Population Movements Research Articles

«Цифровой двойник» населения Арктики в демографических исследованиях и управлении развитием территорий

The article considers “digital twins” of the population as a tool for socio-demographic research and territorial management. The experience of creating digital twins of the population and interactive web-sites devoted to demographic issues is systematized. A methodology for creating a digital twin of the Arctic population is proposed, based on three methodological principles: consideration of the hierarchy of territories, spatial representation of data, and combining demographic statistics with new digital data sources. The author has developed the Digital twin of the Arctic population — an interactive website (dashboard) containing detailed data on the Arctic population, including municipal and settlement levels. It includes demographic statistics, census results and data from digital platforms. The Digital twin of the Arctic population covers such issues as the size, dynamics and composition of the population, resettlement, natural and migration movement, labor and employment, transport movements, science and education, and the impact of the pandemic on demographic processes. Tools of ranking, multivariate analysis, clustering and forecasting of indicator values are implemented for researchers. From the viewpoint of state and municipal management, the main interest is the demographic profiles of regions and territories, reflecting up-to-date information about the demographic situation. Using the Digital twin of the Arctic population, the author draws conclusions about the spatial patterns of the demographic development of the Russian Arctic.

Regarding The Demographic And Emigration Processes Of Armenians

During the Soviet years, the number of the Armenian population increased significantly, population movements were not significant. In the 1990s, population migration from Armenia began, the main destination of which is the Russian Federation and post-Soviet countries, the European Union, the USA, etc. The region's socioeconomic, military, and political instability as well as the perspective's ambiguity were the determining factors. For a variety of reasons, the trend and rate of Armenians returning to their homeland have been apparent in recent years.

Влияние политики раскулачивания на миграции населения в Калмыцкой автономной области. 1929–1934 гг.

Introduction. In 1929–1934, in the Kalmyk Autonomous Region, as part of the policy of dispossession in the country, measures were taken to liquidate farms and relocate to new places the most financially well-off part of the rural population of the Kalmyk Autonomous Region. Mass population movements have had a noticeable impact on the social, demographic and ethnic structure of the autonomous region. This aspect of the collectivization policy initiated by the leadership of the USSR in relation to Kalmykia has not been studied specifically. The purpose of the study is to highlight the migration policy of the state during the period of mass dispossession in the Kalmyk Autonomous Region in 1929–1934. The source database includes materials from the funds of state and party authorities of the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia. Results. The article examines the external and internal migrations in the region caused by the policy of dispossession. The resettlement of Kulaks was planned, the conditions of transportation of kulak families, as well as their adaptation to new places, were difficult. The main contingent of dispossessed and exiled, due to the peculiarities of the economic development of the region, were not farmers, but cattle breeders and fishermen. The state did not use their professional skills, employing the repressed in an industrial sphere unfamiliar to them. For the sparsely populated and economically underdeveloped Kalmykia, the dispossession and expulsion of the most enterprising and economic part of the peasantry had negative consequences. It should also be noted that Kalmykia is located in natural conditions that are generally unfavorable for human habitation. The evicted people were old-timers who were adapted to living in difficult local natural conditions, adapted to traditional economic activities. At the same time, the Kalmyk Autonomous Region was the host country. There were many remote and sparsely populated places on its territory, so it attracted runaway kulaks. In its settlements and just in the steppe, they hoped to wait out the persecution and return to their homeland or gain a foothold in a new place of residence. The actions of the authorities to evict the Kulaks increased the migration of the population in the Kalmyk Autonomous Region. On the one hand, it led to a forced mass outflow of the population, on the other to the illegal resettlement of a significant number of people who fled from the dispossession of people.

Place Diagnosis Before Transformation: Case of Fener-Balat

Autochthonous places are sui generis and unique. But unfortunately, they entice planners and politicians and become their target. This study investigates a more than 2,000 years old settlement, Fener-Balat (Istanbul), in terms of topos (its population movements and ethnic structure over the years, physical properties) and chora (feelings, emotions, and aura). It employs multiple research techniques that disclose findings on dimensional and typo-morphological qualities (connectivity, accessibility, legibility, walkability, figure/ground, and other identity properties such as district-edge-nodes-paths-landmarks), historical and cultural palimpsests, which altogether define the uniqueness of the place. The present study claims that the Fener-Balat district is defined as a strong “place” with its “topos,” and “chora,” despite the undesirable physical, social, and ethnic structure changes brought about by time. Thus, it proposes a soft method that includes renovation and restoration of problem buildings on site which is more suitable for the unique protected areas of world civilizations.

Micro-scale transformations in sustainability practices: Insights from new migrant populations in growing urban settlements

Development that is inclusive and sustainable requires significant social and environmental transformations from current trajectories, building on demographic realities such as changing profiles of populations, and increased levels of mobility. Migration is a major driving force of urbanisation in all global regions, partly facilitated through emerging technologies and declining costs of movement and communication. Social transformations associated with increased migration are highly uneven but include shifts in the location of economic activities, major urban growth, and changing individual incentives and social constraints on sustainability trajectories. Yet, there is limited empirical evidence on how observed population movements can both challenge and promote sustainable transformations. This paper examines how migration transforms places and societies, by providing new evidence on the behaviours and practices of individuals who are part of such transformations as they assimilate, converge or remain distinctive to prior populations. Focusing on individuals in rapidly expanding cities in the Global South, this study uses new biographical life-history survey data from Accra, Ghana, to examine the barriers and enablers of sustainability practices among diverse types of migrants and a sample of non-migrants. The study uses data from 1,163 individuals: international migrants from the West African sub-region (559), internal migrants (299), and non-migrants (305) in Accra. The findings show that sustainability practices established before migration are predictors of current sustainability practices, including proactive recycling, conservation activities, and choice of mode of transportation, but that there is some convergence between behaviours, reflecting assimilation, place attachment and other factors. Internal migrants in Accra exhibit stronger sustainability practices than international migrants. Individual levels of poverty, poor infrastructural development, and perceptions about life satisfaction in the neighbourhood negatively affect sustainability practices among all respondents. These results suggest that poverty and social exclusion are critical to addressing sustainability issues in urban contexts. It is important for policy makers to address issues of urban poverty, cumulative deprivation, and inequality as strong barriers to the adoption of sustainability practices in urban areas.

Two kinds of gravitational forces in transport: An analysis using the gravity model

The gravity model is a widely recognized tool for estimating the movement of people and goods. In this study, we introduce two gravitational variables, population size and regional GDP per capita (RGDPPC), to explain the characteristics of population movement between and within cities in South Korea. A log-linearized gravity model is employed to run regression analyses at three spatial levels: the national level (encompassing the entirety of South Korea), the metropolitan level (focusing on the Seoul and Busan Metropolitan Transportation Areas) and the city level (specifically in Seoul and Busan). The study incorporates data on various modes of transportation from 246 of the 250 municipalities in South Korea. Predictive performance of the model is better when utilizing national-level data. However, as spatial area decreases and population density increases, the models explanatory power decreases significantly when relying solely on data related to either population size or RGDPPC. The findings suggest that incorporation of both population size and RGDPPC into the gravity model best captures the dynamics of traffic flow within economically integrated regions. This relationship is analogous to gravitational fields generated by two distinct types of mass. Including both population size and RGDPPC, the gravity model can be leveraged effectively to estimate traffic patterns, particularly within regions characterized by high economic integration.

Murky waters: Assessing the vulnerabilities of Indo‐West Pacific non‐marine elasmobranchs to inform future conservation planning priorities

Abstract Globally, freshwater environments are imperilled, with freshwater vertebrate species declining at twice the rate of marine and terrestrial populations. Non‐marine elasmobranchs (freshwater obligates and euryhaline generalists) remain understudied and overlooked by conservation efforts. This study aimed to adapt and apply a vulnerability assessment framework to understand the conservation priorities of Indo‐West Pacific non‐marine elasmobranch species. An exposure sensitivity adaptability (ESA) framework was used to assess vulnerability to environmental threats, and an exposure susceptibility productivity (ESP) framework was used to assess vulnerability to fisheries. Resulting species vulnerabilities were categorized into three conservation priority tiers. The general patterns of conservation priority tiering were as follows: (i) large‐bodied euryhaline species occurring in densely populated nations had the highest ESA and ESP vulnerabilities; (ii) freshwater obligates also had high ESA vulnerability rankings, although ESP vulnerability rankings were lower as their smaller body sizes suggest increased population productivity and higher potential for resilience; and (iii) euryhaline species with large range proportions in northern Australia had moderate to low vulnerability rankings across ESA and ESP assessments, as these species benefit from reduced fisheries mortality compared with species occurring in other regions. The outcomes from the vulnerability assessment framework for the conservation priority rankings of species corresponded with their respective International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List status, whereby priority 1 and 2 species also have elevated extinction risks. Environmental threats were at high or moderate levels in all nations assessed, while Cambodia, China, Malaysia, and Myanmar face the highest pressure from inland fisheries. The major knowledge gaps identified included species‐specific productivity estimates, population dynamics (population movements and habitat requirements), and information on mortality from the threats considered. The present ESA–ESP framework was effective for the broad and data‐poor context of Indo‐West Pacific non‐marine elasmobranchs, and the results will be useful for guiding future conservation planning for high‐priority species and nations.

Shifts and Trends of the Romanian Emigration from Oltenia Region

Emigration is, probably, the most defining process of social change that affected Romania during the past decades. Although difficult to estimate, the great number of Romanians who chose to live, work or study in other countries caused significant consequences both in the communities of origin, and in the host-countries. The aim of this study is to evaluate, based on the statistical data issued by the Romanian National Institute of Statistics, the size and demographic characteristics of the migratory flow during the past ten years in the Oltenia Region, as well as to analyse the effects of these population movements based on economic, social, and other criteria, regarding the area of origin. As a secondary objective, there will be scrutinized the effects occurred during the period of time when coronavirus pandemic related restrictions to the freedom of circulation were enforced on the migratory flow.

Bioarchaeological approaches to understanding the long-term development of mountain societies

Archaeologists do not always differentiate between human activities, practices and techniques within landscape archaeology. This problem is reflected in some research into the development of pastoralism in the Alps. Here, we develop a framework within a “position paper” that engages with these different processes by assessing recent developments in bioarchaeological and palaeoenvironmental methods. Over the last two decades, alpine research has moved beyond the mere characterisation of human activities toward the classification and interpretation of specific practices and techniques, changing how we study the development of alpine pastoralism. Research into the development of mid-/long-distance transhumance from the Provencal plains to the Western Alps has generated considerable interest over the last 20 years. Therefore, the PATHWAy (Pastoralism, TransHumance in the Western Alps) project focuses on studying the Iron Age to Medieval pastoral systems in the Western Alps and south-eastern France, which is today one of the main regions in Europe where transhumant pastoralism still takes place. Finally, this contribution aims to review how bioarchaeological methods, combined with “cultural” archaeology, inform detailed quotidian aspects of lifeways rather than impactful, mediatised generalising statements, such as mass population movements or simplistic generalisations about past diet.

Variación estacional del contenido de lípidos en Tigriopus californicus (Backer) (Copépoda, harpacticoida)

Seasonal variations of the body weight, water content and lipid amount in adult individuals of Tigriopus californicus (Backer) from peninsula Foca, Puerto Deseado (Sta. Cruz) were studied. Correlations among them were found.
 Experiences were realized during 1978 and 1979, using 100 individuals as optimun number for each test, taking them at random.
 Maximun values for body weight and for water content are observed during the spring and minimun values at the end of the summer. In relation to the lipid percentage (based in the dry weight) it reaches its maximum values during the spring, existing an inverse correlation with the former parameters.
 It was also proved the influence of the ovigerous female on the lipid content of the adult population during 1978.
 Maximun values were obtained in summer and minimum ones in spring, according to the population movement of the species (Lombardo y Pallares, 1981).
 Complementary data of nitrogen and protein percentages (based in the dry weight) during 1979 were given. In addition to the lipid and protein percentage, the calorific contenta owing to them are expressed in Kcal/g of dry weight.

The Impact of Covid-19 Transmission and Control on the Tourism Industry and Touristic Countries: A Case Study of Saint Lucia and the Maldives

COVID-19, which was recognised by the WHO as a highly contagious respiratory pandemic with a worldwide impact, has hit almost every industry hard. Measures taken by countries and regions to restrict population movement in response to the pandemic have had a more serious negative influence on the tourism industry. Saint Lucia, an island in the Caribbean, was also badly affected by COVID-19 because its economy is highly dependent on the high-risk nature of the tourism industry. This study compares the changes in data related to the tourism industry in Saint Lucia before and after the outbreak to analyse the concrete manifestation of the impact of COVID-19 on it. In addition, based on the rapid recovery of the tourism industry in Maldives, another similar tourism-based island country, this study compares the measures implemented in Maldives to provide some recommendations for the future recovery of Saint Lucias tourism economy and the sustainable development of the tourism industry.

Demography, behavior, and morphology of the Northern Barrens tiger beetle, Cicindela patruela patruela (Coleoptera: Carabidae), on Île-aux-Allumettes, Quebec

Abstract The Northern Barrens tiger beetle (Cicindela patruela patruela, Dejean 1825) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) is globally rare and endangered in Canada. We know very little about this species’ behavioral ecology and despite there being only 2 remaining populations in Canada, we know very little about either’s demography. Here, we use capture–mark–recapture methods to estimate population size and movement of individuals on Île-aux-Allumettes (Quebec, Canada). We found that the population on Île-aux-Allumettes is small—approximately 102 individuals—but this appears to be typical for this species and tiger beetles in general. Beetles on Île-aux-Allumettes traveled approximately 33 m per day with no observed difference between the sexes in mobility. We did not find any morphological correlates of mobility, but we did find that females are significantly wider, but not longer, than males. Because the number of C. p. patruela on Île-aux-Allumettes is small and the population is isolated, we recommend that managers continue to monitor the population and consider translocations to augment population numbers and to reduce the negative consequences of demographic and genetic stochasticity, such as inbreeding.

Successful elimination of falciparum malaria following the introduction of community-based health workers in Eastern Myanmar: A retrospective analysis.

Myanmar has a large majority of all malaria in the Greater Mekong Subregion. In the past decade, substantial progress was made in malaria control. The residual burden of malaria is in remote areas where currently recommended malaria elimination approaches are generally not feasible. In such hard-to-reach communities in Mon state, East Myanmar, Medical Action Myanmar introduced community health workers (CHWs) to deliver early diagnosis and treatment for malaria. We conducted a retrospective analysis to assess the impact of this intervention. This retrospective analysis involved data collected routinely from a CHW programme in Mon state conducted between 2011 and 2018. A network of 172 CHWs serving a population of 236,340 was deployed. These CHWs carried out 260,201 malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) to investigate patients with acute febrile illness. The median blood examination rate was 1.33%; interquartile range (IQR) (0.38 to 3.48%); 95% CI [1.28%, 1.36%] per month. The changes in malaria incidence and prevalence in patients presenting with fever were assessed using negative binomial regression mixed effects models fitted to the observed data. The incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria (including mixed infections) declined by 70%; 95% CI [65%, 75%]; p < 0.001 for each year of CHW operation. The incidence of P. vivax malaria declined by 56%; 95% CI [50%, 62%]; p < 0.001 per year. Malaria RDT positivity rates for P. falciparum and P. vivax declined by 69%; 95% CI [62%, 75%]; p < 0.001 and 53%; 95% CI [47%, 59%]; p < 0.001 per year, respectively. Between 2017 and 2018, only 1 imported P. falciparum case was detected in 54,961 RDTs. The main limitations of the study are use of retrospective data with possible unidentified confounders and uncharacterised population movement. The introduction of CHWs providing community-based malaria diagnosis and treatment and basic health care services in remote communities in Mon state was associated with a substantial reduction in malaria. Within 6 years, P. falciparum was eliminated and the incidence of P. vivax fell markedly.

The impact of COVID-19 on tourism, employment, and population of the Azores islands

Tourism is a very important economic sector and, for many regions, the main economic activity. Tourism was one of the main sectors affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper aims to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on tourism, employment, and the population of the Azores, highlighting the resilience of the different islands and the sustainability of their tourism. To do that, we estimate an economic base model for the Azores islands that relates total employment per island with performance indicators of the basic activities (hosts, milk production, fish captures, external public support, and the service of the public debt). The results show that employment on the islands was reduced by around 7% because of the reduction in tourism activities. The analyses also revealed that the western small islands of Flores and Corvo, which had fewer COVID-19 cases in 2020, increased their specialization in tourism and Terceira island showed a relative touristic attractiveness at the expense of the nearby Graciosa and São Jorge. We also estimated a model that relates employment with the population to evaluate the potential impact of job losses in the population change in the Azores. The results show the loss of jobs did not affect significantly the population movement in the short run.

The dahliagram: An interdisciplinary tool for investigation, visualization, and communication of past human-environmental interaction.

Investigation into the nexus of human-environmental behavior has seen increasing collaboration of archaeologists, historians, and paleo-scientists. However, many studies still lack interdisciplinarity and overlook incompatibilities in spatiotemporal scaling of environmental and societal data and their uncertainties. Here, we argue for a strengthened commitment to collaborative work and introduce the "dahliagram" as a tool to analyze and visualize quantitative and qualitative knowledge from diverse disciplinary sources and epistemological backgrounds. On the basis of regional cases of past human mobility in eastern Africa, Inner Eurasia, and the North Atlantic, we develop three dahliagrams that illustrate pull and push factors underlying key phases of population movement across different geographical scales and over contrasting periods of time since the end of the last Ice Age. Agnostic to analytical units, dahliagrams offer an effective tool for interdisciplinary investigation, visualization, and communication of complex human-environmental interactions at a diversity of spatiotemporal scales.

Population characteristics and movements of striped bass Morone saxatilis (Walbaum, 1792) in the Mira River estuary, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada

The occurrence of striped bass outside the immediate vicinity of known spawning rivers in Canada is neither widely understood nor well studied. Striped bass in Canada are managed and assessed within three distinct units, the Bay of Fundy, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the St. Lawrence River; but stocks that may occur outside these units are unrecognized. We document a previously unstudied aggregation of striped bass in the Mira River estuary (MRe), Cape Breton Island (46° 01′N, 60° 03′W), a location on the east coast of Nova Scotia omitted from present management units but which has been long reported to host an aggregation. From July 2012 to November 2014, 62 striped bass within MRe were sampled and 31 were surgically implanted with VEMCO acoustic transmitters. Striped bass ranged in size from 31.6 to 125.0 cm total length and age 3 to 24 years. Acoustic telemetry from 2012 to 2015 elucidated residency and fidelity to the MRe with mid-estuary overwintering every year, freshwater residency of the adult population during spring, and a summer through autumn aggregation in the lower estuary. Of the 31 acoustically tagged striped bass, 24 remained in MRe throughout the study, six exhibited mid-summer departures to the Atlantic Ocean but returned by mid-autumn, while one left the MRe and was never detected again. Mira River SB with acoustic tags were never detected at nearby Ocean Tracking Network telemetry infrastructure. Striped bass stocks exhibit similar residency and fidelity patterns to their natal rivers and estuaries elsewhere in its Atlantic coast range which suggests the Mira River aggregation constitutes a possible distinct stock yet unrecognized by Canadian fisheries managers.

Heat exposure assessment based on high-resolution spatio-temporal data of population dynamics and temperature variations

Urban heat waves pose a significant risk to the health and safety of city dwellers, with urbanization potentially amplifying the health impact of extreme heat. Accurate assessments of population heat exposure hinge on the interplay between temperature, population spatial dynamics, and the epidemiological effects of temperature on health. Yet, many past studies have over-simplified the matter by assuming static populations, leading to substantial inaccuracies in heat exposure assessments. To address these issues, this study integrates dynamic population data, fluctuating temperature, and the exposure-response relationship between temperature and health to construct an advanced heat exposure assessment framework predicated on a population dynamic model. We analyzed urban heat island characteristics, population dynamics, and heat exposure during heat wave conditions in Beijing, a major city in China. Our findings highlight significant intra-day population movement between urban and suburban areas during heat wave conditions, with spatial population flow patterns showing clear scale-dependent characteristics. These population flow dynamics intensify heat exposure levels, and the disparity between dynamic population-weighted temperature and average temperature is most pronounced at night. Our research provides a more comprehensive understanding of real urban population heat exposure levels and can furnish city administrators with more scientifically rigorous evidence.

The influence of the Chinese hukou system in motivating and shaping the geography of Chinese international student mobility

AbstractThe hukou system (household registration system) is a long‐established and significant institutional barrier to population movement within China and, accordingly, has been the subject of a great deal of research. What has received scant attention, however, is the influence that this system has on the considerable phenomenon of Chinese international student mobility (ISM). This paper is based on an analysis of 50 semistructured interviews with Shanghai‐based returnee students. Utilising the notions of institutional barriers to migration and middle‐category migration, it illustrates the important role that the hukou system plays in motivating nonelite Chinese students to study abroad and how this institutional barrier shapes their strategic decision making across various temporal phases of the ISM process. These findings are of significance as they highlight the largely unacknowledged role of hukou in the Chinese ISM system. Conceptually, they emphasise the importance of sufficiently accounting for institutional barriers to internal and international mobility in the experiences of international students in migration studies.

Random Forest Variable Importance Measures for Spatial Dynamics: Case Studies from Urban Demography

Population growth in urban centres and the intensification of segregation phenomena associated with international mobility require improved urban planning and decision-making. More effective planning in turn requires better analysis and geospatial modelling of residential locations, along with a deeper understanding of the factors that drive the spatial distribution of various migrant groups. This study examines the factors that influence the distribution of migrants at the local level and evaluates their importance using machine learning, specifically the variable importance measures produced by the random forest algorithm. It is conducted on high spatial resolution (100×100 grid cells) register data in Amsterdam and Copenhagen, using demographic, housing and neighbourhood attributes for 2018. The results distinguish the ethnic and demographic composition of a location as an important factor in the residential distribution of migrants in both cities. We also examine whether certain migrant groups pay higher prices in the most attractive areas, using spatial statistics and mapping for 2008 and 2018. We find evidence of segregation in both cities, with Western migrants having higher purchasing power than non-Western migrants in both years. The method sheds light on the determinants of migrant distribution in destination cities and advances our understanding of the application of geospatial artificial intelligence to urban dynamics and population movements.

Asymptomatic and submicroscopic malaria infections in sugar cane and rice development areas of Ethiopia

BackgroundWater resource development projects, such as dams and irrigation schemes, have a positive impact on food security and poverty reduction. However, such projects could increase prevalence of vector borne disease, such as malaria. This study investigate the impact of different agroecosystems and prevalence of malaria infection in Southwest Ethiopia.MethodsTwo cross-sectional surveys were conducted in the dry and wet seasons in irrigated and non-irrigated clusters of Arjo sugarcane and Gambella rice development areas of Ethiopia in 2019. A total of 4464 and 2176 study participants from 1449 households in Arjo and 546 households in Gambella enrolled in the study and blood samples were collected, respectively. All blood samples were microscopically examined and a subset of microscopy negative blood samples (n = 2244) were analysed by qPCR. Mixed effect logistic regression and generalized estimating equation were used to determine microscopic and submicroscopic malaria infection and the associated risk factors, respectively.ResultsPrevalence by microscopy was 2.0% (88/4464) in Arjo and 6.1% (133/2176) in Gambella. In Gambella, prevalence was significantly higher in irrigated clusters (10.4% vs 3.6%) than in non-irrigated clusters (p < 0.001), but no difference was found in Arjo (2.0% vs 2.0%; p = 0.993). On the other hand, of the 1713 and 531 samples analysed by qPCR from Arjo and Gambella the presence of submicroscopic infection was 1.2% and 12.8%, respectively. Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium ovale were identified by qPCR in both sites. Irrigation was a risk factor for submicroscopic infection in both Arjo and Gambella. Irrigation, being a migrant worker, outdoor job, < 6 months length of stay in the area were risk factors for microscopic infection in Gambella. Moreover, school-age children and length of stay in the area for 1–3 years were significant predictors for submicroscopic malaria in Gambella. However, no ITN utilization was a predictor for both submicroscopic and microscopic infection in Arjo. Season was also a risk factor for microscopic infection in Arjo.ConclusionThe study highlighted the potential importance of different irrigation practices impacting on submicroscopic malaria transmission. Moreover, microscopic and submicroscopic infections coupled with population movement may contribute to residual malaria transmission and could hinder malaria control and elimination programmes in the country. Therefore, strengthening malaria surveillance and control by using highly sensitive diagnostic tools to detect low-density parasites, screening migrant workers upon arrival and departure, ensuring adequate coverage and proper utilization of vector control tools, and health education for at-risk groups residing or working in such development corridors is needed.