Population Poverty Research Articles

INFLUENCE OF SHADOWING OF ECONOMY ON INDICATORS OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY

One of the biggest threats to the sustainable functioning of the economy, which negatively affects the indicators of its economic and social development is the shadowing of the economy. The growth of shadow financial transactions causes changes in household incomes, increasing inequality in the levels of their material well-being, deteriorating living standards, and so on. With the annual decline in the welfare of the population, increasing requirements for the quality of social services provided by the state, it is becoming increasingly important to identify the factors that have the greatest impact on the indicators of social development of the country. The purpose of this paper is to substantiate the causal links between the level of shadowing of the economy and indicators of social development of the country, to determine the most sensitive to the growth of shadow financial transactions indicators. The article analyzes the impact of the shadow economy and indicators of social development of the country, proves the negative impact of shadow financial transactions on the level of material well-being of the population. Based on a comparative analysis of the dynamics of changes in the level of shadowing and the Human Development Index of individual countries, the Gini coefficient, the share of the population in a difficult financial situation, the share of the population in poverty in some countries, the causal relationship between these indicators is proved. The paper concludes that a prerequisite for the development of the shadow sector of the economy is the low level of average wages in the country, which encourages the population to seek alternative (often shadow) sources of income. The expediency of reducing the level of shadowing of the economy as a driver of increasing the level of social development of the country is substantiated. It is proved that at the present stage of economic development of most countries the shadowing of the economy on the one hand causes a decrease in poverty (by improving the material well-being of the population), deteriorating living conditions, easier access to knowledge, and on the other - contributes to the gap in income of the richest and poorest group of the population.

Socioeconomic Disparities in Vape Shop Density and Proximity to Public Schools in the Conterminous United States, 2018.

We conducted an environmental justice assessment examining the distribution of specialty vape shops in relation to where minority and low-income youth live and attend school. We collated and examined the density of vape shops in public school districts in 2018 throughout the conterminous United States using geographic information systems. We calculated the proximity of vape shops to public middle and high schools through nearest neighbor analysis in QGIS software. We examined the statistical relationships between the density of vape shops in school districts, and proximity to schools, with the proportion of racial/ethnic minorities and those living in poverty. We found that vape shops are more densely distributed, and are in closer proximity to schools, in school districts with higher proportions of Asian and Black or African American populations. However, vape shops were further away from schools in school districts with higher proportions of the population in poverty. The proximity and higher density of vape shops in relationship to schools in Asian and Black or African American communities may result in disproportionate health impacts due to greater access and exposure to vape products and advertisements. Our results may help school district administrators prioritize and target efforts to curb youth vaping (e.g., health education curricula) in these school districts with high density and closer proximity of vape shops to schools. Policy efforts, such as local ordinances restricting the promotion and sale of vaping products close to schools, could help prevent disproportionate human and environmental health impacts to minorities.

Challenges of Ensuring Food and Nutritional Security in Bihar

Ensuring food and nutrition security is a big challenge for India, given its huge population and high levels of poverty and malnutrition. Malnutrition among children is prevalent in almost all the states in India but Child malnutrition is a critical problem in Bihar, where the prevalence of underweight children is far worse than the Indian average and higher than any country in the world The level of agricultural performance or income have a strong and significant negative relationship with indices of under-nutrition among adults and children, a result suggesting that improvement of agricultural productivity can be a powerful tool to reduce under-nutrition across the vast majority of the population. The data from NFHS III reveals that nearly 50 per cent of children below 5 years of age are underweight and 20-35 per cent is stunted in the above states. Similarly, around 35 per cent or more of adult men and women of 15-49 years of age are found to be ‘thin’ in these states. MS Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF, 2008) classified various Indian states based on composite index of food insecurity and found that the eastern states such as Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand fell under the category of ‘very high’ food insecurity, while Bihar and Odisha were classified under ‘high’ food insecurity. The efficacy of Public Distribution System for distribution of rice, wheat, sugar etc and a responsibility of both State and central Government is crucial in addition access to sanitation facilities and women’s literacy are also strong factors affecting malnutrition. Access to healthcare for women and child-care practices, in particular breast- feeding within 1 hour after birth, are other important determinants of malnutrition among adults and children. Malnutrition is a multidimensional problem that requires multisectoral interventions. However, improvements in agriculture alone cannot be effective in combating malnutrition if several other mediating factors are not in place. Interventions to improve education, health, sanitation and household infrastructure, and care and feeding practices are critical. Innovative strategies that integrate agriculture and nutrition programs stand a better chance of combating the malnutrition problem.

PENGARUH TINGKAT PENDIDIKAN, PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI, DAN JUMLAH PENDUDUK TERHADAP TINGKAT KEMISKINAN DI KABUPATEN HULU SUNGAI TENGAH

Poverty is a major problem in the economy. Therefore it needs to be studied to find solutions to reduce poverty in an area. This study aims to determine the effect of education level, economic growth and whether the population has a significant effect on poverty levels in Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency.This research was carried out in Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency using multiple linear regression with secondary data obtained from BPS South Kalimantan and BPS in Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency using time series data from 2001 to 2017. The data was analyzed using Eviews by looking at the magnitude of the coefficient of determination test (R2 test), simultaneous test (F test), and partial test (T test).Adjusted R2 which shows the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable has a strong effect of 79,42%. Probability F count of 0,000025 is smaller than 0,05 which means the estimated regression model is worth using for research. The results obtained from research conducted using the T test showed that the level of education and the number of inhabitants had a significant effect, but economic growth had no significant effect on poverty levels in the Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency.keywords: poverty level, education level, economic growth, and population

Abstract 315: Community Characteristics Associated With Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest Mortality: The Intersection of Urbanicity, Poverty, and Race

Introduction: Variation in survival for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has been described, but the intersection of urbanicity, race, and poverty and the impact on OHCA outcomes remains unclear. We sought to test whether rurality was associated with increased in-hospital mortality compared to urban and suburban communities when accounting for differences in poverty and race. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis using 2013-2014 Medicare claims for inpatient stays originating in the emergency department. OHCA Patients (≥65 years) were identified by ICD-9-CM diagnosis code. Urbanicity was assigned based on county of residence using Rural-Urban Continuum Codes. Census data were used for county poverty and racial composition measures. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the association of in-hospital mortality with urbanicity, percent of resident population in poverty, and percent black residency. Also included were individual, hospital, and community characteristics. Results: A total of 246,736 OHCA cases were identified of which 53% were male, 23% non-white, and 36% >75 years. Survival to discharge was 22%. Over 95% of OHCA patients resided in urban (85%) or suburban (11%) areas. Predicted probabilities of death (Figure) were lowest in suburban communities with moderate poverty and small black populations (0.76, CI 0.75-0.76) and highest in urban areas with moderate poverty and larger black populations (0.80, CI 0.80-0.81). All areas with high poverty and larger black populations had similar predicted probabilities (0.77-0.78), regardless of urbanicity. Conclusions: Suburban residence was associated with lower odds of mortality, even in communities with high levels of poverty. Communities with moderate poverty showed the greatest spread of outcomes in all 3 urbanicity categories. Further work should explore access to care, social determinants of health, and hospital factors that lead to the observed disparities.

People and money: incomes, consumption and financial behavior of the population of the Russian regions in 2000–2017

Macroeconomic dynamics affects incomes of regions population and level of poverty: positive shifts in the distribution of regions in relation to these indicators slowed down in the 2010s and were replaced by a negative shift (more apparent in poverty rate) during the crisis of 20142017. Income dynamics had a stronger effect on consumption structure and less on population financial behavior. The share of food expenditures is declined in all regions until the 2014 crisis; the most developed regions have the lowest percentage. Structural shift in expenditures in favor of durable goods, including housing, is far from complete in most regions. The increase in the share of expenditures for services is largely due to the growth of tariffs for public utility services. Regional differences are small, with the exception of the Far North regions. The share of spending on human capital reproduction is low and varies slightly between regions. The population of rich regions prefers to spend money on recreation and entertainment, but these expenses are shrunken during the last crisis. Individuals' savings behavior is mostly developed in the largest federal cities. Overdue loans are higher in underdeveloped republics and in resource-producing regions, whose population seeks to maintain the level of consumption using loans. The main factor in change structure of consumption and financial behavior is the population incomes, but demographic, settlement and institutional factors must be considered to explain regional differences.

Incidence of Subsidies in Residential Public Services in Mexico: The Case of the Water Sector

Access to safe water has tremendous direct and indirect impacts on poverty-related outcomes. In Mexico, economies of scale in water provision justify bulk provision of water, such that it is collectively rational to invest heavily in capital for infrastructure development. This is compounded by the fact that water utilities are highly capital-intensive. We analyze two distinct types of subsidies prevalent in the residential water sector. We exploit a household socio-economic module with detailed water services information from the 2014 National Income and Expenditure Survey in Mexico. We combined this data with a unique dataset from water operators in Mexico (PIGOO). We estimate economic (considering operating costs) and direct (considering household’s water payments) subsidies targeted to residential water tariff subsidies. Large heterogeneity in the direct subsidy incidence is found, which partly explains the distortions and wide differences in tariffs and total amount paid for water among different segments of the income distribution. The Omega Indicators (Ω), defined as the proportion of the subsidies received by the poor divided by the proportion of households in the total population in poverty, is less than one, implying that wealthy populations benefit more from water subsidies (economic and direct) than the poor.

A Practice Report From the Northern Dental Access Center: Offering Wraparound Services at a Community Dental Access Clinic to Improve Treatment Outcomes Among Rural Populations in Poverty.

Rural populations suffer significant adverse health outcomes without reliable access to dental care, including increased emergency department use for oral health. The Northern Dental Access Program (Northern Dental) serves more than 20 counties in Greater Minnesota and bordering states. Its population is generally poor and less healthy than the rest of the state, with high rates of Medicaid. Evaluation of Northern Dental focused primarily on utilization of dental and nondental wraparound/support services. First, descriptive analyses were conducted, including assessing the patient population, visit, and client counts over time. Measures include procedures performed, visits, unique clients, active client base (based on previous visits in 12, 18, or 24 months), treatment plan completion, and use of wraparound services. Between 2009 and 2016, Northern Dental saw 20 367 unique clients. The staff performed more than 307 000 prevention and screening procedures, more than 55 000 fillings and restorations, and 20 000 oral surgery/endodontic procedures. Overall, 32% of patients (n = 6 626) completed their treatment plans. Bivariate comparisons suggested that those who were provided transportation assistance (5% of all patients) were more likely to complete their treatment than the overall patient population. Overall, in 2016, a total of 1 748 unduplicated clients worked with the staff more than 3 800 times to receive referrals and wraparound services. This represented about 27% of all clients seen in 2016 who had at least 1 clinical visit. Evaluation of Northern Dental's practice and approach shows sustained growth over time in service provision to the Medicaid population in Greater Minnesota, high need for transportation assistance, and significant interest in wraparound services. Transportation assistance involved substantial outlays from Northern Dental but resulted in substantially higher reimbursement, billing, and treatment completion for patients. Wraparound services are typically supported through grants and charitable giving. Evidence like this can inform policy makers and insurance companies, making the case for reimbursing nonprofits that provide them.

Village Fund Reform: A Proposal for More Equitable Allocation Formula

The allocation of Village Fund as stipulated in the Minister of Finance Regulation number 49/PMK.07/2016, i.e. basic allocation (alokasi dasar) 90% and formula allocation (alokasi formula) 10%, could be considered as unequal because of poor attention to the indicators of poverty and development of each village. Basic allocation relates to the same amount of allocation per village, while formula allocation refers to an allocation based on the number of populations in poverty, size of area, and infrastructure price index. This article aims to investigate the ideal allocation proportion of village funds. Methods used in this study were a correlation and the analytical hierarchy process. The results show a stronger correlation between village fund and poverty and development indicators if more money is allocated in the formula allocation. However, an inequality of allocation ratio and larger fund are needed to achieve the program’s targets. Based on the weighted value of the expert group perception, the proposed formula for the ratio of basic allocation (alokasi dasar) and formula allocation (alokasi formula) is 10:90. With this formula, it is expected that poverty and development can be more quickly resolved. So, the purpose of the Village Fund as mandated by Law Number 6/2014 could be achieved.

Risiko Stunting Anak Baduta (7-24 bulan)

<p>The results of Nutritional Status Monitoring (PSG) showed that the prevalence of stunting 29,6% in 2017. The adverse effects of stunting in toddlers is a disorder of decreased cognitive abilities and learning achievement, decreased immunity, the risk of degenerative diseases. The city of Bandar Lampung is still faced with acute and chronic nutritional problems because the prevalence of stunting in children under five is still high. Therefore, the research conducted in Sukaraja Village, Panjang District, Bandar Lampung City, considering that the Village has the highest population of poverty compared to other villages. The aim of the research is to obtain information about the risk factors for stunting in children under two years (7-24 months) This type of research was observational using case-control design, with a sample of 53 people for the case group and 106 people for the control group where the selection for the case group and controls was done in a simple random manner. Data analysis using chi-square test. The results showed that energy consumption factors (p=0.040), exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.011), history of infectious diseases (p=0.000), history of premature birth (p=0.022), and maternal education level (p=0.029) were related significantly with the incidence of stunting. While protein consumption factors (p=0.283), Zink consumption (p=0.321), Early Breastfeeding Initiation (p=0.538), maternal nutrition status (p = 0.056), maternal age (p=0.438), and distance the age of birth (p=0.188) was not significantly associated with the incidence of stunting of children aged 7-23 months in the Sukaraja Village of Panjang District. Regular home visits by health workers are expected to increase maternal awareness during pregnancy to have a pregnancy checked.</p>

Impact of Leadership and Governance on Poverty Alleviation in Africa

Leadership is one of the most observed and least understood phenomena on earth (Afegbua & Adejuwon, 2013). A call for a focus on leadership and is timely, important and no doubt topical, reflecting the worldwide thrust toward political and economic liberalization (Afegbua & Adejuwon, 2013). The ubiquity of the phenomena in contemporary times has made most African and indeed, global multilateral organizations, like the World Bank, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) to become governance infatuated by giving prescription and insisting that is the key to economic growth and development in Africa (Essien, 2012). Nonetheless, after two decades of unprecedented economic growth, how much have the lives of African families improved? A plethora of its citizens wallow in poverty hinged on the declining quality of governance, and indeed the spatial culture of non-existent leadership in Africa. The latest estimates from the World Bank suggests that the share of the African population in extreme poverty did decline- from 56% in 1990 to 43% in 2012. These are staggering numbers. In fact, the search for aptness in government and that is oriented toward development, the common good and well-being of the people of Africa has become something of a scandal and simply ironic (Anyanwu, 1998: 148). This paper engages in a conceptual examination of the nexus between leadership and focusing on the impact of their interaction on poverty alleviation. Using selected key indicators such as government effectiveness and control of corruption, voice and accountability, budgetary transparency, resource allocation and targeting of benefits, and the rule of law and human rights, this paper investigates the contents of member states, its Impact and the extent which it can transform leadership and promote good as a basis for achieving poverty alleviation in Africa.

IT IS NOT ABOUT PRODUCTIVITY; WELFARE IT IS ABOUT RIGHTS

We assume that the undernourishment or starvation continued in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) because there the misery persisted. Poverty reduction is the only way to the end hunger in Africa. Also, for an agricultural country in SSA the best way to solve the problem of poverty is through agricultural development. Our analysis is based upon a sample of nine countries in SSA, so called SSA – 9. SSA has around 47,5 percent of rural population in extreme poverty while between 1990 and 2005 when food prices were stable and low, extreme rural poverty in SSA involved around 64.6 percent of population. Thus, we have built up a model trying to answer to the question of how the agricultural gears in SSA – 9 were moving between 1990 and 2005 and assess how the agricultural growth could reduce rural poverty. We used a system of recursive rather than simultaneous equations: a recursive model is a special case of an equation system where the endogenous variables are determined one at a time in sequence. The most important result is that the main tools that had a strong relation with poverty reduction in SSA – 9 were legislation on property rights (PR), access to the credit system, Human capital and infrastructure.

Leeds City Council

Outstanding-rated children's services has succeeded despite a rise in the child population and levels of poverty

Who, where and why? Characterizing China’s rural population and residual rural poverty

ABSTRACTChina is noted for remarkable reductions in rural poverty and aims to eliminate it by 2020. Achieving this outcome requires identification of the remaining poverty population and a strategy that effectively addresses the causes of their poverty. Drawing on a 2017 survey of 4626 rural households and 13,689 individuals in 628 counties, characteristics of rural China, of people identified as remaining poor and of poverty classifications, are examined, enabling an assessment of the general effectiveness of poverty targeting. Analysis of the causes of remaining rural poverty indicates the need for a combination of targeted development-oriented policy for poverty counties, villages and regions, and minimum life guarantees and public service measures for poverty households.

The Effect of Institutions on the Access and Adoption of Telecommunication Services in Mexico, 2013-2017

The article analyses the impact of the Telecommunications and Broadcasting Reform in the development of a new institutional environment for this industry, also, on fostering competition and on the proposal of a new generation universal service policies, with an emphasis on access to broadband Internet. Between 2013 and 2014, the Reform laid the foundations for a new institutional framework with the establishment of the Federal Institute of Telecommunications, a new regulatory institution, and public policy, with the power and autonomy to promote competition in this sector in a convergent manner (telecommunications and broadcasting). In this new institutional environment, substantive measures were implemented to promote competition through declarations of market power by sector, through the figure of a preponderant economic agent. In March 2014, Grupo America Movil and Grupo Televisa were declared preponderant and subject to asymmetric regulation, which would lead to leveling the playing field, favoring competition. However, the impact of reforms designed to foster competition in the markets for telecommunications and broadcasting services will take time to mature and show results, through the greater participation of other companies. Nevertheless, it is possible to assert that the levels of markets contestability have increased, which refers to the real possibility or the credible threat about the participation of new contenders in these markets, which leads to the current participants to behave competitively. This contestability is due to the strength of the institutional environment, greater legal certainty associated with the Reform, in charge of defining and implementing the regulations and policies of the sector, including those related to the promotion of competition, the threat about the entry of new players is a sufficient incentive for market participants to behave competitively. The most critical pending issue consists of the adoption of telecommunications services by a broader sector of the population in Mexico. In this regard an analysis was carried out with two econometric tools: the analysis of fixed effects (2014-2017) and the synthetic analysis, which puts Mexico's achievements in adoption in a comparative perspective, to other Latin American countries with similar level of development to Mexico (2014-2016). Although there is a decrease in prices, especially in cellular services, this did not have the expected effect on adoption. The two econometric exercises, consistently, confirm that the institutional, regulatory and digital inclusion policy changes associated with the Reform have not yet had a significant effect on the adoption of telecommunications services. The gap is particularly evident in the case of mobile cellular services, in which Mexico shows a considerable lag and to a lesser degree in fixed-line services. The second pending issue is access to the broadband Internet. Until the first quarter of 2018, only 40 percent of the promised sites by Mexico Connected Program is functioning, and 32 percent of these were narrow band. These findings lead us to conclude that the government faces difficulties in offering an adequate response through a public policy of digital inclusion that adequately responds to the connectivity needs of the population in poverty.

Economic determinants in the incidence of tuberculosis in Mexico

Introduction: Tuberculosis, the main cause of death by a single infectious agent in the world. Annually there are 10 million new cases and more than 95% in developing countries; this health problema is linked to the social and economic conditions of the population. Objective: To analyze the relationship between health spending and poverty with the incidence of tuberculosis in Mexico. Material and methods: Non-experimental research, analyzing economic and epidemiological reports of tuberculosis in Mexico, period 2009-2015. Results: Mexico’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew 45% in 2014 compared to 2009. The percentage of GDP invested in health decreased since 2009, from 6.2 to 5.9% in 2015. The population in poverty increased from 2010 to 2014, from 46.1 to 46.2%; extreme poverty decreased from 11.3 to 9.5%. In 2015, 20,561 new cases of tuberculosis were diagnosed, with an incidence of 17 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, increasing two tenths in relation to the previous year. Conclusion: The increase in the incidence of tuberculosis in Mexico is related to the socioeconomic conditions of the population. Public policies must address social determinants.

Trump's Protective Tariffs and Their Impact on Africa

The international discussion of Trump's dispute over import tariffs for steel, aluminum and even cars is so far focused on the big global players. However, African countries in particular could suffer from the planned punitive tariffs, analogous to the famous African proverb, When elephants fight, it is the grass that suffers. Egypt and South Africa for example, the potentially most affected countries in Africa, face massive job losses and earning opportunities, with all the consequences that this entails for their already fragile economy and their population in dire poverty.

Large Scale Public Welfare Schemes for enhancing employability in SAARC Countries: a SWOT Analysis

With the growing population, the problem of unemployment is escalated. To fight with this problem every governmental body launches various Public Welfare Schemes (PWS) from year to year for welfare of poor or below poverty line population i.e. giving wages by taking work.PWS sometimes referred as public aid and social support for all citizens. Hence, it is very pertinent to understand which PWS is useful for which sector. Through this paper, an attempt is made to outline various PWS pertaining to SAARC nations only and with the help of SWOT analysis various parameters are identified like Strength, Weakness, opportunities and threats which will further helps in understanding the base of particular PWS. Lastly based on SWOT analysis discussion part is done in which general comparison of various PWS is done. Results will help in making understand which PWS carries how much importance and capability of generating employability and entrepreneurship.

The effects of health capacity on income of absolute poverty-stricken population in China —a comparative cross-sectional analysis

Backgrounds: It is easy to see that the biggest difficulty to establish universal covered integrated care system lies in the weak areas and vulnerable groups. In China, there are still 70 million people living below the poverty threshold and poverty population that caused by illness accounted for nearly 30 million. Healthy human capital impaired by disease has become the biggest stumbling block lying in the way out of poverty. But from the literature analysis we could find that the impact of health on income of the poverty population has not been adequately studied. Objective: To find out if the impact of health capacity on the income of the absolute poverty-stricken population is more significant than non-impoverished group. Methods: The poverty threshold of China 2010 was adapted for the definition of poverty. China Health and Nutrition Survey Database (CHNS 2014) were chosen as the data source. OLS was used to estimate the 2 models. Endogeneity of the variables was processed by the random effect model. The waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was used instead of BMI to do the robustness test. Results: Firstly, we found that the health related variables include sick, BMI, and age was significant related to income by model 1 (P＜0.01). Then the poverty variable enlarged the influence of individual health condition on the income by -0.153 (P Discussion: Health means more to those absolute-poverty ones. In order to build a universal covered integrated care system, more public policy attention should be paid on the improvement of health status of the poverty-stricken population. Conclusion:In addition to poverty alleviation, education investment and social security projects, more public policy attention should be paid on the improvement of health status of the poverty-stricken population. Lessons learned: Obviously, integrated care does not means the same care for diffrent income level groups. According to the results, more attention and preferential policies om health care service should be paid for the poor. Limitations:Although the previous research results are borrowed, the model is still not perfect, and the health indicators are not comprehensive enough. Suggestions for future research:The mincer equation should be used in a more rigorous measurement income factors. More health factors should be incorporated into the model.

Effectiveness of the transformation program to assist B40 Community in social economic development in Malaysia

This conceptual paper explores the effectiveness of the programs introduced by the government to the group of people who are classified under the category of bottom 40 (B40). This group has high poverty level which is caused by many factors such as low income job, unemployment, low education level, lack of skills and health factors. Therefore, one way to have a better livelihood is to increase their income level through offering work opportunities. Statistically there are 2.7 million Malaysian household categorised under (B40) with a average monthly household income of RM2,537. Though government has undertaken various initiatives to eradicate the poverty level and improve the quality of life for the B40 household, the total amount of poverty population is still large in number. Looking at this problem, this study analyzed the effectiveness of the programs provided and recommended factors that can further enhance the socio-economic state of B40 households in Malaysia.