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections in Zambia, adolescent and young adult populations have remained very vulnerable to HIV infection. This study assessed the awareness and willingness to use PrEP among University of Zambia (UNZA) students. Three hundred forty-six students participated in this cross-sectional study at UNZA between March and June 2021. A previously validated questionnaire assessed willingness to use PrEP. We tested the hypothesized pathways between sexual risk behavior and willingness to use PrEP using the structural equation model. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to determine factors associated with willingness to use PrEP. Variables with a p-value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Of the 346 students, 271 (78.3%) were aware of PrEP, and 59 (17.1%) of the participants were willing to use PrEP. Only 17 (4.9%) of the participants had used PrEP before. In the multivariable logistic regression model, students who were aware of PrEP compared to those who were not (AOR = 3.03, 95% CI: 1.10, 8.40, p) were more likely to be willing to use PrEP. Sexual risk behavior indirectly and positively affected willingness to use PrEP through awareness of PrEP. Even though most students were aware of PrEP, the willingness to use this preventative measure is still low among UNZA students, resulting in low uptake. Therefore, concerted efforts are required to influence the willingness and uptake of PrEP, especially in high-risk age groups such as university students.

43 Involvement in active transport is related to organizational factors and physical environment infrastructure

Abstract Purpose Active transport (AT) is considered the most sustainable and accessible mode for travel purposes. AT (walking and cycling) contributes to health-enhancing physical activity as it is a convenient and accessible way to increase physical activity levels. Convenient infrastructure promotion and support are important factors in shift from motor transport towards active travel. The purpose of this study was to determine how organizational factors and neighbourhood physical environment differ between using and not using AT among the Lithuanian young adult population. Methods This cross-sectional study included 250 Lithuanian young adults aged 18-39 years, with a mean age of 20.38 years. Of these, 80% were women. AT was measured using the Stages of Change Model-based Questionnaire. Infrastructure was measured by ALPHA Questionnaire–REVISED (Spittals et al., 2010). Organization-related items were developed by study researchers. Results Young Lithuanian people preferred cars and/or public transport (62.4%) instead of active transportation (AT) (27.6%) when choosing mobility. The results support a strong link between AT and organizational aspects. AT is more often chosen by people who belong to an organization where environmentally friendly behaviour is encouraged (waste sorting, using AT (p = 0.018); conditions are created to safely store a bicycle or scooter (p = 0.024); that talks about sustainable development, environmentally friendly behaviour, sustainability, etc. (p = 0.034). Quality of the neighbourhood physical environment, such as maintained bicycle paths (p = 0.011), maintained sidewalks (p = 0.049), maintained parks, and other open spaces (p = 0.050) significantly associated with the choice of AT. However, the choice of active transport was not significantly related to the infrastructure of pedestrian zones or paths, infrastructure of special lanes, routes for bicycles, or separation of bicycle paths from car traffic. Conclusions Young people’s involvement in AT is influenced by the attitude of the organization in which they work or study towards environmentally friendly behaviour, AT, and sustainable development. The quality of the neighbourhood physical environment also determines the involvement of young people in AT.

Features of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of certain respiratory diseases of infections etiology

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of respiratory infections of the population of Penza region in different age groups. Material and methods. The analysis of statistical reporting data (Form 12) on the number of diseases in the service area of the medical organization in Penza region was carried out. Information was sampled on respiratory diseases of infectious etiology for the period from 2015 to 2022 and on COVID-19 morbidity in the period from 2020 to 2022 among patients of different age periods. The data is presented as a calculation per 100 thousand population. Results. In 2020, compared to 2019, there was a pronounced increase in the number of respiratory diseases (p = 0.000) in adults; in 2021, the incidence decreased slightly, being higher until 2022 than in the period before the pandemic (p = 0.000). Among children and adults, there was an increase in the incidence of acute respiratory infections in 2022 compared to 2015 (p &lt; 0.001). Peak incidence of croup and epiglottitis among children and adolescents was observed in 2020. The incidence of COVID-19 among adolescents (8339.6) and adults (7678.5) was significantly higher than the incidence among children (5949.9) (p = 0.000). Discussion. Respiratory diseases of infectious etiology have an acute course, so primary morbidity predominates. In adults, the proportion of primary morbidity is decreasing, which may be related to an increase in chronic diseases of the respiratory system. The weak impact of the pandemic on pediatric respiratory diseases incidence is supported by the low pediatric incidence of COVID-19. The increased incidence of COVID-19 among adolescents is alarming; it supports the assumption that child and young adult populations have proven to be major gateways for the spread of COVID-19 to adults. The high incidence of croup and epiglottitis in 2020 among children (p = 0.024) and adolescents could be one of the symptoms of COVID-19 characteristic of younger age. Conclusions. COVID-19 had no effect on the increase in respiratory disease among children, but children contributed to the spread of infection among adults. There is a trend towards an increase in chronic respiratory disease in adults. RBD of infectious etiology is almost impossible to predict, except for acute laryngitis and tracheitis among adults. In adolescents and children against the background of COVID-19 infection, a large number of more severe symptoms may appear.

A Comparative Analysis of Low Dose Grafalon® Versus Thymoglobuline® as Serotherapy in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant in Pediatric and Young Adult Population

Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) forms an essential component of conditioning in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Due to the shift of donor preference to alternate donors, reliance on rabbit-ATG (rATG) has increased. Two different forms of rATG (Thymoglobuline® and Grafalon®) are available for clinical use but data to support the use of one over the other is sparse. We retrospectively analyzed data of 144 patients who underwent allogenic-HSCT for benign hematological conditions at our center, from August 2019 to August 2023. Of these, 87 received Grafalon® and 57 received Thymoglobuline®. The majority (77.7%) underwent HSCT for hemoglobinopathies and all received pre-transplant immunosuppression. Engraftment kinetics was similar in 2 cohorts. Six patients had primary graft failure (PGF). There was no difference in the incidence of PGF stratified by serotherapy. Overall survival(OS) for the cohort was 74.9%. Kaplan–Meier estimate of OSand EFSwas significantly better in Grafalon® group than Thymoglobuline® (84.4 ± 0.04% vs 64.1% ±0.065%) (p-value= 0.04%) and (84.4 ± 0.04% and 61.2%±0.065% (p-value = 0.01)). Extensive chronic GVHD was (14%) higher in Thymoglobuline® group and (2.3%) in Grafalon®. Immune reconstitution at day + 100 was not statistically different between the two groups. On univariate analysis, Thymoglobuline® serotherapy (OR (95% CI) =4.665 (1.2–18.04))was associated with increased risk of acute grade III–IV GvHD. In our study, Grafalon® tended to have better OS, decreased incidence of acute grade III–IV GvHD, and extensive cGVHD. There was no difference in engraftment kinetics, PGF, and immune reconstitution between 2 cohorts of serotherapy.

Residential mobility for young adults in extended foster care

BackgroundPlacement stability is tied to well-being among children living in foster care, yet residential mobility remains largely unexplored for transition-age youth residing in extended foster care (EFC) between ages 18 and 21. During the time young adults in EFC can remain in foster homes, child welfare agencies offer living arrangements tailored to the transition into adulthood. In supervised independent living placements (SILPs), residents receive monthly stipends to cover their housing expenses and are responsible for covering food, utilities, and other basic needs-related costs. Transitional housing placements (THPs) offer light-touch caregiving during the transition to independence to ensure that residents have their basic needs met. ObjectiveThe current study is the first comprehensive examination of factors associated with residential mobility in a statewide population of young adults residing in EFC. ParticipantsUsing California administrative Child Protective Services records, we identified young adults who turned 18 between 2016 and 2019 and lived in care for at least 1 week (N = 10,517). MethodsNegative binomial regression evaluated the association between residential characteristics and per-year EFC moves. ResultsWe found that young adults had a median number of 1.0 moves during EFC, with a median rate of 0.67 moves per year in EFC (i.e. roughly one move every 18 months). SILPs and THPs were the most common primary residence types among the study population (41.6 % and 26.0 %, respectively). The average duration of stay in EFC was two years, which varied by primary residence type. Regression results showed that predominant residence type in EFC was associated with EFC mobility, with young adults in SILPs being more likely to experience slightly higher mobility than those primarily living in other residence types (0.82 versus 0.75 moves per year in EFC). ConclusionsFindings suggest that housing for EFC residents tends to be long-lasting and relatively stable in California. Modest variations in mobility by residential type and by experiences in foster care before age 18 underscore the importance of integrating housing and psychosocial resources during independent living planning processes. The commonality of out-of-county residence should be considered when determining housing and transportation expenses for residents, given its potential implications for access to medical and behavioral health care, academic institutions, and employment opportunities for young adults receiving EFC services.

Magnitude and pace of secular trends of body proportions among young adults with different place of origin, between 2001 and 2019.

The aim of this study was to analyse the occurrence and pace of secular trends regarding body proportions among young adults representing different place of origin, studying in Bydgoszcz (Poland). The data constituted of the results of anthropometric measurements of 1,199 young adults (340 male and 859 female) performed between 2001 and 2019. Selected body build parameters were measured and the following indices were calculated on their basis: upper-limb index, lower-limb index, inter-limb index, chest depth-to-breadth ratio, pelvi-acromial index, reciprocal ponderal index. The place of origin was self-reported by the participants and recorded by the researchers. Based on that piece of information the participants were divided into two categories: villages and small cities, big cities. Considering the pace of the changes, they occurred the fastest for the pelvi-acromial index and the slowest in the case of the lower limb index, which concerned both urbanisation categories. Between 2001-05 and 2016-19 analysed changes generally occurred faster in the high-urbanisation category than in the low-urbanisation one, except for chest depth-to-breadth ratio and lower limb index in male participants as well as reciprocal-ponderal index and pelvi-acromial index among women. In conclusion, obtained results allow observing the changes in selected body proportions occurring over the years 2001-2019 in the population of young adults from Poland. Additionally, the findings can help identify and address risk factors related to specific proportions of the body and present in the contemporary population.