Population Of Northern India Research Articles

Towards sustainable development: financial inclusion and women’s economic empowerment in India

Purpose This study aims to examine the relationship between financial inclusion and economic empowerment of women, recognising that empowering women is not just an issue of equity and fairness but also an essential prerequisite for achieving sustainable development. Design/methodology/approach This research used a survey method to gather data from the female population in northern India. The quantitative analysis was conducted using structural equation modelling with Smart PLS 4 software, based on the theoretical framework of economic empowerment theory. Findings The results demonstrated a notable association between financial inclusion and women’s economic empowerment. The presence of active participation in financial services appears to contribute significantly to variations in women’s earnings, savings and accumulation of assets. Originality/value This study contributes to guiding development agencies and policymakers by highlighting the importance of expanding financial services tailored to women and advocating inclusive banking.

Clinicopathological Profile of Muscle Diseases Presenting the Adult Population in Northern India: Preliminary Analysis in a Limited Resource Setting.

Muscle diseases are of various types, viz., muscular dystrophies, inflammatory myopathies, myotonic disorders, congenital myopathies, and metabolic myopathies. They all present with muscle weakness, be it proximal or distal. The assessment of muscle biopsy with the help of enzyme histochemistry, histopathological, and immunohistochemical methods is an essential component in the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders. The authors outline brief data on muscle diseases prevalent in the North Indian region. Muscle biopsy was done, and the biopsy was freshly frozen in liquid nitrogen and sections were taken on a cryostat. Slides were then stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), modified Gomori trichome (MGT), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogenase (NADH), and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) stains. Further specific immunohistochemistry tests were also done. Out of n=16 cases, three cases were diagnosed as Becker's muscular dystrophy, two cases were diagnosed as inflammatory myopathy, four cases were diagnosed as Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, and one each case of dysferlinopathy and alpha sarcoglycanopathy. Muscle diseases can cause different levels of physical disability and thus it is important to diagnose at the appropriate time to ensure proper treatment.

Relationship between agricultural vulnerability to organic compound fungicides and herbicides and Parkinson's disease incidence in a rural population in northern India

Relationship between agricultural vulnerability to organic compound fungicides and herbicides and Parkinson's disease incidence in a rural population in northern India

Self-medication prevalence and associated factors among adult population in Northern India: A community-based cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to determine self-medication prevalence and its associated factors. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the urban and rural catchment areas of Uttar Pradesh, India, among 440 adults using a pretested, semistructured questionnaire. The Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to determine the association of self-medication prevalence with various independent variables. The associations were reported as adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. The prevalence of medication use was 66.4%. The majority of participants (45%) took medicine for fever, cough (40.1%), and cold (31.8%). Allopathy (83.2%) was the most common medicine system used for self-medication. More than half reported taking medicine such as paracetamol (52%), followed by cough syrup (21%) and antihistaminic (17%). Convenience (46%) and lack of time (35.3%) were commonly cited reasons for self-medication. Also, 64.4% of the respondents practiced self-medication on the pharmacist's recommendation. Urban participants (adjusted odds ratio: 9.85, 95% confidence interval: 5.32-18.23), females (adjusted odds ratio: 2.32, 95% confidence interval: 1.18-4.57), skilled workers (adjusted odds ratio: 5.62, 95% confidence interval: 1.80-17.5), and those who completed primary school (adjusted odds ratio: 2.48, 95% confidence interval: 1.16-5.25) were more likely to self-medicate than rural, male, unemployed, and illiterate participants, respectively. Also, participants whose income was 30,000 Indian rupees (adjusted odds ratio: 3.21, 95% confidence interval: 1.00-10.21) were more likely to self-medicate than those whose income was less than 4000. A high prevalence of self-medication was found, particularly in urban areas. Convenience and lack of time were commonly cited reasons for self-medication. Allopathy was the most widely used medicine system for self-medication. Antipyretics, cough syrups, and antiallergics were most commonly self-medicated. Gender, education, and income were associated with self-medication. The study highlighted the increased usage among females which could be further explored and role of pharmacists' recommendation as a major driver for self-medication.

Real-world Data of Glycemic Control in a Suburban Population in Northern India during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract Background: This study compared the 2-year glycemic outcomes with oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) versus combination of OADs with insulin among the real-world patients at a single suburban center in India during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Patients aged >18 years on the treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus were included and followed up for 2 years. The patients were divided into four groups according to their antidiabetic medication as follows: (1) sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) + insulin + OADs; (2) SGLT2i + OADs; (3) insulin + OADs (excluding SGLT2i); and (4) OADs excluding SGLT2i. Patients who were reluctant to initiate insulin as add-on therapy or those already taking insulin but wanting to switch to OADs were prescribed SGLT2i as add-on therapy. The parameters measured at every follow-up were blood pressure, weight, fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar, and HbA1c. Results: In all, 1204 patients were included in the study. The mean age of patients was 59.07 ± 13.08 years, and 729 (60.54%) were males. Out of 1204 patients, the HbA1c data were available for only 472 patients. All glycemic parameters were maintained in the SGLT2i + Insulin + OADs group over the period of 3 years with no significant change in their values. The number of patients in the SGLT2i + OADs group more than doubled over the 2 years of follow-up. There was a significant improvement in weight and FBS at year 2 in this group. A significant improvement in HbA1c and FBS was seen in patients with baseline HbA1c ≥10 at baseline. No statistically significant change was observed in any of the clinical parameters in patients in the Insulin + OADs (excluding SGLT2i) group. Only about 50% of those who were on insulin at baseline, continued insulin at the first and second follow-up. In the OADs (excluding SGLT2i) group, weight and post lunch blood sugar showed a significant decrease at the second follow-up. Among patients who remained on OADs throughout the study, there was a significant improvement in HbA1c from baseline at year 2, although other parameters did not show any significant improvement. Conclusion: Patients on various OAD regimens showed better glycemic control compared to those on combined insulin and OADs in this study in a suburban population in India.

Chemical signatures of new pesticides in the bovine and caprine milk samples collected from western Uttar Pradesh (India) mples collected from western Uttar Pradsh

Raw buffalo, cow and goat milk collected from different locations of Northern India has been analyzed for suspected pesticides viz. azimsulfuron, cypermethrin, thiabendazole, crotonolactone, fluoxastrobin, aldicarb and carbofuran. Buffalo milk tested positive for azimsulfuron (4.51 ng/ml), cypermethrin (7.21 ng/ml) and thiabendazole (4.57 ng/ml). Cow’s milk did not show the presence of cypermethrin and thiabendazole, however, azimsulfuron (0.86 ng/ml), crotonolactone (4.73 ng/ml) and fluoxastrobin (0.54 ng/ml) were determined. Milk of the goats registered the presence of carbafuron (7.69 ng/ ml), fluoxastrobin (5.41 ng/ml) and azimsulfuron (5.28 ng/ml). Since all the milching cattle are herbivorous, these pesticides entered animal through food chain. The consumption of milk containing these pesticides even in traces may be hazardous to human population of Northern India. Concurrent presence of these pesticides may be more hazardous due to their synergistic manifestations. New synthetic molecules like azimsulfuron, fluoxastrobin and crotonolactone may pose severe public health problems.

Knowledge, attitude, and practices towards COVID-19 among general population in northern India

Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. The disease is highly infectious, it causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS CoV-2). In India, there are more than 2.5 lac active COVID19 cases and case fatality rate of COVID-19 is 1.45% as per Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) on 1 January 2021. To guarantee the final success, people’s adherence to preventive measures is necessary.Methods: Survey was conducted to investigate the knowledge, attitude and practices towards COVID-19 among general population in northern India. Data was collected telephonically, using a structured questionnaire from 100 participants. Total 30 questions were included in questionnaire.Results: Regarding mode of spread, 82% believed in respiratory droplets (coughing, sneezing), 76% in touching and shaking hand with infected person, 37% in use of objects used by infected person. Regarding symptoms of the disease, 88% participants voted for fever, 62% for dry cough, 55% for sore throat, and 82% for difficulty in breathing. Regarding attitude, 72% had confidence that India can win the battle against COVID-19. Evaluation of prevention practices showed that 38% still visited crowded places and 22% had not worn masks in public places. Only 48% maintained 6 feet distance with others.Conclusions: Knowledge and attitude in most of the areas were quite adequate but actual practices for preventing measures were lacking. So, more awareness programs and more such surveys regarding following the appropriate measures are need of the hour to prevent the spread of this highly communicable and deadly disease.

Clinicoradiological Profile of Patients with Hydropneumothorax: A Prospective Study of a Hospital Population in Northern India

Background: Hydropneumothorax is defined as the presence of air and liquid (pus, fluid, or blood) in the pleural cavity, and it carries significant morbidity. Aim: The aim of the study was to explore the demographic and clinical-radiological characteristics of patients with hydropneumothorax. Patients and Methods: This study was conducted in the tertiary care center of northern India. Patients diagnosed with hydropneumothorax between January 2017 and December 2019 were included in the study. Sociodemographic characteristics, causes, symptoms and signs, and X-ray findings were collected and analyzed prospectively. Results: Fifty-two patients with hydropneumothorax were included in the study, 39 of whom were male. The mean age of patients was 34.17 ± 11.6 years. Dyspnea and cough were the most common findings in 50 (96.2%) and 49 (94.2%) patients, respectively. Fever was seen in 47 (90.3%), chest pain in 48 (92.3%), weight loss and loss of appetite in 30 (57.7%) patients, and hemoptysis in 11 (21.2%) patients. Cavitation was the most common chest X-ray finding seen in 34 (65.4%) cases. Tuberculosis (61.5%) was the most common cause of hydropneumothorax. For the management of hydropneumothorax, an underwater intercostal tube drain (ICD) was inserted in all the patients. The mean duration of intercostal drainage (ICD) in 51 patients was 21.3 ± 10.6 days. Conclusion: Patients of hydropneumothorax presenting with symptoms of respiratory distress required a prolonged period of chest tube drainage and usually showed a good response to the treatment.

Prevalence and Impact of Low Back Pain in a Community-Based Population in Northern India

Low back pain (LBP) ranks first for disability and sixth for overall burden on world health, with an annual approximate cost of $135 billion. There are limited data on the prevalence and risk factors for LBP in developing countries, such as India. To assess the prevalence, pain intensity, and quality of life (QOL) associated with LBP in northern India. Cross-sectional study. Northern states of India. Adult population of different strata of the community were interviewed. Lifetime, point, 1-year, and age standardized lifetime prevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and QOL, and pain intensity using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11) were determined. Binary logistic regression test was conducted to determine the predictors of LBP prevalence; odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI are presented. Significance level was set at P <= 0.05. A total of 1,531 patients were interviewed of whom 48% were men and mean (standard deviation [SD]) age was 32 (10) years. Lifetime, point, 1-year, and age standardized lifetime prevalence (95% CI) were 57% (54%-59%), 32% (30%-34%), 48% (46%-51%), and 59% (56%-62%), respectively. Average (SD) NRS-11 was 4.2 (2.6). Significant impact of LBP on sleep (24%), depression/psychological problems (24%), and social life (28%) were observed. Women (OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.80-2.77; P < 0.05), walking/lifting activity (OR, 1.362; 95% CI, 1.097-1.692; P < 0.05), and increasing age (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.02-1.04; P < 0.05) were most significant positive predictors of LBP. The progression of LBP could not be assessed in the enrolled patients. LBP is highly prevalent in India, adversely affecting QOL in respondents. This calls for action by health officials to plan prevention, education, and management programs in the society. Low back pain, pain intensity, prevalence, incidence, quality of life.

Awareness, Attitude &amp; Knowledge of COVID-19 amongst North Indian Population: Mirror of an Outburst Scenario

Context: In the current era, the evolving pathogen, CoVs was originated anonymously in a patient suffering from pneumonia in Wuhan in December 2019 has drawn implausible care around the world. Aim: Its aim was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and degree of awareness among the North India population of different ages towards COVID-19 through a well-formatted questionnaire. Methods and Materials: A cross-sectional study of 384 participants enlisted from various places was conducted through an effective and dependable questionnaire including socio demographic and COVID-19 knowledge data in the population of Northern India. Statistical Analysis Used: ONE-WAY ANOVA test was used to illustrate statistical differences and result came as significant at (p&lt;0.05). Result: Maximum participants were males (52%) of age 40-59 years (39%); secondary passed (12%) and people working in a private sector (12%). Conclusion: Due to collaboration of all the sources as social media, television, newspaper and health related advertisement public was having good knowledge about COVID-19.

Correlation between Clinical Symptoms of Coeliac Disease, Serum IgA Anti TTG and Biopsy in Pediatric Population of Northern India

Background: Celiac disease is basically an immune-mediated enteropathic condition produced by permanent sensitivity to gluten in genetically susceptible subjects. There is paucity of data in north India regarding clinical symptoms of coeliac disease, Serum IgA Anti TTG and Biopsy in pediatric population. The present study was conducted with the aim to determine the correlation between clinical symptoms of coeliac disease, Serum IgA Anti TTG and Biopsy in pediatric population of northern India.Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in prospective including 73 pediatric patients at Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Institute of Child Health, Sir Gangaram Hospital, New Delhi, India. Esophagogastroduodenoendoscopy and serum anti Ig A tissue transglutaminase were performed. The characteristic scalloping of the folds were looked for in endoscopy followed by four duodenal biopsies performed from second part of duodenum and histological grading was performed as per modified marsh system. Patients with Serum IgA anti tTG&gt;20 U/ml were confirmed to be at risk. Complete histological work up was done including hemoglobin, RBC indices and peripheral blood smear examination. The association of clinical manifestations with disease grade was also established with correlation coefficient. All the data thus obtained was arranged in a tabulated form and analyzed using SPSS software. Probability value of less than 0.05 was regarded as significant.Results: There were 4 males and 16 females with marsh grade 1 and 2 and mean age of 7.3±1.9 years. There were 5 males and 8 females with marsh grade 3a and mean age of 6.8±2.3 years. The mean weight of 18.11±3.89, height of 103.17±8.73 and BMI of 16.26±3.78 was observed amongst subjects with Marsh grade 1 and 2. The mean weight of 15.12±3.17, height of 99.28±9.19 and BMI of 15.02±3.20was observed amongst subjects with Marsh grade 3a. Diarrhoea was maximum amongst subjects with grade 3c and 4(70%) and minimum amongst Grade 1 and 2 (40%). There was a significant difference between the frequency of anemia amongst different grades as the p value was less than 0.05.Conclusion: The most common presenting signs and symptoms were diarrhea and abdominal pain. The study also concluded that the incidence of anemia increases with higher marsh grades.

A case control study of clinical and biochemical parameters of metabolic syndrome with special attention among young and middle aged population

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome (MS) increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other complications. AimThe aim of this study was to assess the clinical and biochemical parameters of MS and its complications (cerebrovascular accidents, cardiovascular accidents, DN or chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared with healthy controls especially among the younger population in Northern India. Material and methodsA total of 245 (healthy, MS and it's complicated) aged 18–70 years participated in the Open-Label, Single Centered; hospital-based random selection case-control comparative study. All anthropometric and biochemical assessment was done after proper consent. The metabolic syndrome was determined by IDF criteria. ResultsThe key risk parameters in three groups i.e. Control, Metabolic syndrome, and Complicated was TG (96.5 ± 46.9, 194.1 ± 87.8, 148.0 ± 102.2). LDL (91.2 ± 27.2, 114.0 ± 31.8, 69.1 ± 42.5, BP (120.1 ± 9.9, 139.3 ± 13.3, 132.1 ± 15.0) and high fasting glucose (81.1 ± 13.7, 164.5 ± 84.3, 138.0 ± 74.5). The hs-CRP is also significantly increased in the complicated group. The subanalysis of data also indicates that younger middle age (36–55 years) group both male and female is obese, hypertensive, diabetic with lipid abnormality according to IDF criteria. Conclusion: The risk factors like high TG, low HDL, high BP, and high fasting glucose were found higher particularly in younger population which may lead to diagnosis & complications of diabetes, hypertension and lipid abnormality. Due to changing physiology in young and middle age population these individuals are moving towards metabolic syndrome easily and needs frequent monitoring, preventive checkups, and lifestyle changes to prevent complications.

PREVALENCE OF RESISTANCE TO CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT ANTIBIOTICS AGAINST Escherichia coli ISOLATED FROM HOLY RIVER GANGA, INDIA

Ganga is a divine water body which has acquired a status of mother goddess in Indian culture civilization. Ganga water is considered as sacred water and Hindu rituals from birth to death cannot be consecrated without Ganga water. The microbiological quality of holy river Ganga, life sustaining surface water resource for large population of northern India is adversely affected due to rapid industrialization and population growth. The current investigation surveyed on total number of 10 water samples collected from river Ganga flowing in different cities of India. The samples were analyzed for Most Probable Number (MPN) of coliforms and found to be in the range of 940 organisms to 33000 organisms per 100ml. Similarly, MPN Fecal coliform was done at an incubation of higher temperature, and resulted from lower of 109 organisms to a higher at 2800 organisms per 100ml of samples analyzed. The Ganga water samples also showed the presence of Escherichia coli and further its antibiotic susceptibility pattern was performed by Kirby Bauer Agar well diffusion method. Various clinical significant antibiotics were used namely Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Meropenem, Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ampicillin, Sulbactum and Tazobactum. All isolated Escherichia coli strains were found resistant to Tazobactum. The isolated E.coli from upstream water of Varanasi has shown resistance towards four out of eight antibiotics used. Escherichia coli present in all the samples have shown susceptibility towards Meropenem and Ciprofloxacin.&#x0D; Keywords: Ganga water, microbiological quality, Most Probable Number (MPN) of Coliform, MPN Faecal coliform, Escherichia coli, Antibiotic susceptibility and resistance

Assessment of the relative prevalence of different criteria of metabolic syndrome in a rural population of northern India

Assessment of the relative prevalence of different criteria of metabolic syndrome in a rural population of northern India

Population-based estimate of urinary stones from Ballabgarh, northern India.

Stones in the urinary tract are a common condition but there is paucity of data on their population-based estimates in India. We describe our findings of the burden of urinary stones during a cross-sectional study with another primary goal. We conducted the study at Ballabgarh Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Haryana, among residents aged 18 years or above. We used simple random sampling to enrol participants. Self-reported history of urinary stones was elicited through an interview schedule. Results of the descriptive analysis were described as proportions with 95% confidence intervals (CI) or as mean wherever applicable. Bivariate analysis was done using t-test and chi-square test as applicable. The response rate for our study was 86.6%; lifetime prevalence (95% CI) of urinary stones was 7.9% (5.7, 10.8). In a majority of participants, urinary stones were diagnosed at an age of 20-40 years (55.9%), mostly by an ultrasonography examination (94.1%). A high burden of urinary stones is indicated in the working-age population in northern India at the community level. Untreated urinary stones can lead to an acute emergency (colic) or may have long-term adverse consequences, e.g. hydronephrosis, which have implications for the healthcare delivery system.

Epidemiological hazards of tobacco and its manifestations in oral health of a screened population in Northern India

IntroductionTobacco addiction and its oral manifestation are serious health hazards in India, particularly in the northern region. We conducted a large scale population based screening study to evaluate the epidemiolocal hazard of tobacco and its oral manifestations leading to precancerous lesions. MethodsTotal 78 cross-sectional health camps were organized in rural population of northern India and 8572 individuals were screened using visual screening method. Multivariable analysis was used to explore the factors related to tobacco use and oral ulceration and mucosal changes. ResultsOral mucosal changes and trismus were common symptoms and tobacco chewing and smoking were common addictions. Risk of oral mucosal changes was maximum in the younger population (25–34 years) (AOR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.32–2.32, p<0.001), in male gender (AOR: 2.80, 95% CI: 2.23–3.51, p<0.001), in tobacco chewers (AOR: 1.84: 95% CI: 1.41–2.39, p<0.001) and in tobacco smokers (AOR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.07–1.99, p<0.001). Odds of trismus were highest in the youngest population (15–24 years) (AOR: 4.01, 95% CI: 1.56–10.31, p=0.004), in male gender (AOR: 5.57, 95% CI: 2.46–12.59, p<0.001), in tobacco chewers (AOR: 7.76: 95% CI: 4.84–12.43, p<0.001) and in tobacco smokers (AOR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.05–3.16, p=0.04). ConclusionFindings of this study indicate that tobacco addiction (single or joint) was found to be statistically significant in association with the oral mucosal lesions and trismus. Risk of tobacco consumption in either form was present in all age groups, which is significantly contributing to increase odds of trismus and oral mucosal lesions especially in younger and middle aged population.

Comprehensive Management of Type 1 Diabetes in a Marginalized Population in Northern India: a Seven Year Retrospective Review

Comprehensive Management of Type 1 Diabetes in a Marginalized Population in Northern India: a Seven Year Retrospective Review

Dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene polymorphism among Gaddi tribe of Himachal Pradesh

Dopamine is one of the most important neurotransmitters in the brain. D4 receptor of dopamine shows the largest number of polymorphisms among all the dopamine receptors and is one of the most polymorphic of all the genes studied (Chang et al. 1996). DRD4 gene is reported to be associated with personality associated traits like novelty-seeking. The polymorphism in DRD4 is revealed in the variable number of imperfect 48 bp tandem repeats in exon 3, ranging from two to 11 repeat units, with over 67 different haplotype variants (Ding et al. 2002; Grady et al. 2003). In most geographical locations, the 4R allele is the most common, whereas 2R and 7R allele frequencies vary widely (Chang et al. 1996; Ding et al. 2002). The 4R and 7R repeats are the most common worldwide (Chang et al. 1996). 4R and 2R alleles are common in Indian subcontinent (Chen et al.1999). 7R is absent among most of the Indian tribes and rare among caste groups of India. (Saraswathy et al. 2013). This study is an attempt to find out the distribution of DRD4 variants among Gaddis, a transhumant population of northern India. Transhumance is seasonal and short term (for 2–4 months) micro-migration with livestock due to unfavourable change in environment.

Primary cardiac tumours in a paediatric population: An experience from a tertiary centre with a review of literature

To observe the histopathological spectrum of primary cardiac tumours in paediatric population those came in Pathology Department over a period of last 16 years. During the time period of 16 years (1995-2010), we had received 16 cases of primary cardiac tumours in paediatric patients. The tumour diagnosis and subtyping was done by histopathological examination along with cytochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Benign cardiac tumours were much more common (15 cases) than the malignant tumours. Among these, myxoma was the most frequent (13 cases). The other benign cardiac tumours were rhabdomyoma (one case) and fibroma (one case). A primary malignant cardiac tumour was diagnosed in one case and was labelled as undifferentiated sarcoma. The present study reveals the pathological spectrum of surgically excised cardiac tumours in the paediatric population in northern India. Although the diagnosis of cardiac masses can be made by routine imaging techniques, but the role of pathologist is important for exact characterisation of tumour subtype.

Understanding dental status and treatment need of geriatric patients: oral health trends in an Indian population.

Comprehensive data on the oral health status and dental treatment needs of the elderly population in India is deficient. To understand and assess the dental status and treatment needs of a geriatric population in Northern India. A cross-sectional study was undertaken in National capital of India, New Delhi, and 412 subjects aged 60 years and above was involved in this study (259 females and 153 males). An intraoral clinical examination and a questionnaire performa were performed. The treatment needs were evaluated independently of the patient's request based on their dental and prosthetic status. he prevalence of edentulism was 75%, with gender difference (69% of the men and 81% of the women). Eighty percent wore removable dentures, 10% had natural teeth only, and 10% had neither prostheses nor natural teeth. Most of the subjects needed to redo the prostheses (50%), 60% extractions and 25% conservative treatments. The treatment needs were extensive and mainly accumulated due to lack of awareness, neglected care and economic barriers. high unmet need for perceived oral care and dental treatment existed among the sample elderly population studied.