Rajasthan Population Research Articles

Estimation of Zinc Content in Human Lung and Liver Autopsy Tissue Samples: A Study on The Population of Ajmer (India)

Zinc (Zn) is an important element in human biological system. Human autopsy wet tissues (67) of lungs and liver, collected at random from Ajmer population of Rajasthan (India), were analyzed for Zn content. The samples were taken from non-putrefied dead bodies received at JLN Medical College (JLNMC), Ajmer. The samples from human undergone death due to burn injury or drowning were not considered. Seven demographic data for each case were collected from their medical status reports (post-mortem report) and from the pathological and anatomical reports available at the Forensic Medicine Department, JLNMC and also from the relatives of sampled human cases. Fresh autopsy tissues were digested in di-acid and analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. In lungs and liver, the average Zn content was 26.4 and 46.1 μg g-1, respectively. The Zn content in lungs and liver samples varied from 11.59 to 97.51 and 26.63 to 114.29 μg g-1, respectively. In females the mean Zn levels were higher than males in both lung and liver. Rural residents had higher mean Zn content than peri-urban and urban residents. In occupation environment sub-group exposed to polluted area had low mean Zn content than non-exposed cases.

Caries experience scores revisited for caries risk assessment using cariogram model - A cross-sectional study.

The widely accepted caries risk assessment tools such as the Cariogram model needs modifications in the scoring of different factors for reliable results. The study was aimed to report the caries experience in 3-60 years of the Rajasthan population and to apply the newly derived average decayed exfoliated filled teeth/Decayed Missing Filled Teeth (deft/DMFT) scores in the Cariogram model to assess the caries risk. The cross-sectional study was planned in the Department of Dentistry and a total of 500 participants were equally divided into five groups (3-6, 7-12, 13-30, 31-44, and 45-60 years) were included. All participants were examined for caries detection using deft/DMFT, ICDAS, and CAST indices according to the predefined protocol. A single examiner evaluated the participants in a dental operatory and data was recorded. One-Way ANOVA and Tukey's Post-Hoc tests were used to evaluate the significant difference between the groups of each caries index. A statistically significant difference was observed between the mean deft/DMFT and CAST scores of 3-6, 7-12, and 13-30 age groups with the 45-60 years age group. Caries prevalence was highest (83%) in 31-44 and 45-60 year age groups and lowest (51%) in the 3-6 year age group. Caries experience scores increase as the age increases and the highest scores were observed in 31-44 and 45-60 year age groups and the lowest were observed in the 3-6 year age group. The average ICDAS and CAST scores were higher when compared to the deft/DMFT index.

Population genetic data of 22 autosomal STR loci for the Scheduled Caste population of Rajasthan India

Aim To study the genetic structure of the Scheduled Caste population of Rajasthan and its relationship with Indian and global populations using expanded 20 CODIS STR loci (autosomal) markers. Subjects and methods Blood samples of 226 healthy, unrelated adult individuals of the Scheduled Caste population of the Indian state of Rajasthan were taken from the routine casework of authors after obtaining written informed consent. Autosomal STR markers included in PowerPlex® Fusion 5 C and GlobalFiler™ PCR amplification kits were used to explore the genetic diversity of the studied population. Amplicons were separated using Genetic Analyser 3500XL as per the recommended protocol. Results Observed heterozygosity for the studied population ranged from 0.681(CSF1PO) to 0.881 (D1S1656).Combined Discrimination Power and Combined Exclusion Power were observed as 1 and 0.9999999852, respectively. The highest Discrimination Power was observed for the locus D1S1656. In the population comparison test, Nei’s Da distance-based Neighbor-Joining (NJ) dendrogram revealed two significant clusters of geographically close Indian and East Asian populations along with a few small groups of outlier populations. Conclusion The matching probability for 20 STR markers was observed as 7.02 × 10−24 and paternity index as 5.55 × 107. These values play a key role in forensic applications.The studied population showed a higher genetic affinity with geographically closer populations than the distant ones. This caste-based population data is expected to play an important role in forensic DNA applications and genetic studies.

Rajasthan: Health professionals supply and demand

: Till recently the government is planning for national level availability of doctors. However, to improve health care service delivery, robust regional planning for production and supply of health professionals is need of hour. The study aims to understand the demand and supply of trained doctors and tertiary care facilities in different regions of Rajasthan.: Data of undergraduate medical entrance were used to adjust against the voluntary attrition rate, superannuation rate, natural death rate and external additions to define the pool of available practicing doctors. The estimates were generated by forecasting the population and expected supply of doctors till the year 2035 by projecting the data by Average Exponential Growth Rate (AEGR).: The study suggests that in 2018 the density of doctors was 0.32 per thousand population in Rajasthan than that of 0.7 in India. At the current AEGR of 5.53 %, density of doctors will only improve to 0.73 in year 2035. There are 16 districts with 41.1 % of the population of Rajasthan have no medical school or any tertiary health care institution. Similarly, undergraduate enrollment varies in different regions from 1.5 to 13.5 students per 100000 population.: The challenge of availability of qualified doctors in Rajasthan will persist even in year 2035. There is an urgent need to ensure regionally balanced production and supply of skilled doctors.

Revealing genomic history and forensic features of Gurjars from western Uttar Pradesh and National Capital Region Delhi using 23 autosomal STRs.

Here we report the genomic history of Gurjars and framed the useful set of autosomal STRs for Gujjar population. We designed this study with a total number of 215 Gurjars from district Saharanpur (previously known as Gujarat due to presence of many Gujjar zamindars), Moradabad, Bulandshahr, Ghaziabad, Meerut, Noida and NCR Delhi. Locus SE33 was found the most polymorphic and discriminating marker for Gujjar population while locus TPOX is the least. Ancestral information of Gurjars was revealed by comparing the Gujjar's population data with 19 neighbouring populations. In Neighbor Joining (NJ) tree Gurjars were found closer to Gujjars of Jammu region, population of Rajasthan and Uttarkhand, due to the same stock of gene pool.

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Genetic and Clinical Profile in the Population of Rajasthan, India.

Background:Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive muscular dystrophy that affects young boys and is caused by mutation of the dystrophin gene located over X chromosome.Materials and Methods:In this prospective study, 120 clinically diagnosed DMD patients were tested for exon deletions, duplication or point mutation.Results:Of the 120 clinically suspected DMD patients, the diagnosis of DMD was confirmed by the genetic study or muscle biopsy in 116 patients. The mean age of onset was 3.2 years and the mean age at presentation was 7.2 years. 110/120 cases were confirmed by genetic testing and six were by absence of staining for dystrophin on muscle biopsy. DMD gene deletion was present in 78.5%, duplication in 5.3% and point mutation in 11.2% cases. 70.3% of patients had deletion located at a distal hot spot region. Single exon deletion was found in 16.5%. Distal hotspot exons 47, 48 and 50 were the commonly deleted exons.Conclusions:In our study, 94.8% cases showed genetic change in the DMD gene. Muscle biopsy was the choice of investigation in earlier days. Detection of DMD by DNA based method eliminates the need to do an invasive procedure for diagnosis. Hence the genetic testing should be the investigation of choice in suspected cases of DMD. The pattern of deletion, obtained in the population of Rajasthan was similar when compared with other ethnic groups of the Indian population. It would be helpful for researchers to develop drugs specific to exons or for ongoing mutation-specific therapies.

Correlation of Length of Index Finger (2D) to Ring Finger (4D) Ratio (2D:4D) and Coronary Artery Disease - A Study in Male Population of South Rajasthan

Correlation of Length of Index Finger (2D) to Ring Finger (4D) Ratio (2D:4D) and Coronary Artery Disease - A Study in Male Population of South Rajasthan

CEPHALOMETRIC VERTICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF SKELETAL CLASS II MALOCCLUSION IN SOUTH RAJASTHAN POPULATION

Introduction: To describe the cephalometric vertical characteristic of skeletal Class II malocclusion in South Rajasthan population at Daswani Dental College and Research Center. Methods: A total of 100 lateral cephalograms of pre-orthodontic patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion were obtained from Daswani Dental College and Research Center. The lateral cephalograms were taken using digital cephalometric machine and were analyzed by manual tracing with experienced post graduates to determine the ANB, mandibular length, facial axis, Y‑axis, sella to nasion‑mandibular plane (SN‑MP), lower anterior facial height (LAFH), FMA, gonial angle, saddle angle and articulare angle Correlation between mandibular length and other variables was analyzed using Pearson correlation test with P < 0.05. Results: Increased ANB, short mandibular length, negative value of facial axis, large value of MP angle, Y-axis, and LAFH. There was also a significant correlation between mandibular length and various variables, namely, facial axis, ANB angle, and LAFH. Conclusions: Skeletal Class II malocclusion in South Rajasthan population at Daswani Dental College and Research Center was characterized by short mandibular length and large ANB mostly not by the increased of SNA but by the lack of SNB.

Genomic diversity at 22 STR loci (extended CODIS STR) in the population of Rajasthan, India

This study presents genetic diversity at 22 autosomal STR loci (extended CODIS STR) in the population of Rajasthan. It provides an allelic database of this population for the purpose of forensic inference. 595 unrelated healthy individuals residing in the state were randomly selected from the routine casework of the laboratory. Compliance of ethical standards was ensured during the collection of blood samples. The allele 15 of locus D22S1045 was found to be the most frequent allele among all the studied genetic markers. The matching probability was found to be 1.80 × 10−26 at all the studied markers. The loci Penta E and TPOX were found to be highest and least forensic importance respectively, among all the studied loci. The heterozygosity ranged from 0.711 for locus TPOX to 0.926 for the locus Penta E. The discrimination and exclusion power were found as 1 and 0.999999998292 respectively at all the studied loci. Overall, the highest polymorphism was observed 0.907 for locus Penta E among the studied markers in the population of Rajasthan. In population differentiation test, the population of Rajasthan showed a greater genetic affinity with north-western and central Indian populations than southern and eastern Indian, as well as East Asian populations.

Evaluation of average Frankfort mandibular plane angle in West Rajasthan population

Introduction: The relationship between the malocclusion and the facial form has been a focus for Orthodontists since the early 20th century. Cephalometrics can be utilized to describe, compare and classify the nature of orthodontic problems. Since well-established Indian ethnic norms are lacking, norms derived for Caucasian population are routinely used for investigations. Rajasthan is one of the largest state in India and Mewar is one of the major areas of it. With the increasing number of children of Rajasthan seeking professional treatment for malocclusion, it has become apparent that there is need to determine what constitutes a pleasing or normal face for the children of Rajasthan. A comprehensive and accurate diagnostic assessment of any orthodontic patient involves the comparison of the patient’s cephalometric findings with the norms of his or her ethnic groups or racial groups or subgroups. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 100 lateral cephalographs which were selected from the records in the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. Results: According to results there was a higher FMPA in males than females in Western Rajasthan population. While observing the overall result no significant difference was observed in FMPA between male and female population of Western Rajasthan. Conclusion: The present study was undertaken to develop cephalometric norms of Tweed’s diagnostic facial triangle for West Rajasthan population and to find out any variation from Caucasian standard. The result of the study indicated that separate norms should be considered forWest Rajasthan males and females during diagnosis and treatment planning. Keywords: Frankfort mandibular plane, Caucasian, Rajasthan.

Estimation of Stature from Foot Dimensions from Female Population of Rajasthan

Background: Analyzing and identifying evidences found at crime scene plays a crucial role in apprehendingthe offenders and putting them behind bars. Stature Estimation has a significant importance when it comesto narrowing down the list of suspects. At various instances footprints are left behind at the crime scenesas vital evidence and can be utilised for generating the stature of the individual/s connected with the crimescene.Method: The present study focuses on female population belonging to Rajasthan. Major objective is todetermine relation between foot dimensions and stature (n=111). Foot dimensions, mainly foot length andbreadth were calculated using standard measurements method. The samples were statistically analyzed;regression equations were generated for length and width of left and right foot.Conclusion: The predicted R-squared values showed quite significant value of left foot being (0.09) andright foot being (0.04). SEE was calibrated through the regression equations. Width of both the left and rightfoot were found to be more significant measurements for estimating stature in Rajasthan Population.

Maternal allele mutation: Slippage synthesis furnishing evolutionary trend

Gain or loss of repeat motifs leads to an allelic mismatch in the disputed child which is a deviation from the Mendelian inheritance, thereby leading to a paternal mismatch of putative father or exclusion of mother in case of maternal allelic mismatch. This allelic mismatch at one or more loci is a major cause of forensic inferences. The biological samples of the case were genotyped using Powerplex®- Fusion 5C system kit and Investigator® Argus X-12 QS kit as per recommendations of the manufacturer. In this case, identification of a putrefied dead body with 22 autosomal STR loci, primarily analyzed by Powerplex®- Fusion 5C system kit divulged a maternal mismatch at locus D13S317. Alleles at the locus D13S317 allegedly belonging to the father of the deceased and the mother were observed as 10/11, 11/11 and 10/10 respectively. To rule out allelic mismatch at this particular locus, 12 X-STR loci were amplified, in which all the maternal alleles of deceased completely matched with the mother. This case study indicates the extension of one microsatellite repeat motif (TATC) at locus D13S317 in the population of Rajasthan. The reported mutation rate was 0.14% and 0.04% at locus D13S317 in paternal and maternal meiosis respectively.

Peopling of Rajasthan, India: Evaluating the gene flow from east and west

Rajasthan is a state located in the north-western part of India and it has been cited as a major route of human migration since ancient times. The present study was conducted to find out the genetic affinity of Rajasthani population with the population living in its east as well as the west. In particular, we compared them with the population of Pakistan which shares the common geographical boundary with the Rajasthan while also having a look at their inter and intra population affinities with the population belonging to other Indian states. We investigated the genetic structure and population parameters of Rajasthani populations obtained for twenty polymorphic autosomal STR loci from 669 unrelated individuals belonging to its three population groups including Mina, Gujjar and the admixed population of Rajasthan. The studied populations showed a wide range of genetic diversity and besides the genetic structure of the studied populations, it was found that the average heterozygosity value was highest among the populations of Rajasthan, possibly, because of gene flow from different directions. Various statistical analyses suggested that the Rajasthani populations had a higher affinity with the North Indian populations rather than with the Pakistani population.

Sexual Dimorphism in the Permanent Maxillary First Molar Teeth in the Rajasthan Population

ABSTRACT Introduction Sex estimation in forensic science is an essential step for medicolegal purposes. Teeth are an excellent material for anthropological, odontological, genetic, and forensic investigations as they are known to resist a variety of ante-mortem and post-mortem insults. Sexual dimorphism is an indicator of gender differences that can be observed in several aspects of the human skeleton such as the pelvis, cranium, femur, humerus, canines, and other structures. Maxillary first molars are the first permanent teeth to erupt into the oral cavity at the mean age of 6–7 years and are less commonly impacted as compared to canines. The purpose of this study was to indicate whether sexual dimorphism also exists in the first maxillary molar of humans. Aim To determine the sexual dimorphism in the permanent maxillary first molar teeth using the mesiodistal and buccolingual crown width. Materials and methods The present study was performed on 80 patients from the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jaipur. Mesiodistal and buccolingual width were measured on the basis of intraoral examination and plaster modal with the help of Vernier caliper. Sexual dimorphism (in percentage) was calculated from these measured parameters. Results The mean values of right and left mesiodistal width and buccolingual width were less for females than for males and the differences were statistically significant for buccolingual width but nonsignificant for mesiodistal width. The sexual dimorphism was slightly greater on the right side than the left side. Buccolingual width of right maxillary molar teeth shows maximum sexual dimorphism among all measurements (both intraoral 5.13% and cast 5.18%). Conclusion This study signifies the possible role of morphometric study of canine teeth in estimation of gender and it can be used in forensic investigations where gender determination of skeletal remains is difficult. How to cite this article Sharma S, Sharma S. Sexual Dimorphism in the Permanent Maxillary First Molar Teeth in the Rajasthan Population. J Mahatma Gandhi Univ Med Sci Tech 2020;5(1):4–8.

Genetic portrait study for 23 Y-STR loci in the population of Rajasthan, India.

This study was conducted to come up with data on Y-STR markers for the population of Rajasthan comprising of the western arid region of India. Y-STR analysis is an established tool in forensic DNA casework and ancestry research. We analyzed 23 Y-STRs in randomly selected 310 unrelated individuals living within the geographical area of Rajasthan to establish parameters of forensic interest. Out of 310 haplotypes, 309 unique haplotypes were observed, which revealed a high discrimination capacity with a value of 0.997 for the studied loci. The gene diversity (GD) and haplotype diversity (HD) for the studied 23 Y STRs were found to be 0.664 and 0.666, respectively. In the population of Rajasthan, locus DYS385a/b showed the highest gene diversity with a value of 0.829 among all the studied loci. The studied population showed genetic relatedness with the populations of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Himachal Pradesh.

Genomic polymorphism in North-western Indian population based on autosomal STR's: a population data study.

Genetic diversity indices and forensic parameters at 20 autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci were evaluated in 541 unrelated individuals of north-western Indian state Rajasthan. In total, 243 alleles were observed with an average of 12.15 alleles per locus. The most polymorphic and discriminative locus was Penta E with a value of 0.908 and 0.984, respectively. The combined power of exclusion and the combined power of discrimination were found to be 0.999999998 and 1, respectively. Additionally, the genetic relationship of the studied population with the reported Indian as well as global populations was investigated. The studied population showed genetic affinity with the previously reported population of Rajasthan and geographical close population's, i.e., populations of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Jharkhand. All the STR loci were found polymorphic, and the select panel of STRs was found suitable for population genetic studies and forensic analysis.

Genetic variation (population database) at 20 autosomal STR loci in the population of Rajasthan (north-western India).

To explore the genetic diversity and establish the allelic database of the population of Rajasthan, we assessed 571 randomly selected unrelated healthy individuals residing in the state. Blood samples of the selected individuals were collected with the compliance of ethical standards. Locus Penta E was observed to be the most polymorphic (0.908), whereas locus TPOX was observed to be the least polymorphic (0.639). The observed heterozygosity ranged from a minimum of 0.667 (TPOX) to a maximum of 0.925 (Penta E). The combined value of the power of discrimination (PD) and power of exclusion (PE) for all the studied 20 short tandem repeat (STR) loci were observed to be 1 and 0.999999997560235 respectively. The combined values of matching probability (PM) and paternity index (PI) for all the studied 20 STR loci were 7 × 10-26 and 4 × 108 respectively. The obtained genetic data are useful for forensic DNA applications and expected to enrich the genetic database of Indian populations.

Molecular diversity of 23 Y-STR genetic markers in the population of Rajasthan, India

India is well-known for its autochthonous cultural, lingual and traditional diversity, which has drawn the attention of researchers to unravel the scientific facts behind it at the genetic level, by using various genetic markers namely, autosomal, X chromosomal, Y chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA markers. Y-STR (Short Tandem Repeat) markers are important tools for investigation of patrilineal relationship among populations along with their proven potential in sexual assault cases. This study was conducted with the aim to investigate the genetic diversity in population of Rajasthan based on Y-STR haplotype data. Randomly selected 202 unrelated male individuals were included in this study belonging to geographical region of Rajasthan. 23 Y-STR genetic haplotype DNA profiles of these individuals were obtained using PowerPlex® Y-23 system. In 202 individuals, two hundred two unique haplotypes were observed which showed extremely high haplotype diversity for all the studied loci with the value of 0.99999999999051. The overall gene diversity (GD) value for all the studied loci was 0.999999999988072. The gene diversity (GD) value was observed to be highest (0.912) at locus DYS385a/b. The studied population was characterized by R1a, R2, Q, H1a1a, L1a, L1c, G, I, J, O and E haplogroups. Interestingly, out of total observed haplogroups, R2 haplogroup had a share of 15% which was previously reported as having a low incidence throughout the country. The outcome of this study will be useful in forensic DNA application, anthropological studies and the data generated from it can be used for strengthening of Indian Y-STR database.

Genomic blueprint of population of Rajasthan based on autosomal STR markers

Aim: Genetic diversity and forensic efficacy of 20 autosomal STR genetic markers were investigated in a highly diverse population of Rajasthan, a state in north-western India.Subjects and methods: In this study, 317 blood samples from unrelated healthy individuals were directly amplified using the PowerPlex® 21 multiplex system (Promega). Amplified products were separated by capillary electrophoresis using a Genetic Analyser –3500 XL (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The data thus obtained was statistically analysed using population genetic software.Results: The studied population showed genetic affinity with the geographically close populations. The locus Penta-E was found to be the most polymorphic with a value of 0.90 in the studied population. The combined discrimination power (CPD) and combined power of exclusion (CPE) were observed as >0.999999999 and 0.999999997, respectively, for all the studied 20 autosomal STR loci. The combined probability of match (CPm) was 1.39 × 10−25 and combined paternity index (CPI) was 3.66 × 108 for all the studied loci.Conclusion: The results conclusively support the hypothesis that the studied autosomal STR loci are polymorphic in nature and, besides being useful in forensic applications they can also be applied in anthropological and other population genetic studies. This study supports the ‘isolation-by-distance’ model. Genetic data obtained from this study will enrich the population data bank.

Assessing Public Health Vulnerability due to Poor Indoor Air Quality: A Case Study of Rural Population of Rajasthan

Background: In the present day, indoor air pollution is a global issue affecting more than 3 billion lives due to the extensive use of solid biomass fuels. Indoor air pollution has been a major cause of cardiorespiratory illnesses in low- and middle-income countries, majorly affecting women and young children. There is a greater need to understand the drivers of rural health vulnerability associated with indoor air pollution. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Indian rural setting to assess the impact of indoor biomass combustion on the respiratory health of households. A framework was designed and implemented to evaluate exposure source and risk factors associated with poor respiratory health in the subject population. A primary survey was conducted for 540 rural households belonging to different socio-economic strata. Three types of questionnaires (air quality assessment, socio-economic, health assessment) were used to investigate the determinants of health vulnerability due to exposure to indoor air pollution. Results and Conclusion: A robust analysis displayed vulnerability of the exposed population. Risk estimation showcased high association between biomass combustion and morbidity. The findings suggest a rural ethos health determinant. The overall prevalence of chest illness is significantly affected by socio-economic indicators and environmental parameters.