Rural Population Of Central India Research Articles

Role of FIRE-MADE FI for diagnosing frailty in central rural India and its comparison with LASA FI.

An aging population ultimately has deprived physiological stores making them vulnerable for development of a syndrome called frailty, which presents with a cumulative decrease in tolerance, immunity, vision, balance, organ functions, health, and independent living. All these result in rising prevalence of frailty and its components, along with burden of disease, dependence, and health care cost. Thus, early estimation and assessment and interventions to correct it mark the mile stone in geriatric medicine. The present study was conducted with an aim to compare and correlate FIRE-MADE (Frailty Index in Rural Elderly - Mental status, Activities of daily living, Depression, and Events) FI (frailty index) with LASA (Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam) FI in central rural India's geriatric population. A cross-sectional study for assessment of frailty in the geriatric population of central rural India, reporting to the medicine department of a tertiary hospital, situated at Wardha district, by using FIRE-MADE and LASA FI was undertaken. Their scores were compared. The efficiency of FIRE-MADE FI in comparison with LASA FI was calculated. A frailty threshold of ≥ 0.25 is considered for diagnosing frailty. Standard descriptive and inferential statistics were used to evaluate all parametric and non-parametric data. Out of 250 geriatric people, 224 (89.6%) were frail according to LASA FI and 204 (81.6%) were frail according to FIRE-MADE FI. As compared to LASA FI, FIRE-MADE FI was 91.07% sensitive and 73.08% specific, with a positive predictive value of 96.68% and a diagnostic accuracy of 89.20%. The Indian rural population of central India has high prevalence of frailty. FIRE-MADE FI can be used as a potential, effective, and validated tool for early diagnosing and management of frailty. Among the parameters of FIRE-MADE FI, IHD was the most important contributing factor for development of frailty, followed by cognitive impairment, polypharmacy, and remaining factors mentioned in FIRE-MADE FI.

A Prospective Observational Study on Patterns of Metastases and Clinical Profile of Carcinoma Cervix in Rural Population of Central India: A Tertiary Cancer Center Study

A Prospective Observational Study on Patterns of Metastases and Clinical Profile of Carcinoma Cervix in Rural Population of Central India: A Tertiary Cancer Center Study

Prevalence of Depression among the Geriatric Age Group Population of Rural Central India and Study of Dependency as a Risk Factor

Prevalence of Depression among the Geriatric Age Group Population of Rural Central India and Study of Dependency as a Risk Factor

Clinical Profile of Squamosal Chronic Otitis Media among Paediatric and Adult Patients in Rural Population of Central India: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Chronic Otitis Media (COM) is one of the major preventable causes of hearing impairment, especially in children. Hearing loss in children affects speech, language, communication, auditory processing, psychosocial and cognitive development, and academic progress. Since studies addressing and comparing COM in the paediatric and adult population are few and far between, present study attempted to fill this research hiatus. Aim: To analyse and compare the clinical profile of squamosal COM in paediatric and adult populations. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Acharya Vinod Bhave Hospital, Sawangi, Wardha, Maharashtra, India, from December 2020 to December 2022. All the selected patients with squamosal COM (active or inactive) in the paediatric age group (0-15 years) and adult age group (16-60 years) was considered in this study. The study included 26 patients and was evaluated based on intraoperative and radiological findings such as grades of retraction pocket, extent of ossicular erosion, extent, and spread of granulation and cholesteatoma, and pneumatisation pattern among both age groups were carefully analysed. Chi-square test (χ2 ) of independence was used to compare data between the two groups. A p-value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Erosion of scutum was predominantly noted in 6 (42.9%) paediatric patients. In both age groups, attic perforation were more common than marginal perforation, which was found to be statistically significant (p-value=0.045). Grade-2 Posterosuperior Retraction Pocket (PSRP) in paediatric (2, 14.2%) and Grade-4 PSRP in adults (4, 33.3%) were commonest whereas none of the paediatric patients showed Grade-4 PSRP. This difference in PSRP grade in both age groups was found statistically significant (p-value=0.038). Short process of incus was more frequently involved in 3 (25.0%) paediatric and long process of incus in 6 (60%) adult (p-value=0.040). There was frequent involvement of protympanum in 7 (50%) paediatric patients (p-value=0.035). Diploic pattern of pneumatisation was least common in both age groups. Conclusion: Greater grades of PSRP were found among adult patients. This might be contributed to the longer duration of exposure to disease pathogenesis in adults. One of the vital features in the ossicular involvement is the total absence of incus and malleus more frequently in paediatric patients indicating its extensiveness

Pattern of rheumatological disorders and its management in rural population of central India

Background: India is home to the world's second largest population. Rheumatology is an emerging specialty in India. We looked at publications in the field of rheumatology from India from over the past six years using Scopus and Medline databases. Despite rheumatologic disorders affecting 6.0%-24.0% of the population, rheumatology in India is still in its infancy. So, we studied the pattern of rheumatological disorders and its management in rural population of central India. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was done for a period of 18 months on 100 people attending inpatient and outpatient from General Medicine and Orthopaedics departments of Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, India. All patients of age 12 years and above coming to UPUMS with history suggestive of Rheumatological disorders were included in the study. Results: Out of 100 studied patients 85.0%were in age group 31-40 years with female predominance (72.0%). Hypertension was the commonest comorbidity followed by hypothyroidism and diabetes. Rheumatoid arthritis (49.0%) was the most common disease followed by Osteoarthritis (20.0%), Spondyloarthritis (18.0%) and Systemic lupus erythematosus (7.0%). The difference between joint examination in different rheumatic disease was statistically insignificant (p>0.05).

Association of serum vitamin d level with diabetic polyneuropathy in rural population of central India

To evaluate association of serum Vitamin D level and development of polyneuropathy. This was a case -control study and the study was conducted on an outpatient basis. Fifty-five subjects were recruited from the Medicine OPD of UPUMS Saifai. All subjects had type-2 diabetes (male and female, 40-60 years old). The Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (15-point questionnaire) was used to identify patients with neuropathy (score > 7/15). 20 patients did not have neuropathy and were designated the control group. 35 patients did have neuropathy (“study group”) and these patients underwent a detailed quantitative neuropathy evaluation by a neurologist using the 46-point Michigan Diabetic Neuropathy Scale (MDNS) and nerve conduction studies. We measured the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS) chromatography in all patients. These values were compared between the control and study group, and were correlated with the detailed neuropathy score in the study group. Patients with diabetic polyneuropathy had a lower mean serum 25- hydroxyvitamin D level (16. 41 ng/ml with the SD of: 2.026) in comparison to the controls (38.76 ng/ml with the SD of 5.483).

The Association Between Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody and Dyslipidemia in Subclinical Hypothyroidism Among the Rural Population of Central India.

ObjectiveIn this study, we aimed to determine the association between anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibody and dyslipidemia in subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH).Materials and methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional case-control study in the department of medicine at a tertiary care teaching hospital in central India. The study consisted of 150 patients (75 cases and 75 controls) who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria.ResultsThe study showed that serum cholesterol was high in 23.1% of cases in the negative anti-TPO antibody SCH sub-group and 88.7% of cases in the positive anti-TPO antibody SCH sub-group (p<0.001). Serum triglyceride (TG) levels were high in 61.5% of cases in the negative anti-TPO antibody SCH sub-group and 90.3% of cases in the positive anti-TPO antibody SCH sub-group (p=0.008). Serum high-density lipoproteins (HDL) were low in 15.4% of cases in the negative anti-TPO antibody SCH sub-group and 24.2% of cases in the positive anti-TPO antibody SCH sub-group (p=0.490). Serum low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were high in 61.5% of cases in the negative anti-TPO antibody SCH sub-group and 90.3% of cases in the positive anti-TPO antibody SCH sub-group (p=0.008). Serum very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) were high in 84.6% of cases in the negative anti-TPO antibody SCH sub-group and 83.9% of cases in the positive anti-TPO antibody SCH sub-group (p=0.947). Based on our findings, 82.8% of participants with negative anti-TPO antibodies had normal serum LDL levels, while 11.1% of participants with positive anti-TPO antibodies had normal LDL levels (p<0.001). The study also showed that elevated serum LDL was present in 17.2% of participants with negative anti-TPO antibody levels and 88.9% of participants with positive anti-TPO antibodies (p<0.001). The study showed a correlation coefficient of 0.0432 between serum TG and anti-TPO antibody levels (p<0.001).ConclusionOur findings showed an increased incidence of dyslipidemia in SCH patients with positive anti-TPO antibodies. SCH with positive anti-TPO antibody is significantly associated with elevated serum total cholesterol (TC) levels, serum TG levels, and serum LDL levels. Hence, early screening and diagnosis of dyslipidemia are crucial to prevent cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in SCH patients with positive anti-TPO antibodies.

Socio-demographic determinants of cardiovascular risk in rural population of Central India.

Raising trend of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in developing countries created a platform for exploring the sociodemographic nexus in search of underlying cause. The precise aim of the study is to detect any possible association of social determinants and metabolic derangement with CVDs risk, particularly focusing on comparative analysis of the data to decipher the most significant factor(s), if any among the studied parameters contributing toward prediction of such cardiometabolic risk in linked with insulin resistance. In the present study, it was found that 2% of the studied population had high risk, and 13.3% had intermediate risk of developing cardiovascular events in next 10 years. Results also showed that estimated CVD risk was significantly higher in males with central obesity and age more >60 years as key determinants showing more insulin resistance at lower cut-off. This study also strongly suggests need to revise the cut-off values for HOMA index in defining insulin resistance to rural population with active the life style and need of redefining new targeted preventive health care planning.

Prevalence and association of cardiometabolic risk factors with sociodemographic variables amongst teenagers of rural population of central India

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of the cardio-metabolic risk factors is rapidly increasing amongst the children and adolescents and is a topic of concern due to their induced risk of development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and diabetes mellitus (DM) in adulthood. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of the cardio-metabolic risk factors associated with sociodemographic variables amongst the teenagers of rural population in India. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 405 teenagers (13-19 years old) in a rural population of central India. The data on the socio-demographic variables and cardio metabolic risk factors were collected using a predesigned proforma. The blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) of the subjects were also recorded. Blood samples were collected for lipid profile and blood sugar. Data was analyzed with the Epi Info software version 6.04. RESULTS: A total of 405 subjects were studied, of whom 182 were male and 223 were female. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was found to be 9.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 7.3-13.1]. The prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors, including low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG), were found to be 58.3% (95% CI: 53.4-63.0) and 13.8% (95% CI: 10.7-17.5), respectively. 2.2% of the teenagers had a waist circumference (WC) more than the cut off (> 90 th percentile), while high blood pressure was found in 24.40% (95% CI: 18.6-26.7), i.e. > 90 th percentile for age, sex, and height. Similarly, risk factors such as obesity and overweight were found significant (P < 0. 05) in teenagers with family history of obesity. CONCLUSION: Cardiometabolic risk factors is slowly extending to rural areas. Therefore, early detection of these risk factors can be an attempt to prevent or delay the metabolic syndromes, DM, and CVDs.

Non-specific Chief Complaints Among Oral Submucous Fibrosis Patients at Outpatient Department and Pan Shop at Rural Region in India.

ABSTRACTAim:The first communication with a healthcare professional is critical for determining the correct diagnosis, particularly when it comes to patients’ description of symptoms. This study aimed at exploring the primary symptoms observed in oral submucous fibrosis patients with non-specific complaints visiting outpatient department and pan shop at Kanpur, India.Materials and Methods:It was a cross-sectional study involving a two-stage sampling to select clinically diagnosed oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) patients from the outpatient department and pan shop customers (PSCs) at rural healthcare centers. A total of 321 participants were selected based on convenience sampling. Patient demographics, history of relevant habits with a period, and socioeconomic status were all documented. The extent of mouth opening was used to grade OSF cases. Data were analyzed using MedCalc Version 19.7.2 with χ2, Wilcoxon signed-rank, and t-tests used, as appropriate, to calculate P-values.Results:Out of the 184 OSF-OPD patients, only 59 (32.06%) described relevant disease symptoms of OSF: in stage III, 28.5% or stage IV, 38.7%. One hundred and twenty-five patients (67.93%) reported chief complaints (CCs) unrelated to OSF, and all of these cases were diagnosed with an early stage of OSF (stage I: 72.41% and stage II: 61.53%). Out of the total 137 PSCs, 74 PSCs have had prior dental consultations, but only 44 (32.11%) people had sought medical help because of OSF-related CCs.Conclusion:A limited number of studies were conducted in this area, particularly in the rural population of central India. Our study found that considerable amount of main complaints from OSF patients was unrelated to their symptoms. There is insufficient knowledge of OSF symptoms among rural population, which further restricts early detection of the disease.

Computed Tomography Evaluation of Craniovertebral Junction in Asymptomatic Central Rural Indian Population.

Objectives Craniovertebral junction (CVJ) is a unique, mobile and complicated component of our spine which necessitates specific study pertaining to its structure as well as pathologies. This study aims to report the normative data detailing the CVJ anatomy among the rural population of Central India which would help us in understanding the joint dynamics. Materials and Methods A retrospective observational study was undertaken in the Department of Neurosurgery and Radiology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Maharashtra, from December 2018 to May 2019. A total of 255 head injury patients with a normal CT brain cervical spine were included in this study. Anterior and posterior atlantodental interval (AADI/PADI), clivus length (CL), foramen magnum diameter (FMD), Boogard’s and basal angle (BOO & BA) were measured and analyzed. Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft Excel 2016. A web-based, open source application known as OpenEpi.com (version 3.01) was used for applying unpaired t -test. Results This study had a mean age of 42.9 years. The difference in mean value of AADI between male and female population was not found to be statistically significant, while in case of PADI, CL, FMD, BOO and BA, it was found to be significant ( p < 0.05). On comparison of cases with age ≤ 20 years and > 20 years, we found the difference in values of ADI, CL and FMD to be statistically significant ( p < 0.05). Conclusion Although there are some similarities, namely, AADI measurements as compared with other studies, there are differences in cutoff values of other parameters. Being a major draining reference center for rural population in India, this data can be extrapolated to a similar population for reference.

Evaluation of the evan's and bicaudate index for rural population in central india using computed tomography

Introduction:Evans index (EI) and Bicaudate index (BCI) are practical markers of ventricular volume and are helpful radiological markers in the diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Worldwide, variation exists in normative studies for both these indices. Most of the studies conducted for EI and BCI are based on the Western population data. No study has been performed on the rural population of Central India. The purpose of this study is to develop normative data on EI and BCI that can be extrapolated for future reference.Materials and Methods:This was a retrospective study conducted from December 2018 to May 2019 in MGIMS Hospital, Sevagram, Maharashtra, India, which is a rural hospital in Central India. All patients with either a head injury or neurological complaints although with normal computed tomography (CT) brain were included in the study. Patients with diagnosed neurological disorder, clinical features suggesting hydrocephalus, or intracranial pathology on CT brain were excluded from the study. Five hundred and eleven patients were selected for this study, and EI and BCI was calculated for them.Results:The mean value of EI and BCI in our study was 0.2707 and 0.1121, respectively. Both indices showed a statistically significant difference between males and females. The value of both indices increased with age.Conclusion:Although our study is in agreement with the cutoff value of EI to diagnose dilated lateral ventricles as 0.3 for age <70 years, cutoff value of EI for the older population should be reconsidered to 0.34.

Prevalence, types, risk factors, and outcomes of cardiorenal syndrome in a rural population of central India: A cross-sectional study.

Background and Objectives:Heart failure leading to renal dysfunction and vice-versa termed as Cardio-Renal Syndrome(CRS) has now been increasingly identified as a marker of higher morbidity and mortality. Till date, there is limited data available regarding clinical profile, associated risk factors and outcome of CRS in rural population of central India. This study was conducted to elucidate the prevalence, risk factors, and outcome of CRS and its types.Methods:This was a single-centric, cross-sectional study conducted amongst the patients admitted to medicine wards and ICCU from October 2017 to September 2019. Classification given by RONCO et al. in 2008 was used for classifying CRS patients into various types. Cross-sectional data was used to find the prevalence, risk factors and their inter-relationship with outcome and mortality. STATA software was used for statistical analysis.Results:Out of 96 CRS patients, 47(48.96%) were Type 1, 22 (22.92%) were type 2, 19(19.79%) were type 4 and 3 (3.13% ) were type 3, and 5 (5.21%) were of type 5. Most common risk factor was Hypertension (HTN) found in 46 (47.92%), followed closely by Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and anaemia. Mortality was seen in 44(45.83%) of CRS patients and it was significantly high. High mortality was common in patients of types 3 and type 5 CRS. Risk factors like HTN, CAD, smoking, reduced glomerular filtration rate, low ejection fraction and sepsis were significantly associated with worse outcomes across all CRS sub-types.Interpretation and Conclusions:There is high mortality among CRS. Prevention or optimal management of HTN, CAD and sepsis is required to decrease mortality. There is need for more population based studies for confirming our study findings.

Cholilithiasis: A study on clinical presentation and management

Introduction: Cholelithiasis is a chronic recurrent disease of the hepatobiliary system. The impaired metabolism of cholesterol, bile acids and bilirubin are characterized by gallstone formation. Materials & Methods: In the present study, apart from studying the epidemiology i.e., demographic factors, dietary habits, clinical presentation, diagnostic tools and management, it also looks at the stone analysis, bile culture and complications after surgery in rural population in central India. Results: In this study, 100 cases of cholelithiasis who were admitted in hospital for three years. At present, available literature on cholelithiasis is reviewed and the results of the study are compared with those of other authors. The results are been tabulated in form of tables. Conclusion: The highest age incidence of cholelithiasis was in the 5th and 6th decade with maximum incidence in the 5th decade. There was an increased incidence in females.

Evaluation of oral health care seeking behavior in rural population of central India.

Objectives:To study the perception regarding common oral diseases and health seeking behaviour related to those diseases among rural population of central India.Methods:A cross sectional study was conducted in the rural areas of Wardha, Maharashtra on a population between the age group of 18 and above. Data was recorded by a self administered, structured questionnaire in this study. Questionnaire was based on oral health literacy and health seeking behaviour of participants.Results:Study included 700 participants, 343 males and 347 females. Dental problem was reported by 68% of participants. Toothache was the most common dental problem reported. Government hospitals were chosen by 19% of participants as treatment centre. Fear 24.3% was found to be the major reason for not visiting the dentist.Conclusion:Healthcare seeking behaviour among rural population towards oral diseases was poor. So efforts must be made to bring a change in this scenario.

Awareness and knowledge of diabetes mellitus in rural population visiting a tertiary care hospital of Central India

The worldwide prevalence of Diabetes mellitus (DM) has risen dramatically in developing countries over the past 2 decades reaching level of almost 70% of all cases. The ICMR-INDIAN Diabetes study showed that by 2030 projected No. of people with DM will be around 101.2million. This study focuses on the level of awareness and knowledge about DM in the general rural population of central India by using a pre-validated questionnaire. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the rural population of central India in a tertiary care hospital of central India. The duration of study was of 2 months. A total of 200 individuals whose aged above 20 years were screened by using a pre-validated questionnaire regarding awareness and knowledge of DM, associated risk factors, complications and it’s relation to pregnancy (Gestational Diabetes mellitus-GDM). 84% of the population reported that they knew about diabetes, 58.5% population knew that it could causes complications while 65.5% of the populations were aware of the fact that it is preventable and also its preventive factors. The questions related to DM and pregnancy revealed that 50% of the population was not aware of its complications in pregnancy, its effect on later life and on the children born to diabetic mother. This study reveals that knowledge about the basic understanding of DM (like its incidence, symptoms and its prevention) is quite satisfactory: but there is lack of awareness about the complications of diabetes and its effect on pregnancy and children born to diabetic mother. This emphasizes the need for carrying out awareness programs down to masses in rural area. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), Awareness, Rural population, Complication.

Retinopathy and its associated factors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in rural population of central India

Retinopathy and its associated factors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in rural population of central India

Nonalbuminuric chronic kidney disease: A dominant presentation in noncommunicable disease population of rural central India.

Background:India has largest number of people with diabetes mellitus (DM), and hypertension (HTN) is expected to double in next 25 years, which are common causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The focus for prevention of end-stage renal disease has shifted to detection of the iceberg of DM and HTN and its adequate control. Prevalence studies of CKD in India rural community are lacking.Methodology:We did community-based cross-sectional study with 3 monthly diagnostic camps in adults ≥20 years (n = 6278), from 13 villages for early detection of CKD in rural population around Sevagram in a group of noncommunicable disease (NCD) with DM, HTN, ischemic heart diseases (IHD), and stroke in year 2015–2016.Results:Study achieved 87% (5440/6278) coverage for albuminuria screening. Prevalence of CKD in NCD population was 19.6% (220/1121) where 86% (181/220) were nonalbuminuric CKD. Prevalence of persistent albuminuria in the study population was 0.8% (45/5440); in NCD population (DM, HTN, IHD, and stroke), it was 2.8% (31/1121). Prevalence of CKD was 19% in HTN and 18.9% in diabetes. The prevalence of nonalbuminuric versus albuminuric CKD was 17.1% versus 1.9% (9 times) in hypertensive individuals and 11.3% versus 7.5% (1.5 times) in individuals with DM.Conclusion:Predominance of nonalbuminuric CKD in NCD participants raises suspicion of CKD with undetermined risk factors. Further studies are needed to find the prevalence of nonalbuminuric CKD in overall population and to find out if exposure of pesticides, chemical fertilizers over long duration play an important role in agrarian rural community.

Clinical and endoscopic profile of the patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in central rural India: A hospital-based cross-sectional study

Introduction: Acute Upper Gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is one of the common causes with which the patients present to emergency. The upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopy remains a crucial tool in identification of UGIB. The aim of the present study was to determine the endoscopic profile of UGIB in adult population of rural central India admitted with history of UGIB (hemetemesis and/or malena). Methods: This prospective, cross sectional study was conducted in rural hospital in central India and we enrolled all consecutive patients aged 18 years and above who were admitted in the hospital ward with the history of UGIB. After obtaining the demographic data, all patients underwent clinical examination, laboratory investigations and video-endoscopy. We used Student's t test to compare means, Chi-square test to compare proportions and Mann-Whitney test to compare medians. P value

A study to assess awareness about HIV/AIDS among rural population of central India

Background: Prevention and control of HIV/AIDS depends on general knowledge and attitude towards HIV/AIDS. So the present study was conducted with the aim to assess knowledge, attitude, and preventive practices regarding HIV infection and AIDS among rural peoples.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among peoples age more than 15 years in a villages which comes under field practice area of rural health training centre (RHTC) of our medical college. Total 396 individuals were interviewed during March 2015 to April 2015 by using predesigned and pretested questionnaire after taking written informed consent.Results: 71.5% knows uninfected faithful partner and 82.1% thinks use of condom will prevent transmission of HIV/AIDS to their partners. 46.7% thinks mosquito bite, 37.6% thinks sharing food transmit HIV/AIDS. 83.1% knows pregnancy and 79.3% knows breastfeeding transmit HIV to their children. 61.1% willing for not to keep HIV status secret, 81.6% willing to take care of relatives having HIV, 88.6% allow HIV positive teachers to continue teaching and 68.4% will buy vegetables from HIV positive shopkeeper. 36.8% knows nearby place where condoms are available and 49.7% knows nearby place for HIV testing.Conclusions:People have good knowledge about HIV transmission i.e. faithful partner, condom use, pregnancy and breast feeding. Still some misconceptions need to be address regarding mosquito bite and sharing food with person having HIV/AIDS. Participants have poor knowledge about nearby availability of services related to HIV/AIDS.