Population Of Odisha Research Articles

Case-Control Genotyping of the c.788C>T Variant of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 Gene in Otosclerosis in the South Indian Population.

Background: Otosclerosis is a common conductive hearing loss resulting from abnormal bone metabolism. The c.788C>T variant in the transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene is associated with otosclerosis in all studied populations, except the Indian population. In this study, we predicted the functional effects of reported variants in transforming growth factor-beta 1 and analyzed the c.788C>T variant in a case–control cohort from India and in the genomes present in public databases.Methods: Clinically confirmed otosclerosis cases (n = 120) and controls (n = 120) were recruited and genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA sequencing. In addition, Ensembl 1000 Genome, Ensembl NHLBI Exome, GnomAD, and Genome Asia 100K human genome databases were analyzed for allele frequency.Results: Among the 3 variants studied, a significant functional effect was observed only for the c.788C>T variant. This variant was found in 1 case but absent in all others and controls. Odds ratio, 95% CI, and P-value under the dominant model were 1.00, 0.0197-50.8116, and 1.00, respectively. Analysis of genomic databases showed a frequency of 0-11.21% and 0-1.25% for the c.788C>T variant and the individuals homozygous for this variant, respectively.Conclusion: We did not find any genetic association between the c.788C>T variant and otosclerosis in the South Indian population; however, it was not monomorphic as had previously been reported from the Odisha population of Eastern India. Moreover, contrary to an earlier report that the c.788C>T variant was never found in a homozygous condition, homozygous individuals were found in the European, Asian, Latin American, and Ashkenazi Jews populations.

Factors affecting diabetes mellitus among rural geriatric population in Tigiria Block of Odisha: Findings from AHSETS study

Background: In India, the population of elderly is predicted that it will be increased from 8% in 2015 to 19% in 2050. Geriatric population contributes around 9% of the total Odisha population and 86.3% of them reside in rural areas. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and find out its risk factors among rural geriatric population in Tigiria block of Odisha, India. Methods: This was a community-based study, cross-sectional in design among 725 rural geriatric populations of Odisha. Socio-demographic information was collected following the standard census of India operational definitions. Self-reported diabetes mellitus status was collected and classified as "present" or "absent". Statistical analysis was performed using "R version 4.0.4". Results: Among the total elderly, 88 (12.13%) participants were diagnosed with diabetes. Common factors found to be significant with diabetes were illiterates (AOR=0.32, CI=0.125-0.817), not working elderly (AOR=2.51, CI=1.103-5.723), high socioeconomic status (AOR=3.79, CI=1.351-10.632) and overweight elderly (AOR=2.19, CI=1.286-3.753) respectively. Conclusion: The frequency of diabetes mellitus among rural geriatric population is less but the risk is high among those not working, literate, with higher SES and overweight elderly group. The researcher should emphasize real-time diagnosis of blood sugar levels using standardized measures among the rural elderly population. Keywords: diabetes mellitus; geriatric population; rural; Odisha

Sexual dimorphism of inferior alveolar canal location: A record- based CBCT Study in Eastern India.

Background:Sex determination from unidentified skeletal remains a daunting task in forensic odontology. The mandible is the strongest and most durable of bones available for post-mortem profiling and its morphometric characteristics have been investigated. Less explored is the location of the mandibular canal which in a few populations has shown gender dimorphism.Aim:The present cross-sectional study explores sexual dimorphism in an eastern Indian population of Odisha from an analysis of cone-beam CT system (CBCT) images for the relative position of the mandibular canal and its foramina.Method and Materials:A total of 120 CBCT images from either gender (1:1 ratio) of adult dentate individuals aged 18–60 years were analysed for the relative position of the mandibular canal. Ten measurements (8- coronal and 2- from axial slices) concerning the mandibular canal; at the level of the mandibular foramen, mandibular first molar and mental foramen were performed. Unpaired Student's t-test was employed to compare variables between the sexes at P < 0.05 level of significance.Results:The results revealed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between the genders in most of the variables (8/10), with higher mean values in males compared to females except in the distance between mandibular foramen and anterior border of the ramus (2.648 ± 0.67 mm in females, 2.527 ± 0.75 mm in males) and in the distance between the canal and lingual cortical plate in the region of the first molar (14.515 ± 1.33 mm in females, 14.288 ± 2.01 mm in males).Conclusion:The relative position of the mandibular canal and its associated foramina show sexual dimorphism in an adult eastern Indian population.

Ethno-Medical Informations from Coastal Odisha, a Review

Traditional knowledge that is developed through the combined experience of many generations is still practiced in many tribal and rural societies. The aim of this review is to collect informations on the medico-religious plants used in the various ailments by the rural and Tribal population of Odisha with a focus on the pharmacological uses of some plants, in order to create room for future research. The novelty of our review is best understood from the fact that the religious basis of the plants of Odisha and their application has not yet been addressed and this is the first instance that such study is undertaken in a sequential manner. Worldwide accepted databases were searched for plants of Odisha, through electronic search, literature from Indian Classical texts and from different traditional books. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 50 informants (Age 50yrs, with male 80% &amp; female 20%) at 20 locations around different coastal districts of Odisha to find folkloric use of plants and photographs captured during different rituals observed throughout Year. A total of 46 numbers of plants were found widely used in the coastal district of Odisha for different diseases. The details like scientific name, family, local name and its utilization with the method of preparation were provided. Six plants were found to have religious background and were utilized frequently. Detailed investigations on reviewed plants relating to phytochemistry, pharmacology could be the future research interest in the area of phytomedicine.

Forensic features and phylogenetic analyses of the population of Nayagarh (Odisha), India using 23 Y-STRs

Aim The present study was designed to explore the STR diversity and genomic history of the inhabitants of Nayagarh district of Odisha, India. We also tested the proficiency of the most recent, new generation PowerPlexR Y23 multiplex system for forensic characterisation and to decipher the phylogenetic affinities. Subjects and methods The genetic diversity and polymorphism among 236 healthy unrelated male volunteers from Nayagarh district of Odisha, India was investigated. This investigation was carried out via 23 Y-chromosomal STRs using capillary electrophoresis. Result A total 223 unique haplotypes were reported. Discrimination capacity (DC), gene diversity (GD) and power of discrimination (PD) were observed as 0.945, 0.999999999998333, and 0.99999999999794, respectively. Polymorphic information content (PIC) and matching probability (PM) were reported as 0.999999999925535 and 2.06 × 10−12, respectively. Simultaneously, the haplogroup analysis characterised with C2, E1b1a, E1b1b, G2a, H1, I2a, J2a, J2b, L, O, O1, O2, Q, R1a, R2, and T haplogroups, disclosing the possible geographical relatedness of the studied population to different areas of the world. Conclusion Phylogenetic analysis with previously reported Indian and Asian populations showed the genetic closeness of the studied population to different Indian populations and the Bangladeshi population of Dhaka, whereas the Bhotra population of Odisha and Han population of China showed much less genetic affinity.

Factors affecting hypertension among rural geriatric population in Odisha: Findings from AHSETS study

Factors affecting hypertension among rural geriatric population in Odisha: Findings from AHSETS study

Serological survey for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among tribal communities of Odisha post-second wave.

Serial national level serosurveys in India have provided valuable information regarding the spread of COVID-19 pandemic in the general population, but the impact of the ongoing pandemic on the tribal population in India is not well understood. In this study, we evaluated the seroprevalence of COVID-19 antibodies in the tribal population of Odisha post-second wave (September 2021). A population-based, age-stratified, cross-sectional study design was adopted for the survey, carried out in seven tribal districts of Odisha from 30th August to 16th September 2021. A multistage random sampling method was used where serum samples were tested for antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein in each district, and a weighted seroprevalence with 95 per cent confidence interval (CI) was estimated for each district. A total of 2855 study participants were included from the seven tribal districts of Odisha in the final analysis. The overall weighted seroprevalence was 72.8 per cent (95% CI: 70.1-75.3). Serological prevalence was the highest among 18-44 yr (74.4%, 95% CI: 71.3-77.3) and from Sambalpur district [75.90% (66.90-83.10)]. Among participants, 41.93 per cent had received at least one dose of any COVID-19 vaccine. Kandhamal district had the highest number of fully immunized participants (24.78%), and in Sundergarh district, most of the study participants (58.1%) were unimmunized. This study found high seroprevalence against SARS-CoV-2 in the tribal population of Odisha. The vaccination coverage is at par with the general population, and efforts to address some knowledge gaps may be needed to improve the coverage in the future.

Poor social distancing attitudes and practices may drive community transmission of COVID-19 – A Knowledge Attitude Practice study among the general population of Odisha, India

Background: Knowledge, attitude, and practice of the community can determine progress from localized to community transmission of COVID-19 in India. Aims and Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice levels of the general population during the early phase of COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: A rapid cross-sectional survey was conducted among hospital visitors of a lead tertiary care hospital. Realtime data collection from 223 respondents was done and analyzed using Stata 12.1 SE. Results: Mean age was 38.2 ±13.5 years, 68.2% were males, mean education was 12.1 ± 3.7 years and 45.3% were gainfully employed. Almost all had heard about CORONA (221, 99.1%). Adequate knowledge was present on: a) mode of spread (48.0%); b) preventive measures (70.9%). Television (77.1%), social media (60.5%) and WhatsApp (44.0%) were sources of information. Positive attitude was seen for: a) wearing a mask (83.9%); b) health-seeking (85%) on presenting with symptoms; c) Self-isolation or home-quarantine (20%). Adequate knowledge towards the mode of spread, symptoms and control measures or positive attitudes for health-seeking were found to positively translate into correct practices (p?0.001). Conclusion: Attitudes and practices of social distancing, self-isolation or home-quarantine were not adequate to prevent the epidemic progress in India.

A Digital Radiographic Study of Age Estimation Using Area-specific Formula in Odisha Population

The aim of the article was to evaluate the feasibility of pulp/tooth area ratio in three mandibular teeth, namely left canine, left first premolar, and left second premolar (33, 34, and 35), as an indicator of age using digital panoramic radiograph and Kvaal's parameters. The study also aimed at computing an area-specific formula for age estimation in Odisha population. Observation and analysis of 50 digital orthopantomographs (OPGs) and clinical data of patients were made. These images were saved as high-resolution JPEG files. Using the Adobe Photoshop CS3 (extended) image editing software program (Adobe Systems Inc, San Jose, California, United States), the pulp/tooth area ratio of 33, 34, and 35 was analyzed. These ratios were substituted in Odisha population-specific formula, derived using principal component regression analysis. The mean chronological age was 33.24 years. Principal component regression analysis was used to derive multiple regression formulae for individual teeth as well as a combined formula. R2 (coefficient of determination) for combined three mandibular teeth was highest (0.7769) with a standard error of 4.5969 years and thus was a better predictor of age in the population of Odisha. In terms of an individual tooth, comparison between chronological and predicted age revealed that left second mandibular premolar (35) had highest correlation to actual age. Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient showed correlation between age and the mean of ratios from combined three mandibular teeth was stronger than that of single tooth. In the present study, second left mandibular premolar showed highest correlation to actual age when used alone. The use of three teeth in combination increased the correlation. This Odisha-specific formula showed promising results and can be used for forensic applications in this population. Using three different teeth for age estimation proved to be a better predictor of age in the Odisha population. Moreover, the obtained formula can act as a standard and be used for anthropological or forensic investigations in the said population.

Public Attitudes Toward Psychiatric Hospitals: A Rural-Urban Comparative Public Survey in Odisha State, India.

Background: Integration of psychiatric care with public health services and offering mental health care services to patients from lower socioeconomic status remains a global challenge. Scarcity of funds and professional workforce in psychiatric hospitals contribute to this situation. However, negative attitudes in the population are also a known impediment to patients seeking mental health services. This study aimed to assess the attitudes toward psychiatric hospitals among the urban and rural population in India.Subjects and Methods: The study was carried out amongst the general population in Odisha, India. The total sample (n = 988) includes 496 respondents from an urban-setting, and 492 respondents from rural parts of the district. Participants were selected by using simple random-sampling from the Asian Institute of Public Health (AIPH) data base. A standardized seven-item questionnaire was adopted, with responses indicated on a 5-point Likert-scale. Interviews were fully structured and conducted face-to-face.Results: Level of education (B = −0.192, ß = −0.320, p < 0.000) and urban-rural comparison (B = −0.272, ß = −0.189, p < 0.000) significantly influenced attitudes toward psychiatric hospitals. Gender, age, and religious beliefs did not show any significant effect on attitudes toward psychiatric hospitals. Individuals in rural areas and those with lower education levels showed more negative attitudes toward psychiatric hospitals.Conclusion: Negative attitudes toward psychiatric hospitals from those living in rural areas as well as those with lesser education may be reflective of the lack of availability, accessibility, affordability, and credibility of such mental health services. The Mental Health Care Act in India is a progressive legislation which might improve the situation of the provided services and, consequently, reduce negative attitudes in the years to come.

An observational study to assess the demographic status and health-seeking behavior of SC women and children in Bhubaneswar Block of Odisha

BACKGROUND: The Scheduled Castes (SC) population of Odisha constitutes 17.3% of the total population of the state and is one of the most vulnerable groups with regard to health care due to the non-availability of affordable and quality health services. Reproductive health literacy is relatively poorer in adolescents and women, which impacts their reproductive health. OBJECTIVE: The core objectives of the study were to determine the socioeconomic status, living conditions, educational status, dietetic habits, lifestyles, and healthcare-seeking behavior of SC women and children, promote awareness regarding lifestyle and health, and also provide healthcare services at their doorsteps. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted from January to December 2019 in the SC population-dominated areas of the Khurdha district of Odisha. The requisite information was documented by door-to-door visits from respondents who provided their consent for participation in the study, through a structured format. Awareness was created to the respondents through distribution of Information, Education, and Communication materials and public lectures. Ayurveda healthcare services were provided as per the initial screening, presence of risk factors, and presenting complaints, if any. The data gathered were analyzed through descriptive statistical assessment, i.e., measures of frequency and position of the data. RESULTS: A total of 5041 people were surveyed, including females and children only. Among these, 2758 were women of reproductive age and 2283 were children. Of the 2283 children, 1186 were male and 1097 were female. The causes of gynecological diseases in SC women are poor living conditions, environmental factors, poor hygiene, improper care during menstrual cycles, a faulty lifestyle, and a low socioeconomic status. The health indices were found to have improved due to the implementation of various women-centric welfare schemes by the government and institutional delivery. CONCLUSION: The Reproductive and Child Health program is pivotal for improving the health outcomes of the deprived and unreached segment of the SC women’s population. Supplementation of comprehensive and holistic health care through Ayurveda advocacy is sustainable and can improve health outcomes and reduce mortality and morbidity.

Microsatellite markers based genetic diversity and differentiation of Balangir goat population of Odisha

This study was executed to investigate the genetic diversity of Balangir, a local goat population from Odisha, and its differentiation from the geographically closest registered goat breeds, Ganjam and Black Bengal by utilizing 22 polymorphic microsatellite markers. The genotypic status of individuals at each locus was identified by an automated DNA sequencer and allelic data was analyzed for genetic diversity parameters. It resulted in the acquisition of original and comparable information confirming the genetic distinctness of the Balangir goat population. The observed number of alleles varied between 4 (RM4) and 16 (OMHC1) with 8.23±0.64 alleles per locus in Balangir goats. A moderate level of observed heterozygosity (0.57±0.05) indicated sufficiently existing genetic diversity in this goat population which varied between 0.09 (OarJMP29) and 1 (ILSTS22). Expected heterozygosity (0.64±0.04) oscillated between 0.18 (ILSTS34) and 0.89 (OMHC1). Within the population, heterozygosity deficiency estimate (FIS) was significantly positive (0.13±0.05) and 73% of the investigated loci contributed towards the homozygote excess. Consequently, significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was observed at 12 of 22 analyzed loci. Assessment of Balangir goat population for mutation drift equilibrium indicated that the population did not suffer a reduction in effective population size in the last few generations. Four different approaches utilized to study genetic relationships (F statistics, analysis of molecular variance, phylogenetic relationship genetic distance, and individual assignment) indicated that the Balangir goat population was genetically differentiated from the two registered goat breeds. The study highlighted that Balangir is discrete Indian goat germplasm with sufficient genetic variability and needs to be registered as a goat breed of India.

Estimation of Stature from the Percutaneous Length of Ulna among the People of Odisha

Stature is one of the primary identifying features helpful in both living and dead. In this study we determinedthe stature from the percutaneous length of ulna in living population of Odisha. The study was conducted inHi-Tech Medical College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar during Oct-2013 to Sept.-2015 for two years. Staturewas measured as the crown to heel length of the person in standing position. Percutaneous length of ulnameasurement as the straight distance from most proximal point of olecranon process to the most distal pointof ulnar tuberosity with forearm fixed to 900angle. The finding were studied for establishing the co-relationof percutaneous ulnar length to that of the body height and a suitable mathematical formula established toestimate the body height. The estimated heights so found in both sexes are accepted within a range of errorand are in very close approximation with each other.

Is multimorbidity associated with risk of elder abuse? Findings from the AHSETS study

BackgroundWith an increasing number of older adults in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), the burden of multimorbidity and functional dependence is on the rise. At the same time, a higher prevalence of elder abuse is observed in these populations. There is scarce evidence on the interplay between elder abuse and multimorbidity with no reports from LMIC settings yet. Present study examined the association of multimorbidity with the risk of elder abuse and its correlates in a rural elderly population of Odisha, India.MethodsThe data for this study was collected as a part of our AHSETS study comprising of 725 older adults residing in rural Odisha, India. Multimorbidity was assessed by the MAQ PC tool while Hwalek-Sengstock elder abuse screening test (HS-EAST) was used to assess the risk of elder abuse. Functional dependence was measured by the Lawton IADL questionnaire. We used ordinal logistic regression models to identify the correlates of elder abuse and test for mediation by functional dependence.ResultsAround 48.8 % (95 % CI:45.13–52.53 %) older adults had multimorbidity while 33.8 % (95 % CI:30.35–37.35 %) had some form of dependence. Out of 725, 56.6 % (CI 52.85–60.19 %) were found to be at low-risk elder abuse and 15.9 % (CI 13.27–18.72 %) being at high-risk. The prevalence of higher risk of elder abuse was greater among females, non-literates, widowed persons, those not currently working and those belonging to lower socio-economic strata. The risk of elder abuse was significantly associated with multimorbidity (AOR = 1.68; 95 %CI: 1.11–2.57) and functional dependence (AOR = 2.08; 95 %CI: 1.41–3.06). Additionally, we found a partial mediation mechanism of functional dependency between the pathway of multimorbidity and elder abuse.ConclusionsElder abuse and multimorbidity are emerging as issues of significant concern among rural elderly in Odisha, India. Multimorbidity and functional dependence are associated with significantly higher odds of elder abuse among rural older adults. Further, we report the role of functional dependence as a partial mediator between multimorbidity and elder abuse. Therefore, potential interventions on reducing the economic, physical and care dependence among multimorbid patients may reduce the risk of elder abuse.

Estimation of population trend of Odisha by using least square method

The least square method enables us to compare the trend values for all the given time period in the series. The least squares method is a form of mathematical regression analysis that find the line of best fit for a database and visual demonstration of the relationships between the data point. Each point of data is representative of the relationship between a known independent variable and unknown dependent variable. The objective of this research work is to estimate population trend by using last square method taking 7 years growth of population in Odisha that is from 2011 to 2017 using census data where population given in crores. The least square method enable us to estimate the trend values for all the given time periods in series. The fund equation can be used to estimate or predict the values of the variable for any period in future.

Genomic insight into Y-STR diversity in the population of Odisha, India.

This study evaluated the haplotype diversity of 17 Y chromosomal genetic markers among 202 unrelated males who were randomly selected in the population of Odisha, India. Out of total 196 haplotypes observed in this study, 190 were unique haplotypes. Forensic relevant parameters, viz., gene diversity (GD) and discrimination capacity (DC), were calculated as 0.999999998 and 0.970 respectively, for the studied population. The highest genetic diversity was observed at the locus DYS385a/b (0.9541) and lowest at the locus DYS437 (0.3326) among all the studied Y chromosomal loci. The polymorphic information content (PIC), power of discrimination (PD), and matching probability (PM) was found to be 0.999999965, 0.999999998, and 1.6×10-9 for the tested Y STR loci. The genetic data observed in this study would enrich the existing Y STR data of the Indian population and would also be useful for forensic application.

Indian Tribal Educational System for the Santal Children of Mayurbhanj District of Odisha: A Psychosocial Analysis

The study on educational system of the Santals of Mayurbhanj is an interesting aspect of the tribal education of Odisha in Eastern India. Santals are the the largest number of people among the total tribal population of Odisha. Education of the tribal communities /societies has helped in preservation of social structure and goal achievement. The Santals are largely residing in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. The development of education of the Santals of Mayurbhanj district is the main part of the tribal educational system of the state of Odisha. Odisha has possessed a distinct place in tribal history of India and it is the home of a number of different types of tribes. Different developmental programmes / schemes for education have been implemented through the Governments and Non Government agencies for the educational improvement of the tribal children of Odisha in general and Santal children in particular. On the basis of field study made by the earlier scholars including the present authors, the people of Santal tribe/society are mostly residing in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. In fact, most of the tribes of Odisha in Eastern India have no written languages, but in case of Santala tribe, it has a written language with a specific ‘Ol Chiki’ script for the use of its own people. The Santal children of Mayurbhanj district are more interested in modern education in comparison to other tribal children of Odisha. At present the educated people of Santal tribe of Mayurbhanj have been able to organize their socio-cultural associations for preservation of their traditional culture. The aim of this paper is to focus on educational system for the Santal children of Mayurbhanj district of Odisha along with to highlight their receptive minds for receiving modern education for their moral as well as physical developments for entry into the main stream of the present / modern society. Methodologically, both the primary and secondary sources have been carefully utilised in the present article

Bilayer Mesh Repair for Inguinal Hernia- The Open Alternative to Laparoscopic Repairs

Introduction: In 1999, Gilbert described the technique of using a bilayer mesh device, Prolene Hernia System (PHS) for tension free repairs of inguinal hernias through an open anterior approach. This provides an anterior, posterior and plug repair, and hence successfully covers the myopectineal orifice, the lack of which is a glaring drawback for the Lichtensteins repair. This also confers the same benefit provided by the laparoscopic hernia repairs which uses the preperitoneal space to cover this same region that is, Transabdominal Preperitoneal Patch Plasty (TAPP) and Total Extraperitoneal patch Plasty (TEP). Aim: To observe the overall outcome of using the open bi-layered dual mesh in a population of Odisha, attending a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: All patients admitted with inguinal hernias in the Department of General Surgery, Pradyumna Bal Memorial Hospital, KIMS, Odisha, India were included in the study. They all underwent the PHS bilayer mesh repair. The relevant patient specifics like, preoperative clinical findings and intra and postoperative results were noted in a master chart. Patients were followed-up for one year, and further long-term complications were noted, if any. Results: There were a total of 40 patients. The mean duration for the procedure was 61 minutes (SD-22.8) and there was no inadvertent injury. The patients were encouraged to resume all physical activities from the first postoperative day. All the patients had an uneventful recovery, with a mean hospital stay of four days. Four patients presented with seroma after one week of surgery, while 22 patients had cord oedema. Both subsided spontaneously within three weeks, without further intervention. No recurrence was noted in any of the patients. Conclusion: The PHS bilayer dual mesh repair is ideally suited for population in a low resource setting. It ensures coverage of the entire vulnerable area of groin along with a considerably shorter duration of operation, minimal risk of intraoperative injury.

Mental Health and Predictors of Depression During Covid-19 Pandemic in General Population of Odisha: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The emergence of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has caused an unprecedented global catas-trophe in the 21st century as a major virus outbreak The disease as well as the different preventive measures taken to contain the disease especially quarantine and lockdown, loss of income, loss of job and financial insecurity have led to an enormous impact on the mental health of the community and various psychological problems in the form of anxiety, depression and stress Objective: This article aims to highlight the extent of the impact of COVID-19 on mental health with a special focus on depression in the general population of Odisha Methods: This is a cross-sectional study carried out among the general population of Odisha through an online semi-structured questionnaire the link of which was sent to the participants by way of e-mails, WhatsApp and other social contacts Data analysis of the received responses was done Various statistical analyses were adopted using methods like Microsoft Excel, 2013, R version 4 0 2 software, t-test and Chi-square tests Significant predictor analysis was done using logistic regression Results: The incidence of depression to the tune of 43% was found (Mild-10 28%, Moderate-16 19%, Severe-5 56%, Extremely severe – 9 96%) Risk factors associated were the younger age group (21-40 years), unmarried persons (71 5%0, students (51 1%), persons not having symptoms of COVID-19 (78 4%), and persons without jobs (47 8%) Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with highly significant levels of depression and is the topmost priority concern It is important to take adequate measures to mitigate the severity of the impact Early identification of worsening mental health and prompt response to address the problem can prevent further damage ©@IJCRR

Study of Structural Variation of Plantaris in Western Odisha Population

Study of Structural Variation of Plantaris in Western Odisha Population