Population In Jeddah Research Articles

Prevalence of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders in Adults in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-sectional Study

Assess the prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) in adults in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This was a cross-sectional study of adults aged 18 years and above during their routine visit to primary care dental centers in the city in 2018. Five-hundred participants enrolled in this study. Primary healthcare centers are clustered geographically in five areas of the city (north, south, west, east, and center) by the ministry of health. One-hundred participants were recruited from each area. The TMD/pain screener questionnaire was completed by participants. The first item used a scoring mechanism of 0-2 (a = 0, b = 1, c = 2), and the second and third items were scored 0-1 (a = 0, b = 1). A total score of 3 or more indicates the presence of TMD. t test was used to evaluate gender differences in TMD prevalence with a significance level of p < 0.05. There were 250 females and 250 males participants. The mean age was 40.6 years (range: 18-89 years; standard deviation: 13.7 years). Answers to the first question showed that 52% of participants had no pain in the temple area, or jaw in the last 30 days, 46% of participants had intermittent pain, and 2% had persistent pain. Twenty-seven percent of participants had pain or stiffness in the jaw upon waking up, whereas 39% of participants had pain while chewing food, 29% experienced pain from opening the mouth or moving the jaw, 34% during jaw habits such as holding the teeth together, clenching, or chewing gum, and 18% during other jaw activities such as talking, kissing, or yawning. A total score of 3 or more was found in 175 participants, indicating a prevalence of 35%. TMD was significantly more prevalent in females (105 participants, 42%) than in males (70 participants, 28%) with p = 0.0008. The prevalence of TMD in adult population in Jeddah is considered high. It is significantly more prevalent in females than in males. TMD prevalence is relatively high in adults of Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Public health efforts should be directed at increasing TMD awareness in patients and healthcare professionals.

Knowledge and attitude toward hemoglobinopathies premarital screening program among unmarried population in western Saudi Arabia.

Objectives:To assess the knowledge and attitude toward hemoglobinopathies premarital screening (PMS) program among unmarried population in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1039 unmarried males and females from the general population who fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Data was collected from July-December 2017, using an electronic questionnaire to assess the socio-demographic data, knowledge and attitudes of the participants regarding PMS.Results:Approximately half of the participants had poor knowledge scores (51.1%), while 28.4% of them had fair and 20.5% had good scores. Individuals with an educational level of “university degree and above” had significantly higher knowledge than those with lower educational levels. Furthermore, 60.4% of the participants had a positive attitude toward PMS. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA); and a Chi-squared test was used for comparisons between proportions and a p-value ≤0.05 was considered significant.Conclusion:Participants showed a lack of knowledge regarding PMS but they had a positive attitude towards the program. More efforts are required to raise awareness in the public regarding PMS, via social media and educational lectures in schools and universities. Additionally, early genetic screening may help improve test acceptance and higher impact.

Basic Life Support Knowledge Among a Nonmedical Population in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Cross-Sectional Study.

BackgroundProviding basic life support (BLS) at the site of an accident is crucial to increase the survival rates of the injured people. It is especially relevant when health care is far away.ObjectiveThe aim of our study is to assess the BLS knowledge level of the Saudi Arabian population and identify influencing factors associated with level of knowledge about BLS.MethodsOur study is a cross-sectional descriptive study, which was conducted using a self-administered online questionnaire derived from the BLS practice test. The Saudi population was the target population. The questionnaire was divided into two parts: one contained demographic data and the second part contained questions to test the population’s perception about how to perform BLS techniques properly. The data were collected between July and August 2017. Statistically significant differences were defined as those with a P value <.05, and a score of five or more was considered a passing score on the second part. We used SPSS version 21 for data analysis.ResultsOur study included 301 participants. Our participants’ BLS online exam scores ranged from 0 to 10, with a mean of 4.1 (SD 1.7). Only 39.2% (118/301) of the participants passed the test. The percentage of bachelor’s degree or higher holders constituted 60.1% (181/301) of the study population. In addition, higher income was significantly associated with higher scores on the test (P=.04).ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that the theoretical knowledge level of BLS among the general population in Jeddah was below average. There is a critical need to increase the public’s exposure to BLS education through raising awareness campaigns and government-funded training programs that aim to curb the incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest mortalities in the Saudi community.

Urinary concentrations of environmental phenols and their association with type 2 diabetes in a population in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

A few epidemiologic studies suggest that exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, little is known about association between other phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and T2DM. In this case-control study, we measured urinary concentrations of 23 phenolic EDCs in 101 individuals from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, to examine the association of parabens, antimicrobials, bisphenols, benzophenones and bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers with T2DM. Urine samples were collected from 54 T2DM cases and 47 non-diabetic individuals (controls), aged 28–68 years old, during 2015–2016. Unconditional logistic regression was performed to estimate odd ratios (ORs) for the association between diabetes and EDC exposures after adjusting for confounders including age, gender, nationality, smoking status and occupation. Age from 40 to 59 years (OR 5.56, 95% CI 2.20–14.0) and smoking status (OR 2.92, 95% CI 1.25–6.79) showed significant positive associations with T2DM. After adjusting for potential confounders, we found that T2DM cases had high urinary levels of parabens (i.e., methyl- (MeP), ethyl- (EtP), propyl- (PrP) and 4-hydroxy benzoic acid (4-HB)), bisphenols (i.e., bisphenols A (BPA) and F (BPF)), and benzophenone (i.e., 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4-OH-BP)) relative to the controls. Individuals in the 4th quartile for urinary concentrations of MeP, EtP, PrP, 4-HB and BPF and in the 3rd quartile for BPA and 4-OH-BP showed over a 6-fold increase in the odds of having diabetes compared with those in the first quartile. Overall, our study shows that urinary levels of multiple phenolic EDCs were associated with increased risk for diabetes. Further prospective studies are required to verify these associations.

Psychobehavioural responses to the 2014 Middle East respiratory syndrome-novel corona virus (MERS CoV) among adults in two shopping malls in Jeddah, western Saudi Arabia.

Sporadic cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome caused by a novel corona virus (MERS-CoV) were first detected in Saudi Arabia in June 2012. The number of cases was highest during April and May 2014. To assess determinants of psychobehavioural responses among the general population in Jeddah, western Saudi Arabia, a cross-sectional survey was conducted at the end of June 2014. Data included sociodemographic characteristics, level of anxiety, protective measures and social avoidance responses. A total of 358 participants completed the questionnaire; 58.4% were female, and the age range was 18-72 years. None of the participants was diagnosed with MERS-CoV. More than half (57.7%) recorded a moderate anxiety score using a visual analogue scale. Anxiety level was significantly associated with increased perception of susceptibility to infection and social avoidance behaviours related to travel and being in public places.

Urinary biomarkers of exposure to 57 xenobiotics and its association with oxidative stress in a population in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Oxidative stress arises from excessive free radicals in the body and is a trigger for numerous diseases, such as cancer and atherosclerosis. Elevated exposure to environmental chemicals can contribute to oxidative stress. The association between exposure to xenobiotics and oxidative stress, however, has rarely been studied. In this study, urinary concentrations of 57 xenobiotics (antimicrobials, parabens, bisphenols, benzophenones, and phthalates metabolites) were determined in a population from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, to delineate association with the oxidative stress biomarker, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8OHDG). We collected 130 urine samples and analyzed for 57 xenobiotics using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) methods. The association between unadjusted and creatinine- or specific gravity-adjusted concentrations of xenobiotics and 8OHDG was examined by Pearson correlations and multiple regression analysis. High concentrations of mCPP (a metabolite of di-n-octyl phthalate; DnOP) and mCMHP (a metabolite of diethylhexyl phthalate; DEHP) were found in urine. In addition, the concentrations of bisphenol S (BPS) were higher than those of bisphenol A (BPA). The concentrations of metabolites of DEHP, phthalic acid, BPA, BPS, and methyl-protocatechuic acid were significantly associated with 8OHDG. This is the first biomonitoring study to report exposure of the Saudi population to a wide range of environmental chemicals and provides evidence that environmental chemical exposures contribute to oxidative stress.

Acne awareness and perception among population in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

BackgroundAcne is a common disease yet people have a lot of misconception regarding its causes and treatment. MethodsA cross-sectional, self-administered questionnaire study was conducted on a population in Jeddah. Results311 responded to the questionnaire. 64.5% suffered from acne. 85.6% think that more information about acne would be helpful. Diet 28.4% had the highest percentage as a cause of acne followed by bacteria 20.7% then poor hygiene 15.4% while 28.4% did not know the cause. Stress 58.4% and certain food 34.1% were the most believed factors to aggravate acne. Repeated frequent facial wash was thought to improve acne in 58.4%, while 63.3% thought it is a curable disease. Acne was believed to be a serious health problem by 53.82%. The younger age group thought that acne would cause depression and increase suicidal attempts more than individuals above 25years of age. Regarding the psychological impact of acne, depression was believed to be a psychological consequence in 79.7% of the respondents, 71.7% agreed about its detrimental effect on social relationship and 55.8% agreed about its effect on marriage. ConclusionThe study revealed that there is an actual defect in the general knowledge about acne regarding its causes and treatment.

Prevalence of Dry Eye in the Normal Population in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of dry eye disease in the normal non-complaining population.Methods: Prospective systematic random sampling study of 251 subjects who accompanied patients with appointments to the eye clinic. Interviewers administered a dry eye symptoms and risk factor questionnaire. Tear film break up time, fluorescein corneal staining and Schirmer’s test were performed. Slit lamp examination to evaluate the lid margins, Meibomian glands and ocular surface structures was also performed.Results: Dry eye was diagnosed in 234 (93.2%) subjects on the basis of presence of one or more symptoms occurring often or most of the time, together with one or more of the following signs: tear film break up time ≤ 10 seconds, fluorescein corneal staining ≥ grade 1 and Schirmer test score ≤ 5 mm. There was no statistically significant association between dry eye with advancing age or gender. Blepharitis was detected in 215 (91.9%) of the dry eye cases. Smoking was found to be the second most common risk factor as 18.8% of the dry eye cases were smokers. Sicca syndrome was found in 24.4% of the subjects.Conclusion: Dry eye is very prevalent disease. Blepharitis was found to be very common among dry eye cases. There was no statistically significant association between dry eye and age or gender in our study population.

ROLE OF PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT IN PROMOTING URBAN DEVELOPMENT: CASE STUDY OF JEDDAH, SAUDI ARABIA

In Saudi Arabia, an array of diverse strategies has been applied in response to the adverse effects of urban sprawl. A review of the historical proliferation of these strategies indicates that although in the short term the strategies have achieved high-quality infrastructure in some parts of the major cities, longer term prospects are less promising since numerous urban problems persist in these cities. Among these problems are uncontrolled developments in the fringes, inadequate urban services, spiraling land prices and construction costs, proliferation of slums and degrading quality of the urban environment. This article reviews the urbanization process in Jeddah and outlines in brief the historical evolution of urban planning and development of the city. The paper, using qualitative methodology, investigates and highlights the need to integrate physical planning with urban development management. Attention is paid to the role of the municipal authority and the extent of its legal and fiscal discretion, inter-agency coordination and community participation, all of which, the paper concludes are central to municipal management and optimization of the effect of public policies and urban planning. This paper is organized into four major sections. The first section provides a brief review of public policy instruments for urban growth management. The second section illustrates some issues and challenges that have been encountered during the rapidly growing urban population in Jeddah. Here, some light has been shed on the public policies adopted for growth management as well as on the characteristics and the nature of urban planning and management systems. The third section focuses on the recent administrative reform and the current strategies adopted by the government for improvement in urban development management. In the final section, the paper focuses on the implementation of current views on how local authority and other stakeholders could be organized in order to take effective action and bring about meaningful urban development in Jeddah

AIDS and the Acute Abdomen

The authors describe the common causes of abdominal pain in HIV-infected patients, with particular attention to distinguishing patients who have acute abdominal syndromes from those with chronic illness. Specific etiologic agents, as well as clinical syndromes, are discussed.