Population Growth In Cities Research Articles

Coal Smoke, City Growth, and the Costs of the Industrial Revolution

Abstract This article provides the first rigorous estimates of how industrial air pollution from coal burning affects long-run city growth. I introduce a new theoretically grounded strategy for estimating this relationship and apply it to data from highly polluted British cities from 1851 to 1911. I show that local industrial coal use substantially reduced long-run city employment and population growth. Moreover, a counterfactual analysis suggests that plausible improvements in coal-use efficiency would have led to a higher urbanisation rate in Britain by 1911. These findings contribute to our understanding of the effects of air pollution and the environmental costs of industrialisation.

Neighborhood Sustainability Evaluation Based on UN-Habitat … Principles: Case Study Masike and Avro city in Duhok

The aim of this research is to introduce guidelines and concepts to optimize the urban Design and planning for residential area and to contribute to the sustainable housing development in Kurdistan cities. The Housing Sector as one of the most important sectors in the city development has facing a lot of challenges in terms of sustainability due to the rapid population growth in cities of Iraqi Kurdistan. The city of Duhok as an example of other cities in the region has experienced dynamic urban growth in the last decades as a result of the unstable political and economic conditions in the Region. The local government has tried to cover housing shortage by many strategies such as plot distribution as well as supporting investors to provide housing units to meet people 's housing need. The main research objective is to evaluate the urban sustainability of the selected neighborhoods in the new developed area of Duhok city. The research used the principles of UN- Habitat for analyzing neighborhood sustainability by quantitative measurement of: efficient streets network, high density, mix use, social mix and limited land use specialization. The research outcomes indicate that there is an urgent need to direct the urban growth to more walkable mixed land use neighborhoods rather than car-oriented development by integrating the urban sustainability principles in the new housing projects to create healthier living environment for the residents.

EFEKTIVITAS MULTIMEDIA DALAM BIOFILTER PADA PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH RUMAH TANGGA (The effectiveness of multimedia in biofilters on grey water treatments)

Population growth in major cities in Indonesia has implications to the increase of clean water consumption. The highest demand of clean water is in fulfilling household needs. The use of clean water for household needs does not follow the efficiency principle. So that in fulfilling the water needs, it is necessary to use other sources, one of which is grey water. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of multimedia contacts by adding wood shavings as biofilter material in treating grey water. The applied method in this research is quantitative with a qualitative descriptive approach, by conducting experiments using wood shavings as a material for biofilter. This research was carried out in the residential of Villa Bintang Mas, South Tangerang City in October 2018. The results showed that the usage of biofilter materials with the addition of wood shavings was effective in removing the pollutant of the grey water. It is indicated by the level of biofilter efficiency in reducing pollutant concentrations ranging from 40.6% (BOD parameters) to 100% (Coliform parameters). Nevertheless, Coliform parameters still do not meet the standard quality, therefore, there is a need for additional disinfectants to reduce Coliform levels.

Implementation of Naive Bayes for selection of green space areas

City development, population growth, and climate influence triggering a flood disaster. Green open space is one of the alternative flood prevention in urban areas. However, in determining the area of green open space is one of the alternative flood prevention in urban areas. However, in determining the area construction of the green open spaces in urban areas because it has undergone changes in the city, many parameters need to be considered for assessment, a simple way to solve it is by utilizing current technology and using data mining techniques. Data mining is an option that can be used to determine the area of green open space development based on existing data patterns. The Naïve Bayes Algorithm is the algorithm used in this research, the algorithm produces an average accuracy value is 53,94094% and gets the highest accuracy value at a data ratio of 80:20 with an accuracy value is 61%.

Analysis of The Driving Forces of Urban Expansion in Luxor City by Remote Sensing Monitoring

Luxor in Egypt is a city of great historical importance, rich in archaeological sites and natural resources. To ensure sustainable development in Luxor city, it is essential to understand the driving forces of its growth. Both Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and satellite Remote Sensing (RS) were successfully used to evaluate these overall driving forces. This paper is aimed at monitoring the growth dynamics of the urbanization process that occurred in Luxor city during a 20-year period from 1996 to 2017. The archived time series medium resolution Landsat ETM+ and TM satellite imagery are used to study and analyze spatial patterns of urban in order to improve understanding the impact of driving forces of urban expansion in Luxor. The GIS was not only used to identify the driving forces but also to provide an integrated monitoring of the study area. This offered a unique advantage to simultaneously store and manipulate spatial and attribute data of a large amount. A very significant increase in urban area has taken place in the last decade in Luxor city, which was revealed an important outcome. A net increase of 36.7 km2 was witnessed in the last 20 years (especially in recent years), in the built-up urban area. The built-up urban area in 2017 saw an increase that was twice that in 1996, with an annual average increase of 1.75 km2, and an annual change rate of 4.6%. The analysis of this dramatic change revealed that city infrastructure, economic growth, population growth, topographic elements, and city planning, and policies were the major driving forces for the rapid expansion of built-up urban area, albeit with different weights for these different forces. In this study, we explored a method of monitoring parameters related to the architectural heritage of Luxor governorate using “remote sensing big data” to provide data support for the city’s urban planning and policy formulation.

Reimagining Design with Nature: ecological urbanism in Moscow

The twenty-first century is the era when populations of cities will exceed rural communities for the first time in human history. The population growth of cities in many countries, including those in transition from planned to market economies, is putting considerable strain on ecological and natural resources. This paper examines four central issues: (a) the challenges and opportunities presented through working in jurisdictions where there are no official or established methods in place to guide regional, ecological and landscape planning and design; (b) the experience of the author’s practice—Gillespies LLP—in addressing these challenges using techniques and methods inspired by McHarg in Design with Nature in the Russian Federation in the first decade of the twenty-first century; (c) the augmentation of methods derived from Design with Nature in reference to innovations in technology since its publication and the contribution that the art of landscape painters can make to landscape analysis and interpretation; and (d) the application of this experience to the international competition and colloquium for the expansion of Moscow. The text concludes with a comment on how the application of this learning and methodological development to landscape and ecological planning and design was judged to be a central tenant of the winning design. Finally, a concluding section reflects on lessons learned and conclusions drawn.

PLANNING FACTORS AFFECTING METROPOLITAN TRAFFIC IMPROVEMENT (CASE STUDY: METROPOLIS OF TABRIZ)

In modern urban planning, traffic management and planning are considered essential elements in urban planning and design. In fact, there is an increasing need to consider and apply certain policies for traffic system improvement in the modern urban planning and management due to the important role of urban roads and their direct relationship with population growth in cities. The urbanization phenomenon in Iran and the increasing number of automobiles in its cities have led to an exponential growth in urban traffic, which is the main concern of urban managers in Tabriz Metropolis in this country. Considering the current conditions in Tabriz, this study attempts to evaluate the traffic management and planning strategies in this city. Desk and field research methods were used for data collection. The related data was then analyzed using SPSS through the one-sample t-test and regression analysis. The mean value of the studied indicators for traffic planning improvement is 4.56, which is higher than the average and indicates the important role of the factors affecting traffic control planning improvement in Tabriz. Finally, CORSIM was used to examine the high-traffic areas of Tabriz and evaluate the traffic volume reduction rate in this city.

Urban Shrinkage and Regeneration of an Old Industrial City: The Case of Wałbrzych In Poland

Abstract The industry which was a driving force of the economy and contributed to the population growth in many cities for decades became later the source of their problems. The crisis of the activity of old industrial cities creating the economic base (especially of the traditional industry), provoked by the deindustrialisation process and in post-socialist countries additionally by the “shock” of the economic transformation, caused long-lasting and unfavourable changes in many areas. It resulted in the present process of shrinkage of old industrial cities in demographic, economic, social aspects as well as spatial ones (Bontje 2004; Oswalt 2005; Turok, Mykhnenko 2007; Pallagst et al. 2009; Cunningham-Sabot et al. 2010; Bontje, Musterd 2012; Hospers 2012, 2014; Haase et al. 2013; Pallagst et al. 2014; Stryjakiewicz 2014; Runge et al. 2018). This process can take a different course in different socio-economic patterns depending on the geographical situation and the time of observation. However, it leads to unfavourable results in each place, first of all to a decrease in the number of inhabitants. The aim of the article is twofold: (1) the identification and analysis of the process of urban shrinkage of Wałbrzych city as well as (2) the examination of different regeneration strategies adopted to mitigate negative effects of urban shrinkage. It is particularly important to understand this process and results of the adopted strategies especially in the context of the future development of this city which according to demographic forecasts will be shrinking in the long run.

Community’s characteristics and participation in the urban parks’ preservation in Makassar, Indonesia

Having a green environment, such as urban park as green open space (GOS), is one way to reduce global warming in urban areas. City development and population growth, however, have led to a decrease in GOS. The research aimed to (1) identify the characteristics and activities of the community utilizing the urban park, (2) examine the type and level of community’s participation in the urban park preservation and (3) analyse the relationship between the `community’s characteristics and participation level in the urban park. Employing the purposive sampling method, the researcher chose a city park with various facilities and the high rate of the visit. The respondents were visitors chosen through the accidental sampling method. The characteristics of the community that utilizes urban parks are very heterogeneous from factors: age, gender, education, social status, economic status, attitude/behaviour, and knowledge. Community activities in utilizing and preserving urban parks are very diverse (sports, leisure, and preservation activities such as maintaining the cleanliness of the park). Community participation in utilizing and preserving is included in the medium (quite participating) category. Significant factors with community participation in the preservation are factors of education, knowledge, and attitudes of the community.

The Role of ICT in the Smart City Concept

The concept of a smart city enables the effective implementation of public services despite the negative consequences related to population growth in large cities. City authorities, in the face of growing demand for public services, often use a wide range of smart city instruments in various areas of operation. Despite the fact that a large part of innovative solutions is widespread and used, such as intelligent transportation systems or e-office, new opportunities are still emerging which are aimed at improving the quality of life for city dwellers. The aim of the article is to define the role of ICT in smart city management. The subjects of analysis are innovative instruments used in technologically advanced cities as well as contemporary challenges facing city management. The functioning of the city depends to a large extent on access to the communication network, mobile devices as well as on infrastructure connected with them. Therefore, it is necessary, on the one hand, to ensure the capacity of connections and network communication, and, on the other hand, to involve citizens in the process of creating new solutions.

The Link Between Local Zoning Policy and Housing Affordability in America’s Cities

Throughout American history, cities have experienced rapid population growth during periods when they offered exceptionally well-paying jobs. But population growth in high-wage cities is only possible when people can find housing within a reasonable commuting distance. Unlike in the past, policymakers in some regions have implemented land use regulations that block new housing development, creating “Closed Access” cities. These are highly regulated cities that are not experiencing rapid population growth despite offering some of the highest wages and best career opportunities in the country. When housing demand increases in Closed Access cities, prices rise sharply. The burden of Closed Access rules falls disproportionately on low-income people, both because those people spend a greater percentage of their income on housing than high-income people do and because they are more often renters, paying more without enjoying an increase in home equity. The lackluster growth and high prices of Closed Access cities are caused by land use regulations that limit property owners’ rights to build new housing. To restore the longstanding American traditions of national mobility and inclusive growth, policymakers from town halls to Capitol Hill must work to open up access to all of America’s cities.

FEATURES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW CITIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN

The article deals with the growth of the population of new cities and in this regard the peculiarities of their territorial development.The analysis of changes of architectural and planning structure of the new cities in Azerbaijan due to growth and change of their territories is given in the article. Population growth in cities is studied in detail every decade on an average and is shown in exact figures based on statistics. Construction of cities in the post-war period. The population growth in these cities is studied during the periods of construction of large hydro-technical facilities and industrial enterprises. The necessity of the developing of new projects and the solution of the issues arising from this need have been investigated taking into account the expansion of the city is territory, Issues of formation of new urban centers in Sumgayit, Shirvan and Mingachevir. Due to the growth of the cities in question, the increase in traffic intensity and consequently overloading issues of the streets and avenues are the subject of extensive research. New districts are created in different directions from the first core of the city and these districts gradually form a new compact city. Such development is typical for the city of Mingachevir in Azerbaijan. More difficulties in urban development, problems arising during the development of construction and industrial zones in the opposite direction and ways of solving these problems are widely investigated. The division of city development into three types according to the structural ratio, and the pros and cons of each type are analysed separately. The article analyzes changes occurring in architectural planning structure according to the growth and change of new cities in Azerbaijan.

IoT-Based Solid Waste Management Solutions: A Survey

With the increase of population density and the rural exodus to cities, urbanization is assuming extreme proportions and presents a tremendous urban problem related to waste generation. The increase of waste generation has been considered a significant challenge to large urban centers worldwide and represents a critical issue for countries with accelerated population growth in cities. The Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing offer an automation possibility through cyberphysical systems that will change the way solid waste management is performed. Considering IoT requirements, a review analysis of waste management models available in the literature is performed in detail in this paper. Then, a deep review is undertaken of the related literature based on IoT infrastructure for efficient handling of waste generated in urban scenarios, focusing on the interaction among concessionaires and waste generators (citizens) from the perspective of a shorter collection time with reduced costs, as well as citizenship promotion. An IoT-based reference model is described, and a comparison analysis of the available solutions is presented, with the goal to highlight the most relevant approaches and identify open research issues on the topic.

The Kharkiv Governorate Provincial Cities Population (1861-1917)

The article deals with the growth and reduction of population in the Kharkiv Governorate provincial cities in 1861-1917, the features of its social, age, national structures according to different types to population size and administrative status. It is stressed that life of small and medium sized Ukrainian cities at late Russian empire is rarely kept under review by professional historians; the books which periodically appear in the intellectual area of modern Ukraine are written by local historians, who are inclined to idealize their local officials and all events in the past. The article is based on the documents from the State Archive of Kharkiv Region, official publications, statistics and the materials from periodical press. It is argues that from 1861 to 1914 occured an intensive growth of the population of provincial towns of Governorate: 1,35 times at the second part of 19 century and 1,5 at the beginning of XX century; sufficient percent reduction in the district and non-district city population within the Governorate, the Kharkiv population ultrafast growth at 1861-1897 and stabilization of the ratio between the population of the Governorate center and provincial cities. It is emphasizes that if at 1861 there was only small and smallest towns in region, then were appeared five average population cities and only three of the smallest cities remained at the beginning of the 20th century; the provincial cities population structure was closer to the rural population structure and the percentage of intellectuals, city-dwellers employed in trade, financial or industrial spheres, people of the most working age was significant less than in Kharkiv; the male domination wasnʼt significant in provincial towns, but the ethnic composition of the provincial cities differed significantly from that of the Governorate center. The First World War influenced the reduction by 18% the provincial cities population, varied the employment structure of the urban dwellers and caused a significant weakening of the urban elite.

Impact of Urbanisation on Land Use/Land Cover in Puducherry City, India

The change of land use plays a major role in the developmental activity of a developing country. Due to rapid growth of urbanisation and dramatic increasing population, the fertile agricultural land has been converted to built-up area with respect to the demand for housing requirement and to the need for basic infrastructure facilities. The quantum of open space and surface water bodies has also been encroached. There has been a rapid growth of population in Puducherry city from 3.48 million in 1991 to 5.44 million in 2011. Hence the conservation of natural resources becomes one of the major challenges especially in small and medium town. This study was conducted to assess the effect of change on land use in urban agglomeration area of Puducherry city for the duration period from 1997 to 2017. There has been an increase in population in Puducherry city mainly attributed to higher scale of migration from adjoining rural areas and medium town for better education, job opportunities and quality life. Hence, it has been strongly recommended for stringent Development Control Regulations to quantify the urban sprawl and manage the impact of urbanisation of land use/land cover in Puducherry city.

Market Access and the Concentration of Economic Activity in a System of Declining Cities


 
 
 Market access has been widely used as a measure of agglomeration spillovers in models that seek to explain productivity, economic or population growth at the city level. Most results have shown that having higher market access is beneficial to these outcomes. These results, both theoretical and empirical, have been obtained in a context of population growth. This article examines the impact that market access has on a system of cities that has suffered a negative population shock. An extended version of the Brezis and Krugman (1997) model of life cycle of cities predicts that a system of cities experiencing population loss will see a relative reorganization of its population from small to larger cities, and that higher market potential will make this movement stronger. We test these predictions with a comprehensive sample of cities in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. We find that having higher market access - when operating in an environment of population decline - is detrimental to city population growth. This result is robust to different measures of market access that use population. Alternative measures that use economic size rather population are tested, and the result weaker. A possible explanation is that using NLs restricts the sample to only using larger cities. 
 
 

How Does Land Policy Affect the Size Distribution of Chinese Cities?

This paper studies the evolution of city population and the land use policy in China. We show that the population distribution of cities in China tends to cluster around 2-8 million people, and the distribution has become more clustered in recent years. Using a general equilibrium urban model, we derive a link between the salient data features and the unique institutional settings in China, including (i) the financing of public goods through land revenue and (ii) the discretion of regional governments over land allocation under constraints from the central government. Theoretically, we show that the first institutional feature causes higher elasticity in city population growth with respect to land supply. The empirical results reveal that commercial land in China has a significant positive impact on population, and the impact is amplified by the agglomeration effect. Residential land, on the other hand, has a negative effect on population in cities with stronger agglomeration. We also provide evidence that, in the absence of land allocation constraints from the central government, regional governments would allocate more land to commercial use and thus population would grow faster in larger cities.

On the Development of a Sustainable and Fit-for-the-Future Transportation Network

Population growth in cities and expanding city territory as well as population decline in rural areas pose a challenge for the existing transport network. Consequently, we observe a rapid change in transport infrastructure and transportation technology within the last few years. Due to novelty or differentness, it will initially be challenging to integrate them into the existing network in Western European cities and to identify suitable corridors leading to especially beneficial effects on the overall transport network. The effects of new technologies and (high-performance) infrastructures are hardly examined. It remains unclear how these novel transportation technologies will change society, our understanding of spatial proximity, mobility, and consequently the logistics sector. In this work, we give an overview regarding first considerations and reflections on the impacts of the changes and developments in the field of freight transportation. Our work mainly focusses on the estimation of the impacts of high-performance transport technologies on the society, spatial proximity, and the logistics sector while extending the European transportation network accordingly. In our understanding, we refer to high-performance transportation technologies as mobility systems with either high throughput (fast and/or high utilization loads) or very flexible application. To be more specific, we focus on Hyperloop technologies, Cargo-Sous-Terrain, freight airships, and drones.

Geographic Information System For Mapping Potential of Traffic Congestion (Case Study : Setiabudi Street - Perintis Kemerdekaan Street, Semarang City)

Rapid population growth in major cities Indonesia causes transportation problems such as traffic congestion. This happens because the rapid population growth rate is not balanced by the development of road infrastructure. Unbalanced transportation growth with road construction causes traffic congestion such as in Setiabudi Street, Semarang City. One solution related to traffic congestion and traffic accident is the need for policy related to traffic arrangement. Therefore, we need accurate data and an integrated information system between the factors causing the traffic congestion with spatial data. So this research purpose is creating the map of potential traffic congestion. Field surveys were conducted by collecting information on road conditions, volume of transportation and the causes of traffic congestion in each segment of the road. The results of the survey were analyzed by Geographic Information System (GIS) using clustering method to make the potential map of traffic congestion. The analysis of this study resulted in the conclusion that the intersection of Sukun to the inner direction of the city experiencing traffic congestion along 600 meters while the intersection that does not experience traffic congestion is at the intersection of Ngesrep.

Urban demographic transition

AbstractUrban demographic transition can be defined as the historical period in which the population growth of cities structurally changes the settlement of territories. During this period, the urban population rate, which was previously very low, less than one-tenth of the population from the origins of humanity at least until the beginning of the 19th century, grew to be more than half of the population and sometimes much more. On a global average, the urban demographic transition was complete by 2008. Yet this transition is a double surprise in the history of the earth. The authors of the past had by no means envisaged it, and it is unprecedented in the history of the settlement of our planet. It will therefore be necessary to explain the unforeseen process that led to it. But it is essential to understand that urbanisation is deployed in a very differing way according to territories and countries. Finally, it is important to examine the period of post-transition, which concerns all countries whose urbanisation rate exceeds half the total population.