Population In Countries Research Articles

Knowledge, attitude, and preventive measures of common people about chronic kidney diseases in Dhaka City of Bangladesh

Bangladesh is one of the most populated countries in the globe. The yearly budget for the people of this country is not satisfactory in the health and education sector. Among the chronic diseases chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the major issue for the common people. CKD is defined as a persistent abnormality in kidney structure or function (e.g., glomerular filtration rate [GFR] <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or albuminuria ≥30 mg per 24 hours) for more than 3 months. CKD affects 8% to 16% of the population worldwide. In 2017, CKD resulted in 1.2 million deaths and was the 12th leading cause of death worldwide. However, by taking adequate preventive measures, CKD can be prevented for which proper knowledge about the disease is necessary. This study was carried out to gather information about the knowledge and attitude regarding CKD among the common people of Dhaka city. It is a cross-sectional type of descriptive study conducted for 10 months from March to December 2022 taking responses from 405 correspondents conveniently. Data was collected by a structured questionnaire by face-to-face interview. The collected data was computed and analyzed.

Isolation of Dental Caries Bacteria from Dental Plaque

Background : Dental caries stands out as a highly prevalent and preventable condition, identified as the leading contributor to oral discomfort and tooth loss. This condition represents a significant public health challenge that obstructs the attainment and preservation of oral health across all age demographics. The WHO has indicated that the global issue of oral disease continues to exist, even with significant advancements in the oral health of populations in various countries. Aim of study : Isolation of Dental Caries Bacteria from Dental Plaque and detection Pattern of resistance to common antibiotics in dental clinics. Methodology : Specimens collection include 75 clinical swabs (45 Male and 25 Female) isolated from dental caries patients who were admitted to Al-Kafeel teaching clinic and outpatient from dentist clinic in AL-Najaf City between November 2022 to January 2023 with age group between 30-70 years. All the specimens were labeled and transported Immediately by sterile transport swabs to the laboratory for Culture and Identification. For each patient, medical records were reviewed, which including name, gender, age, address, hospitalization, and antibiotic receiving. and immediately transport to the old . Results : The study comprised of 75 patients with dental caries , 45 patients were male while 30 patients were female , The swabs taken from dental clinics have been showed that 64 (85.3%) of specimens were gram positive bacteria and only 11 specimens (14.7%) were gram negative bacteria. The result showed that about 64 specimens from totally 75 were gram positive and the most common species were: Streptococcus mutans 20 (26.66%) , Staphylococcus aureus 15 (20%), Lactobacilli 10 (13.33%) , Staphylococcus species 8 (10.66%) , Streptococcus species 5 (6.66%) , Enterococcus faecalis 4(5.33%) , Bacillus species 2 (2.66%) and Micrococcus species 2 (2.66%). Gram negative bacteria that isolated from dental caries were only 11 . The bacterial species were : E. coli 3 (4%), K. pneumonia 2 (2.66%) , P. aeruginosa 2 (2.66%), Moraxella 1 (1.33%) and Acinetobacter baumannii 1 (1.33%). Tow specimens were unknown (2.66%) , Vitek 2 system had no results.

Climate Change Challenges on Environmental and Sustainable Development

The environmental unsustainability becomes constantly aggressive Globally and that causes threats to human life and nature in general. Climate change consists of multivariant like storms, heatwaves, floods, and earthquakes and all these are caused by human pollution to the environment. Recently, the Eastern Africa in 2024 April was severely attack by the floods where humanitarian were the casualties. In Kenya over 300 people were reported dead while in Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, and Sudan was also very high number of fatalities. People lost their homes and belongings, while agricultural damages were also very severe and that resulted in food shortages. South Africa and Brazil were also affected by the floods which killed and caused damages. The KwaZulu-Natal floods were so strong where 139 Schools were destroyed and both industrial and residential were demolished. The purpose of this article is to identify the causes of climate change and how to ensure environmental sustainability to eradicate this threat. The most affected population in African countries are the rural villages as they don’t have quality household structures and infrastructures. Commonly, no household in rural villages is registered with the Deeds office in South Africa and again, they are not insured against natural disasters of this nature. There no such a thing of stormwater facilities and engineers in the rural villages. The methodology followed in this article is a pure reliable literature review analysis. The research employed non empirical research by deeply focusing on theoretical systematic and thematic analysis of literature. The findings of this research will contribute significantly to addressing the cause of aggressive climate change and to provide solution to sustainable rural villages living environment.

Cropland expansion links climate extremes and diets in Nigeria.

Climate change threatens smallholder agriculture and food security in the Global South. While cropland expansion is often used to counter adverse climate effects despite ecological trade-offs, the benefits for diets and nutrition remain unclear. This study quantitatively examines relationships between climate anomalies, forest loss from cropland expansion, and dietary outcomes in Nigeria, Africa's most populous country. Combining high-resolution data on forest cover and climate variables within random forest and panel regression models, we find that 25 to 31% of annual forest loss is linked to climate variability. Using georeferenced household survey data, we then find that changes in forest cover have a significant positive association with changes in child diet diversity-a key proxy of nutritional adequacy-while cropland expansion does not, suggesting that such forest conversions may be an ineffective climate adaptation strategy for improving nutrition. Our findings highlight the potential of nutrition-sensitive climate adaptation to enhance yields, promote nutritious cropping choices, and protect remaining forests.

Empirical Analysis of Key Factors Influencing China's Grain Production Capacity

China, as the world's most populous country, is also its largest consumer of grain. Ensuring grain security is vital for national stability and economic development, underpinning socioeconomic progress. Since the reform and opening-up period, China's grain production has doubled, successfully mitigating challenges such as the global grain crisis in 2006 and the food crisis triggered by COVID-19 in 2020. However, this achievement has come at a cost, with grain output heavily reliant on practices that deplete soil fertility and involve excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers, causing significant environmental strain. This study investigates the factors influencing China's grain production from 1980 to 2020, aiming to evaluate its comprehensive production capacity and provide practical recommendations. The analysis integrates theoretical and empirical approaches. Theoretically, the study examines the effects of variables such as irrigated arable land area (X1, thousand hectares), agricultural machinery power (X2, ten thousand kilowatts), grain sowing area (X3, thousand hectares), fertilizer consumption (X4, ten thousand tons), and natural population growth rate (X5, percentage) on grain output. Empirically, it utilizes principal component analysis and model testing through Eviews, incorporating five grain-related indicators. The findings reveal that the influence of these factors shifts across different stages of grain production and development. Based on the results, the paper offers targeted strategies to enhance China’s grain production capacity sustainably.

EXTENSION OF THE HYBRID SEIR MODEL WITH VITAL DYNAMICS FOR SOUTH AMERICA

This study builds on previous research conducted in the United States [1] and Europe [2] by extending the enhanced SEIR model with vital dynamics to South America, focusing on its most populous countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, and Argentina. The analysis aims to capture regional variations in Monkeypox (Mpox) outbreak dynamics by integrating vital population changes and a dynamic transmission rate (), while accounting for localized public health interventions.Argentina presents a particularly compelling case, as public health interventions during the Mpox outbreak were implemented, contrasting sharply with Brazil, where such measures were minimal. This contrast provides a unique opportunity to compare the dynamics of Monkeypox spread between the two most populous countries in South America.By examining these regional differences, this study investigates how diverse healthcare intervention measures influence epidemic trajectories. The findings underscore the critical role of public health measures in controlling outbreaks and demonstrate the adaptability of the enhanced SEIR model across different intervention scenarios. The study also highlights the robustness of the model in capturing both natural and intervention-driven epidemic dynamics.Through this investigation, the study offers actionable insights for tailoring epidemic responses to regions with differing healthcare infrastructure and intervention capacities. This approach underscores the importance of localized public health strategies and provides a valuable framework for modeling future outbreaks in diverse settings.

Systematic review of health and social outcomes among Indigenous People exposed to the child welfare system: a protocol

IntroductionThe link between parent-child separation through child welfare systems and negative health and social outcomes is well documented. In contrast, despite the over-representation of Indigenous children and youth in child...

Safe Implementation of Treatments in Stroke: a study on intravenous thrombolysis in patients over 80 years of age with acute ischaemic stroke

ObjectivesTo investigate the safety and efficacy outcomes of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in patients aged >80 years with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) after IVT was approved in this patient population in...

Explanations for higher-than-expected all-cause mortality from April 2021: A scoping review

ObjectivesMany countries have continued to experience a higher-than-expected number of deaths following the peaks in mortality observed in the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic. This review aims to identify the different explanations proposed for sustained higher-than-expected mortality beyond the first pandemic year. Study designScoping review. MethodsA systematic search of databases and grey literature sources was completed to identify English-language records proposing or investigating hypotheses for higher-than-expected mortality from April 2021 onwards in (sub)populations of high-income countries. Papers focused on survival following a diagnosis or intervention were excluded. Results were summarised narratively, and existing research prioritisation frameworks were adapted and applied to identify priorities for further research within a UK context. ResultsSeventy eligible papers were identified. Most were opinion pieces or simply presented trends; few included investigation of suggested hypotheses. Numerous explanations for higher-than-expected mortality were proposed, with hypotheses relating to direct Covid-19 mortality, sequalae of Covid-19 infection, the health service and wider impacts of the pandemic, and socioeconomic factors identified as highest-priority for further research. ConclusionsA critical understanding of the causes of higher-than-expected mortality is essential for achieving evidence-informed policy. This review proposes priorities for further research, although these are based on author opinion only and likely to vary by setting. We did not seek to clarify the potential interactions between the hypotheses identified, however, in the UK, it is likely that the wider impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on socioeconomic conditions have exacerbated pre-existing austerity-related trends in stalling life expectancy.

ФАКТОРЫ, ВЛИЯЮЩИЕ НА СОВЕРШЕНИЕ ЭКСТРЕМИСТСКИХ ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЙ И ВОВЛЕЧЕННОСТЬ В ЭКСТРЕМИСТСКИЕ ГРУППЫ

The article is devoted to the consideration of the factors and causes of the commission of extremist crimes and involvement in extremist groups in order to form recommendations for its prevention. The events of January 2022 in Kazakhstan force countries to take a fresh look at the problems of national and global security in the paradigm of interstate and internal problems, which requires the formation of new systems and ways of interaction between the state, civil society and the population on this issue. In order to understand the causes and factors of extremism and to focus the state's attention on the main aspects of its prevention, a survey was conducted within the framework of the study, which made it possible for the authors of the article to demonstrate the attitude of the country's population towards extremism and its causes. The position on the factors of involvement in extremism is expressed and argued through the analysis of the criminological characteristics of this crime with examples and practice of national legislation.

Marriage and Family Values of the Population of the EAEU Countries: A Comparative Analysis

The article is devoted to the analysis of the results of an empirical study of family values of citizens of the Eurasian Economic Union. The novelty of the study lies in the study of value orientations in the territory that is currently connected by economic relations. The relevance of this topic is also related to the fact that the EAEU is a young, actively developing union. Over the past three decades, a new generation of people of reproductive age has grown up in the countries of the Union, whose family attitudes require comparative study. Thus, because of migration processes in the Eurasian space, interethnic marriages occur, which can be complicated by differences in the family ideals of the spouses. The study of these attitudes will increase the level of mutual understanding regarding family building both at the level of management for implementing measures to support families, and among ordinary citizens who are planning a family. The study describes the population’s perceptions of various aspects of family life. Also, countries were divided into groups based on the similarity of family attitudes and placed on the scale in a sequence from more traditional to secular family attitudes. The results obtained can be used to develop measures to support families, youth, and demographic policies of the governments of the EAEU countries, as they allow us to assess the orientation of the population of reproductive age in the framework of family planning. The presented results provide an understanding of the place of the family in the system of values of the population of each EAEU member state. These conclusions will be useful for scientists of the Eurasian Economic Union countries involved in the sociology of the family, the sociology of morals, and demography.

Enhancing Bovine Reproduction: The Progress of Artificial Insemination in Ethiopia

ABSTRACTArtificial insemination (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology in bovine reproduction, revolutionising the agricultural sector globally. In countries like Ethiopia, where livestock is a vital component of the economy and plays a crucial role in ensuring food security and supporting rural livelihoods, advancements in AI hold immense promise and potential. AI has been instrumental in improving the genetic quality of bovine populations, increasing milk and meat production, and facilitating the dissemination of superior genetic traits across diverse breeds. In Ethiopia, traditional breeding practices often face challenges related to limited access to superior breeding stock and inadequate breeding management. The adoption of AI techniques can address these constraints and pave the way for sustainable livestock development. The importance of bovine AI in Ethiopia is underscored by the country's large bovine population, which primarily consists of indigenous zebu cattle breeds known for their adaptability to local environmental conditions. However, challenges persist regarding its widespread adoption and implementation in Ethiopia. Key obstacles include limited access to quality semen from superior sires, inadequate infrastructure and facilities for AI services, insufficient training and capacity building among veterinary professionals and inseminators, and socioeconomic barriers faced by smallholder farmers in accessing AI services. This review aims to critically examine the progress made in bovine AI in Ethiopia, identify the obstacles and constraints hindering its full‐scale adoption, and explore prospects and strategies for overcoming these challenges. By delving into the latest research findings, policy frameworks and practical experiences in bovine AI, this review seeks to provide valuable insights and recommendations for leveraging AI technology to enhance livestock productivity, genetic diversity and sustainable agricultural development in Ethiopia.

POPULATION GROWTH AND URBANIZATION: THE DEMOGRAPHIC INFLUENCERS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND CHALLENGES TO FISHING IN THE COASTAL AREAS OF TARABA STATE

Climate change as an undeniable global challenge is intricately connected to human activities, with population growth and urbanization emerging as significant contributors to this intricate phenomenon. Nigeria, being the most populous country in Africa, has witnessed substantial population growth and swift urbanization in recent years. While these trends signal societal progress, rising temperatures which drives flooding become inherent challenge, directly affecting fishing business in the riverine areas. Objective of the study is premised on how population growth and urbanization influence rise of carbon footprint and temperatures as they affect fishing trade. The study adopted a cross sectional survey design, Taro Yamane’s formula was used to generate 400 sample from the total population of 581,000. Two-Way ANOVA was adopted as the statistical tool to test the study’s hypothesis. The study revealed that population growth and urbanization have significant influence on higher rise of carbon footprint and temperatures that leads to flooding. As temperatures increase, the window of time when fish are in good condition and abundant enough to harvest is reduced. This leads to a decrease in revenue for fishers and a corresponding reduction in the local economy in Taraba State. The study recommends that there should be promotion of sustainable fishing practices that take into account the effects of temperature rise and population growth. This could involve setting quotas for fish catch, establishing no-take zones to allow fish population to recover, and creating incentives for fishers to adopt sustainable methods.

Measuring the impact of COVID-19 exposure on reporting of intimate partner violence in India using an intent-to-treat framework

The COVID-19 pandemic has not only posed alarming health challenges but also exacerbated the scenarios of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women globally. While global studies indicate a conspicuous increase in IPV during COVID-19 lockdowns; Indian studies exhibit mixed evidence. This ambiguity in world’s most populous country underscores a greater need to examine the nexus between exposure to COVID-19 and IPV using a large nationally representative sample of India. This study employs an ‘intent-to-treat (ITT) framework’ approach to assess the effect of COVID-19 exposure on IPV for women with “exposure (or cases)” compared to those with “no exposure (or controls)”. Using data from National Family Health Survey-5, the study employs a methodology comprising three stages: first, descriptive and bivariate statistics that characterize the sample population. Second, a multivariable logistic regression model was employed to examine the influence of COVID-19 on IPV reporting. Finally, the study validated its main findings using the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) tool with an ITT framework. The result from multiple statistical approaches indicates a reduction in IPV during COVID-19 — primarily suggesting significant under-reporting of domestic violence cases in the data collected during its exposure period. This underreporting remains consistent across diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. The study advances that reduction in the incidents of IPV among women surveyed after exposure to COVID-19 compared to their counterparts can be attributable to underreporting or greater socio-emotional cohesion among partners during menaces like COVID-19. While the under-reporting of cases can also be attributed to the lack of accessibility to peer groups and social and community networks, who often help women to identify and report IPV. Further, it can also possible due to the reduction in alcohol consumption and greater dependency of female on male partners due to jobloss during COVID-19 lockdown. This study, thereby, underscores the need for innovative survey tools to capture Violence Against Women (VAW) in general and IPV in particular during an extraordinary situation like COVID-19.

Citizens' Perception of Historical Justice in the Modern Socio-Cultural and Political Contexts

Today, Russian society is faced with the need to rethink the reality in which it has found itself, including in connection with the reunification with new territories in the south of the country, the transformation of the entire system of national and international security, the construction of new meanings and interpretations of social and political processes. Changes in the sphere of socio-political, international and economic relations occur against the background of the processes of formation of the mobilisation type of state development, requiring the development of new value models and adaptation strategies for the behaviour of the population. In such conditions, historical justice, determining the logic of interpretation of events and processes occurring in Russian society, acts as a "demarcation" line in the mass consciousness and behaviour of the country's population. Determining the specifics of citizens' perception of historical justice can serve as the basis for coordinating public interests and creating an ideological coordinate system necessary for society in conditions of crisis and value contradictions. The purpose of the study is to consider historical justice as a factor in the civil integration of the Russian post-Soviet multicultural society in the context of socio-cultural challenges. The methodological basis of the study is built on the theories of natural and historical justice. The constructivist and riskological approaches were also used in this study. Within the framework of this publication, the following fundamental blocks are considered: historical justice as a direction of the state's social policy; ethnocultural interaction in the multicultural space of the Russian post-Soviet society; the role of historical justice in the integration of the Russian post-Soviet multicultural society in the context of socio-cultural challenges. As a result of the analysis of the presented blocks, the author comes to the conclusion about the need to implement a special state policy in modern Russian society aimed at constructing and strengthening the civil integration of the Russian multicultural society on the basis of integrating narratives. Such narratives should be based on the concept of continuity of national history, and they should unfold only on the principles of the culture of socio-political and scientific dialogue. The prospects of the research are connected with further study of existing factors of civil integration of Russian society, aimed at cultivating the values of humanistic worldview of Russian post-Soviet multicultural society in the context of new socio-cultural challenges.

Biochemical conversion of municipal solid waste to biofuels and bioproducts: a review.

The disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) in urban areas is a big issue nowadays in most of the countries. Developing countries like India are struggling with the continuous indiscriminate disposal of MSW due to rapid increase in the urbanization, industrialization, and human population growth. The mismanagement of MSW causes adverse environmental impacts, public health risks, and other socio-economic problems. India, the second most populated country in the world, faces the problem of MSW and simultaneously grave the crisis of energy as management problems of MSW provide a platform to utilize it as a promising renewable energy source, thus resolving the related issues. The pressing need for the development of alternatives gave several different technological solutions; among them, Waste-to-Energy is being recognized as a renewable option for energy generation and waste remediation. The associated challenges of managing regularly generated MSW make it difficult to adopt the suitable technique/process to treat it. However, detailed information and discussion are needed to decide which strategy is to be adopted. Considering the large availability and potential of MSW, this article has been reviewed to collect and represent different strategies of using MSW for different products based on the requirements of society. The article reviews the up-to-date biochemical conversion strategies being employed to treat the MSW and simultaneously harness the energy, and other value-added products. Besides, the life cycle assessment highlights the futuristic scope for industrial growth to determine the environmental impact of using MSW as a renewable energy source and substrate for biopolymers.

LOGISTIC FORECASTING OF GDP COMPETITIVENESS

The growth of the nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of national economies is modeled by the logistic function. Applying it on the GDP data of the World Bank till the year 2020, we forecast the outcome of the competitive GDP growth of Japan, Germany, the UK and India, all of whose current GDPs are very close to one another. Fulfilling one of the predictions, the GDP of India overtook the GDP of the UK in 2022. We further forecast that in 2047 the GDP of India will exceed the GDPs of both Japan and Germany. When trade saturates, large and populous countries (like India) have the benefit of high domestic consumption to propel their GDP growth.

Geopolitical Influence of Afghanistan’s Neighbors on the Country's Domestic and Foreign Policies

Afghanistan is one of the most populous countries in the world. This paper examines the geopolitical impacts of Afghanistan's neighboring countries on its domestic and foreign policies, highlighting their critical role in shaping the country's policies amidst regional and global developments. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating both quantitative and qualitative data to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject. The results indicate that economic and trade collaborations between Afghanistan and its neighbors, particularly China and Pakistan, have significantly contributed to Afghanistan''s economic and infrastructural development. The findings also indicate that cultural and historical ties with Iran and India have played a pivotal role in strengthening regional security and fostering regional cooperation with Afghanistan. In addition, interviews and document content analysis demonstrate the critical role of Central Asian countries in enhancing regional security. The research seeks to provide recommendations for fostering better cooperation and more effective policy frameworks in Afghanistan.

Antecedents For the Adoption of Telemedicine in India: Scale development and validation

Background: Telemedicine is increasingly recognized as a promising solution to healthcare challenges in India, particularly in remote areas. However, the country's vast population and geographic diversity present significant obstacles to providing accessible and high-quality healthcare services to all citizens. By leveraging technology, telemedicine has the potential to bridge this gap and enable remote delivery of medical services. Objective: This study aims to develop and validate a scale that assesses the factors influencing the adoption of telemedicine in the Indian context. Understanding these factors is crucial for identifying key drivers and barriers to telemedicine adoption in India. Design: Quantitative methods were employed for scale development. The instrument development process involved several stages: factor identification, item generation, pre-testing, pilot testing, and scale validation. A structured questionnaire was administered to healthcare professionals, industry experts, and patients who have used or intend to use telemedicine. Setting: Confirmatory factor analysis and subsequent tests, such as reliability and validity tests were conducted to establish the internal consistency of the scales. These statistical analyses aimed to identify underlying factors and ensure accurate measurement of latent variables that affect the adoption of telemedicine. Results: The study established a robust scale to assess the five key factors, which are the vital explanatory variables in telemedicine adoption in India. These meticulously validated scales, encompassing technology, government policy, user attitudes, societal demand, and healthcare professional perspectives, demonstrate high reliability and validity in understanding the adoption dynamics of telemedicine in the context of India. Conclusion: This research offers a validated scale for assessing telemedicine adoption in India, crucial for healthcare service providers, policy makers, and researchers in this field. It enables informed decisions in implementing telemedicine, addressing unique challenges and opportunities, and significantly contributing to optimizing healthcare delivery across India's diverse socio-economic and geographical landscape.

Health inequalities in respiratory tract infections - beyond COVID-19.

To discuss recent findings on the global burden of respiratory tract infections in underprivileged populations, highlighting the critical role of socioeconomic factors in the incidence and severity of these diseases, with a particular focus on health disparities affecting Indigenous communities. Pulmonary tuberculosis and lower respiratory tract infections, particularly those caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), continue to disproportionally impact populations in low-income countries and Indigenous communities worldwide. Indigenous children <5 years old bear the highest global burden of RSV infection, reflecting persistent social inequalities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. Repeated episodes of acute pneumonia during childhood significantly contribute to the high prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases among Indigenous populations. The widespread occurrence of bronchiectasis in these communities is closely linked to adverse socioeconomic conditions. Significant disparities in the incidence and severity of lower respiratory tract infections between affluent and impoverished populations are driven by socioeconomic inequalities. Vaccinating vulnerable population groups with newly developed vaccines has the potential to prevent infections caused by pathogens such as S. pneumoniae and RSV. However, global access to these vaccines and monoclonal antibodies remains limited due to their high costs.