Problem In Population Research Articles

The growing importance of economic security in the new paradigm. Towards a new definition of economic security

The contemporary world is undergoing profound processes of change, many of them unprecedented in terms of the scale on which they occur and their content or effects. In such a troubled context, the issue of security is becoming more acute by the day. All these changes involving a multidimensional security environment have generally become more acute with the (at least apparent or provisional) end of the Cold War. In that context, the bipolar world disintegrated in a very short space of time, the global security environment was suddenly unsupported and the balance of power was upset. The post-Cold War world needed a new global balance of power, but this was slow to emerge and the state of conflict in the international environment grew more and more tense. Alongside the classic challenges to (inter)national security, new problems have emerged, such as the demographic explosion, the increasingly bleak prospect of a global food crisis, worsening social problems of all kinds, mass migration, the growth of terrorism and new forms of terrorist action (most recently with the possibility of using unconventional weapons from the NBC spectrum), the emergence of global climate change and a whole host of other effects from all these phenomena. Thus, security concerns have become ever greater as traditional security paradigms have collapsed one by one.

Morpho-physiological growth performance and phytoremediation capabilities of selected xerophyte grass species toward Cr and Pb stress

Being sessile organisms, plants cannot escape unwanted changes in the environment. The rapid human population explosion caused significant environmental problems. Heavy metals produced through various sources can cause severe damage to living organisms. The study was planned to evaluate four grass species’ morpho-physiological growth characteristics and phytoremediation capabilities under chromium (Cr) and lead stress (Pb) in the arid climate. Typha angustifolia, Tragus roxburghii, Aeluropus logopoides, and Cenchrus ciliaris grass species were used for the study. One-year-old stubbles from the Cholistan desert were used for the experiment. Cr treatments in the form of K2Cr2O7 were applied at 0, 20, 40, and 80 mg L–1, whereas Pb was applied as PbCl2 at 0, 50, 200, and 500 mg L–1 as control, low, moderate and high-stress, respectively. After 6 weeks of heavy metals treatments, plants were harvested and analyzed for growth performance and phytoremediation capabilities. Results depicted that, regarding morphological attributes, T. angustifolia performed better, followed by C. ciliaris; no clear pattern was observed for T. roxburghii and A. logopoides. The CO2 assimilation rate (Co2d) and water use efficiency (WUE) increased as the heavy metal stress increased in all species under both metals. In contrast, total chlorophyll content was higher under low stress. Other physiological parameters, such as relative humidity (RHd), net photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (Gs), leaf internal CO2 concentration (Ci) and membrane stability index (MSI) gradually decreased as the Cr, and Pb stress levels increased among all the species. Moreover, Cr and Pb absorption contents of T. angustifolia were higher than the other three species at each stress level. Overall, T. angustifolia thrived against heavy metals stress and showed higher biomass, maximum photosynthetic measurements, WUE and higher metal absorption among all the selected species. Results concluded that although all the selected species behaved fine under stress conditions, T. angustifolia performance was better; thus, it can be used to remediate the soil near industrial estates.

Study on Importance, Procedure, and Scope of UNNAT Bharat Abhiyan –A Scoping Review

Unnat Bharat Abhiyan is an essential aspect of enhancing the standard of living for rural residents. The purpose is to "provide rural and local governments in India with access to specialized resources for science, engineering, technology, and management, particularly those with exceptional academic achievements in these domains." Readers can acquire knowledge for specific needs and research in the field of Unnat Bharat Abhiyan. Unnat Bharat Abhiyan is a government program with a unique, transformative and comprehensive approach to development. It anticipates the development of chosen communities in a variety of sectors, including agriculture, health, education, cleanliness, and the environment, in an integrated manner. Unnat Bharat Abhiyan not just to promotes infrastructure, but also links people's involvement, women's equality, hygiene, social justice, educational establishments and localities among rural areas and their people, and other initiatives. It aspires to be a paradigm for implementation and future scope. Furthermore, rural poverty, unemployment, and poor infrastructure have a domino effect on urban slums, culminating in social and economic conflicts, which include economic hardship and urban deprivation. Urbanization in India is the result of demographic explosions and poverty-led rural-to-city migration. Therefore, rural development related to economic growth is very important for improving the standard of living of rural residents. This study deals with this.

2010년대 도시에서 농촌으로의 인구이동 분석: 대안형 순유입전환 지역의 발견

This study aims to position the increasing phenomenon of ‘migration from urban to rural’ in the 2010s beyond the concept of ‘returning to farming’ and in the flow of whole demographic transition. Urban-rural migration is being spotlighted as a new possibility amid the deepening population crisis in the region. However, the universality and structural stability of this phenomenon have not been confirmed. Therefore, this study revealed through a step-by-step analysis that this phenomenon is not suburbanization or not due to temporary trends, culture of minority groups, or urban development. First, the entire country was divided into urban and rural areas from the eup, myeon, and dong district units. After that, the pattern of population inflow from 2003 to 2019 was categorized. Through this, regions shows net inflow transtion were discovered in 2010's. Second, regions are categorized based on the economicdemographic features of the incoming population. Through this, alternative type regions where various populations are moving in and suburban areas located in metropolitan areas were classified. Third, it was found that regions that are alternative type regions but belong to the ‘net-inflow transition area type’ were significant in the 2010s. It is confirmed that the movement of population from urban to rural areas in the 2010s shows structural continuity and spatial expansion and is developing in various aspects.

Silver Lining in Looming Storm: Examining China’s Population Aging Crisis, Expansionary Population Policy, and Alternate Solutions

Home to over 1.4 billion residents, China has been the world’s most populous country for centuries. While population growth had been largely natural in China’s long history, population policies and controls had become an integral part of Chinese policymaking since the late 19th century. After the Communist Party overtook the regime in 1949, population policies became even more pivotal, if volatile and willful at times. In this essay, I will first show that there is indeed a significant population aging crisis brewing within China, which could mark a fundamental metamorphosis that decimates China’s population dividend. I will further state that this belated policy turnaround is already highly unlikely to prepare the Chinese population for the looming population aging crisis, nor is it a promising idea to play this population catch-up game, because it will incur an even heavier burden for the working age population in the next decade. And finally, I will propose alternate solutions to the looming population crisis that look beyond simply boosting birth rates, in the form of a fairer redistribution system and pension system reform that alleviates anxieties and burdens of the working class as well as elderly population.

Demographic transitions, health, and population crises in the postcontact Western Hemisphere

Demographic transitions, health, and population crises in the postcontact Western Hemisphere

Multi-criteria ground water potentiality mapping utilizing remote sensing and geophysical data: A case study within Sinai Peninsula, Egypt

Groundwater demand has dramatically increased due to the swift demographic explosion, especially in arid areas, where groundwater is considered the main source for all purposes. Thus, this research integrates climatological, lithological, structural, topographical, hydro-morphological, and geoelectrical data to explore groundwater potential zones in the central part of Sinai Peninsula, Egypt using the GIS-based Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Seven thematic layers of soil moisture, rainfall, normalized difference vegetation index, drainage density, lineament density, slope, and land use/land cover were built from different remote sensing data sets. The eighth layer represents a high-resolution lithological map of the study area, constructed utilizing the power of the support vector machine over Sentinel 2 data and accurately assessed with a previously published geological map. Ground Water Potentiality Map (GWPM) was constructed and highlighted four main areas as promising zones. Comprehensive geoelectrical analysis was executed through seventeen deep vertical electrical soundings (VESs) using Schlumberger configuration, isoresistivity mapping, and geoelectric cross-sections along five different profiles. 3D view of the studied area's subsurface geological and structural pattern with groundwater flow direction specification, and adequate aquifer characterization, revealed four main geoelectrical units. Geoelectrical data results reasonably coincided with remote sensing data findings in highlighting three freshwater potential zones. Furthermore, the study strongly recommends integrating low-cost remote sensing datasets in narrowing the zone to be intensively investigated using further costly geophysical approaches or drilling test boreholes.

Population Characteristics of Feral Horses Impacted by Anthropogenic Factors and Their Management Implications

Feral horses form relatively stable harems over time that are characterized by long-lasting bonds among their members, a characteristic that makes them an exceptional case of a social system among terrestrial ungulates. Their social system has been described as uniform despite the wide differences in their environment and demography. Horse populations subjected to human interference often show higher levels of population instability that can ultimately compromise their reproductive success. In this article, we describe demographic and dynamic changes of a Portuguese population of Garranos in Serra d’Arga (SA), which is impacted by human and predation pressures, over six breeding seasons. Furthermore, we tested several hypotheses related to the impact of anthropogenic disturbance on the structure and dynamics of this population. Our results revealed that the SA population had relatively little human interference at the start of the project in 2016. This was supported by the natural composition of the herd (total number of individuals, 206), which consisted of several single- and multi-male harems (n= 17 and 7, respectively) and bachelor males (n= 9). However, from 2017 to 2021, SA’s Garrano population suffered a drastic decline. Approximately two-thirds of the individuals and all bachelor males disappeared, and 76% of adult female transfers occurred after the death or disappearance of the harem male. Predatory pressures and poor management of the population, which allowed illegal human interference, contributed to this population crisis. A low population growth rate, reduced birth and foal survival rates, in addition to a delayed primiparous age were observed in this population and exacerbated after its drastic decline; suggesting the viability and survival of this Garrano population were compromised. Investigating the population demographic changes and their causes and consequences can provide guidelines for managing populations and help fight the extinction of horse breeds.

The Impact of Rural Population Mobility on Fertility Intention under the Comprehensive Two-Child Policy: Evidence from Rural China.

Declining fertility rates pose challenges to global economic, social, cultural and political development. Low fertility rates among rural floating populations are exacerbating these challenges. However, it is not clear whether and to what extent rural population mobility (RPM) has reduced migrants’ willingness to have children. At the same time, rural migration may represent a self-selection behavior (i.e., selection bias), and traditional measurement methods may be insufficient for effectively estimating the quantitative impacts of rural migration. Accordingly, the data from 1734 rural households from 28 provinces in mainland China were collected in the current study, and endogenous switching regression (ESR) models were used to correct the selection bias to quantitatively evaluate the impacts of RPM on fertility intention. The results revealed the following: (1) For rural residents who choose to move, if they chose not to move, their willingness to give birth would increase by 19.820%, their willingness to have female children would increase by 48.526%, and their willingness to have male children would drop by 26.711%. (2) For rural residents who choose not to move, if they chose to move, their willingness to give birth would drop by 55.982%, their willingness to have female children would drop by 18.294%, and their willingness to have male children would drop by 55.106%. (3) For eastern rural residents who choose to move, if they chose not to move, their willingness to give birth would decrease by 40.273%. For midwestern rural residents who choose to move, if they chose not to move, their willingness to give birth would increase by 24.786%. (4) For eastern rural residents who choose not to move, if they chose to move, their willingness to give birth would increase by 11.032%. (5) For midwestern rural residents who choose not to move, if they chose to move, their willingness to give birth would drop by 71.744%. The abovementioned findings can provide research support for other low-fertility countries or regions toward increasing fertility rates and addressing any imbalances in current gender ratios. They can also help to provide realistic strategies for alleviating the global population crisis.

Did the charcoal-based iron industry really drive the forest cover decline in the Northern Pyrenees?

Through a reconstruction of the chronology and intensity of charcoal-making activities, this paper re-opens the debate about the supposed impact of the charcoal iron industry on forest cover in the French Pyrenees. This reappraisal focuses on the former territory of the communities of Haut-Vicdessos valley. This more refined chronology, based on the analyses of historical documents (n = 617) and charcoal kiln remains (n = 42), has highlighted the non-linear industrial development. The emergence of water-powered bloomeries during the early 14th c. led to a brief expansion of the iron industry, but was followed by a slowdown in the 15th c. The combined effect of regulation and the outsourcing of a part of the charcoal supply on other territories, mitigated the impact of the iron industry on local forest, avoiding a forest crisis. The most significant industrial growth occurred from the mid-17th c. with development of the Catalan bloomery. Forests underwent major changes in structure and composition but cover was maintained to satisfy the local economy and people's needs. Charcoal production always occurred in well-stocked forests dominated by beech and fir. The increase of charcoal supply combined to the agro-pastoral growth led to the prohibition of charcoal-making in the mid-18th c. and to the exclusive recourse to an external fuel supply. Minimum forest cover was only reached in the mid-19th c. due to the demographic explosion resulting in the increase of daily needs and in the refocus on agro-pastoral economy. Conversely to the common premise, the iron charcoal industry in European mountains did not necessarily induce forest depletion but rather its maintenance through sustainable management and policies. • We revisited the chronology and intensity of the charcoal iron industry in Vicdessos. • The spread of water-powered bloomeries did not lead to a 14th c. forest crisis. • The iron industry’s real impulse occurred in the 17th c. with the Catalan bloomery. • Local communities preserved woodland cover through efficient management. • The iron industry was not a major driver of the mid-19th c. forest-cover minimum.

Dynamic Model of Population Invasion with Depression Effect

The article is devoted to the study of one of the current scenarios for thedevelopment of population processes in contemporary ecological systems. Biological invasionshave become extremely common due to climate change, economic activities to improve ecosystemproductivity, and random events. The invader does not always smoothly occupy an ecological niche,as in logistic models. The dynamics of the situations we have chosen after the introduction of analien species is extremely diverse. In some cases, the phenomenon of an outbreak of abundanceis quickly realized up to the beginning of the destruction by the species of its new range. Thedevelopment of the situation in the process of invasion depends on the superposition of bioticand abiotic factors. The dynamics of the abundance of the invader is affected by the favorableconditions and, to a greater extent, by the possibility of realizing the reproductive potential andthe resistance of the biotic environment. Counteraction develops with a delay and manifests itselfwhen the invader reaches a significant number. In the work, a continuous model of the invasiveprocess with a sharp transition to a state of population depression has been developed. The stageof the population crisis ends with the transition to equilibrium, since the resistance in the modelscenario depends adaptively and in a threshold way on the number. The problem of computationaldescription of a scenario with active but delayed environmental resistance is practically relevantfor situations of developing measures of artificial resistance to an undesirable invader. In thesolution of our model, there is a mode of prolonged stable fluctuations after exiting the depressionstage.

SETTLING OF THE FOREST-STEPPE OF DNIEPER LEFT BANK AREA IN THE 6TH CENTURY BC: THE POPULATION EXPLOSION OR NEW MIGRATION?

The paper is devoted to one of the important pages of the ethnic and cultural history of the population of the forest-steppe of Dnieper Left Bank area in the Scythian Age — settling of the forest-steppe parts of the basins of Sula, Psel, Seim, Seversky Donets and Middle Don rivers.
 The analysis of material culture of new sites in the region allowed us to make several conclusions. Most of the handmade pottery forms and the main decorative elements of the ceramic complex of the sites of Eastern Bil’s’k type dating to the middle — second half of the 6th century BC are genetically related to the forest-steppe of Dnieper Right Bank area and to more western regions of forest-steppe. Materials from the Vorskla sites of the second half of 6th century BC are significantly differ and continue the local traditions of the previous time. The differences are clearly visible when comparing the material culture of that time of Western and Eastern fortifications of the Bil’s’k settlement. This indicates that the settlements of the Dnieper-Donets forest-steppe at this time did not reason due to the demographic explosion in the Vorskla and Psel interfluves. The set of the jewelry and a costume of the migrants of the mid-6th century BC at the forest-steppe of Dnieper Left Bank area has straight analogies among the materials of the Right Bank of the Early Scythian Age.
 It can be assumed that the initial migration areas could have been the Kyiv Dnieper region, the eastern and western Podolyan groups of the sites where the settlement systems and burials disappeared simultaneously. The participation of the population from Ros’ river and other regions in this process can’t be ruled out.
 Thus, in the development of the settlement system of the forest-steppe of Dnieper Left Bank area two main events that radically influenced the settling of the region by the sedentary population during the Scythian Age can be distinguished. First, during the Zhabotin period, on the territory of the Lower Vorskla and the Vorskla and Psel interfluve the settlements of the migrants from the forest-steppe of Dnieper Right Bank area appeared. In the Middle Scythian Age, as a result of the new movement of the tribes from the west, a ramified settlement system emerged. New migrants have created the settlements that are geographically united into several local groups: two in Sula, Vorskla and Seim basins, three in Psel and one each in Uday, Merle and Kolomak basins. It is interesting that new groups of the population bypassed in their resettlement the territories occupied at that time by migrants of the Zhabotin period.

Conversion of Plastic Waste to Carbon-Based Compounds and Application in Energy Storage Devices.

At present, plastic waste accumulation has been observed as one of the most alarming environmental challenges, affecting all forms of life, economy, and natural ecosystems, worldwide. The overproduction of plastic materials is mainly due to human population explosion as well as extraordinary proliferation in the global economy accompanied by global productivity. Under this threat, the development of benign and green alternative solutions instead of traditional disposal methods such as conversion of plastic waste materials into cherished carbonaceous nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon quantum dots (CQDs), graphene, activated carbon, and porous carbon is of utmost importance. This critical review thoroughly summarizes the different types of daily used plastics, their types, properties, ways of accumulation and their effect on the environment and human health, treatment of waste materials, conversion of waste materials into carbon-based compounds through different synthetic schemes, and their utilization in energy storage devices particularly in supercapacitors, as well as future perspectives. The main purpose of this review is to help the targeted audience to design their futuristic study in this desired field by providing information about the work done in the past few years.

The role of South Aceh Regency Women's Empowerment Office for Child Protection and Family Planning (DP3AKB) in preventing underage marriage

Underage marriage is vulnerable to have an impact on; divorce, poor quality of human resources, domestic violence (KDRT), maternal mortality, and population explosion. The Office of Women's Empowerment, Child Protection and Family Planning (DP3AKB) of South Aceh Regency is part of supporting the tasks of the regional head (Bupati) through the Regional Secretary (Sekda). Among the powers of DP3AKB South Aceh Regency include family planning services, reproductive health, family economic development, child protection and population control. Responding to the number of underage marriages in South Aceh District, DP3AKB tries to play a role in preventing it, so that the number does not increase. This study aims to reveal what factors are the causes of underage marriage and the role of the Women's Empowerment Agency for Child Protection and Family Planning (DP3AKB) South Aceh Regency in preventing underage marriage. Through qualitative descriptive methods, with data collection techniques of observation, interviews and documentation, which were then analyzed, the researchers found four factors causing the occurrence of underage marriages in South Aceh District. Among them are; economic factors, promiscuity, self-desire, and the lack of parental roles. DP3AKB South Aceh Regency in an effort to prevent underage marriages, has carried out a number of activities both through the implementation of counseling in the form of the Linto (husband) and Darabaro (wife) Candidate (Calinda) debriefing program and socialization in the form of the Youth Counseling Information Center (PIK-Remaja) delivered at schools and public environment.

Fox Vulpes vulpes population trends in Western Europe during and after the eradication of rabies

Abstract Over several decades, Western Europe experienced an outbreak of sylvatic rabies, eliminated through an EU programme involving large‐scale red fox vaccination campaigns. While much work has been done on the dynamics of the virus and on the efficiency of vaccination campaigns, very little attention has been paid to the impact on the large‐scale dynamics of the fox population. As Western Europe has now been free of rabies for about 15–20 years, the aims of this review are to characterise the impact of rabies during the outbreak itself and to increase understanding of how fox populations evolved thereafter. The rabies‐free populations in the UK are also integrated as a comparative control. Trends in fox populations are based on a review of available data, mainly hunting statistics and a few other methods. The benefits and biases of these methods are also discussed. During the rabies epizootic, fox populations experienced a significant decline and stabilised at lower densities than observed in the past. A demographic explosion followed the vaccination campaigns, and fox populations became larger than had been observed before the epizootic. Rabies vaccination was not the direct cause of this demographic explosion, as rabies‐free areas experienced it also. The causes are more to be sought in environmental modifications induced by humans. This demographic explosion was followed by the emergence of urban fox populations throughout Europe. Moreover, the new higher densities favoured the outbreak of other diseases, though their impact was more limited. Around the 2000s, rural fox populations appeared to reach densities close to carrying capacity and populations stabilised. However, subsequently, with some exceptions, Western European fox populations seem to be experiencing a decline. The ecological consequences of these changes in fox population density may reach the many prey species and competitors of the red fox.

Managing the New Wave of Migration With Biometric Identification

Due to the geopolitical situation, the scarcity of raw materials, the foreign policy actions of the major powers, the excessive use of resources worldwide and the struggle for them, as well as the inequalities caused by the demographic explosion of developing countries, europe and thus Hungary from the wider Middle East region have been under considerable migratory pressure for a long time, and this has increased further in 2021 on the basis of statistical data. (Frontex). Europe is trying to provide more answers to the problem. It is trying to keep refugees as far away as possible by developing and improving living conditions in the countries where migration flows originate, as well as by establishing migration zones beyond the EU’s borders and financing them, because these problems need to start to be addressed and solved at local level. Despite all this, refugees are constantly reaching Europe, and unfortunately among them are not only those who fear for their lives and lose everything, fleeing war, but also economic migrants who join the wave of migration and are probably members of organisations that pose a threat to European values and public security. (Kotzur, Moya, Sözen, Romano 2020). By building physical border closures, several EU countries have closed certain migration routes, but this has not eliminated the problem, only the routes have been reorthled. The registration and clear identification of immigrants in the attempt to cross the border and their identification within the EU pose a number of unresolved problems for the authorities. (Beňuška, T., Nečas, 2021). We are reviewing and comparing the methods of identification used in border policing with modern biometric identification methods in order to draw attention to the fact that technology has long been ready to be used to protect our security in the service of European values and security. But at the same time, a significant deterrent is the difficult transition from entrenched solutions to the fear of misuse of biometric data. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to consider trade-offs in use and technology and to think more effectively together at EU level as a common solution on the regulatory side. (EU Regulation 399/2016).

Decision-Making Model of Social Work Specialization Process Using Big Data Analysis and Chaos Cloud

Big data and mobile edge computing information technology have revolutionized traditional industries’ development. The organic integration of community social work and big data technology will undoubtedly promote the growth of community social work services, thanks to the new information technology platform for big data. In terms of the future of big data-driven social work, it is primarily reflected in the following: in the application of social work, big data can acquire and update real human behavior data in real time, and eliminating the need for subjects’ subjective reports in the data collection process; It can also provide a basis for public decision-making, which is worthy of our active exploration and innovation, provide efficient and accurate technical means for risk population assessment and crisis intervention and have a more accurate and intuitive grasp of the temporal and spatial distribution of service personnel and basic social service facilities. The core of professionalization of social work is improving the post-setting system for social workers in our country, improving their treatment, and strengthening the construction of professional ethics for social workers in our country. A big data social workflow adaptive scheduling optimization algorithm based on the chaotic cloud diversion mechanism is proposed to address the problems of high costs, poor time convergence performance, and poor cost accounting quality in the current social workflow adaptive scheduling optimization algorithm. As an important part of social governance, social work accelerates the process of social work specialization to improve decision-making efficiency.

The duality of urban mobility as a heterogeneous phenomenon in the construction of sustainable living space in cities: a look at the inference of poverty in the city of Campina Grande, Brazil

The use of statistical and geo-referenced tools helps to explain the differentiation of urban mobility given the pre-existing urban configuration in cities. The city of Campina Grande-PB, object of this study, is characterized by the prevalence of dualist elements such as the growing demographic explosion and the new layout of urban strata in terms of the smart cities concept. That said, the analysis on screen comprises the existing mobility system, demonstrating how the current space influences the potential of movement in different social strata through the Theory of Spatial Syntax. The research used the Geographic Information System-GIS, processed through Depthmap® and QGIS, in the production of spatial syntactic measures in neighborhoods combined with socioeconomic variables. In this study, it was concluded that the method identified in central areas, with a high concentration of middle and high income, a format more conducive to car use, while in neighborhoods with a higher concentration of vulnerable population, a system that favors the walkability and the use of bicycles and motorcycles. The public transport system presented a more efficient coverage, as it presents itself as a restrictive factor in the circular causation of local poverty, although it has the potential to be a driver of local economic dynamism to favor increased income in the most vulnerable and segregated locations spatially.

Revival of the heterologous prime-boost technique in COVID-19: An outlook from the history of outbreaks.

BackgroundThe heterologous prime‐boost vaccination technique is not novel as it has a history of deployment in previous outbreaks.AimHence, this narrative review aims to provide critical insight for reviving the heterologous prime‐boost immunization strategy for SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination relative to a brief positive outlook on the mix‐dose approach deployed in previous and existing outbreaks (ie, Ebola virus disease (EVD), malaria, tuberculosis, hepatitis B, HIV and influenza virus).Methodology and MaterialsA Boolean search was carried out to find the literature in MEDLINE‐PubMed, Clinicaltrials, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases up till December 22, 2021, using the specific keywords that include “SARS‐CoV2”, “COVID‐19”, “Ebola,” “Malaria,” “Tuberculosis,” “Human Immunodeficiency Virus,” “Hepatitis B,” “Influenza,” “Mix and match,” “Heterologous prime‐boost,” with interposition of “OR” and “AND.” Full text of all the related articles in English language with supplementary appendix was retrieved. In addition, the full text of relevant cross‐references was also retrieved.ResultsTherefore, as generally evident by the primary outcomes, that is, safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity reported and updated by preclinical and clinical studies for addressing previous and existing outbreaks so far, including COVID‐19, it is understood that heterologous prime‐boost immunization has been proven successful for eliciting a more efficacious immune response as of yet in comparison to the traditional homologous prime‐boost immunization regimen.DiscussionAccordingly, with increasing cases of COVID‐19, many countries such as Germany, Pakistan, Canada, Thailand, and the United Kingdom have started administering the heterologous vaccination as the technique aids to rationalize the usage of the available vaccines to aid in the global race to vaccinate majority to curb the spread of COVID‐19 efficiently. However, the article emphasizes the need for more large controlled trials considering demographic details of vaccine recipients, which would play an essential role in clearing the mistrust about safety concerns to pace up the acceptance of the technique across the globe.ConclusionConsequently, by combatting the back‐to‐back waves of COVID‐19 and other challenging variants of concerns, including Omicron, the discussed approach can also help in addressing the expected evolution of priority outbreaks as coined by WHO, that is, “Disease X” in 2018 with competency, which according to WHO can turn into the “next pandemic” or the “next public health emergency,” thus would eventually lead to eradicating the risk of “population crisis.”

The Secularization of Religious Figures: A Study of Mahoraga in the Song Dynasty (960–1279)

Mahoraga dolls, a type of figurine showing a child holding a lotus leaf, are sacrifice utensils that were commonly used in the Qixi Festival to pray for reproduction throughout the Song Dynasty in China. Scholars pay great attention to the Buddhistic origins of Mahoraga, relating it to different figures within Buddhism and discussing its religious artistic values. This paper focuses on the transformation of this cultural appropriation in Chinese society by discussing the localization of Mahoraga as well as the reasons behind the use of Mahoraga in worship in Qixi in particular. We believe that the population crisis and national population policies in the Song Dynasty stimulated Chinese people’s longing for procreation and this desire was responded to by the secularization and popularization of Buddhism in China, together with the increased prosperity of citizen culture, which ultimately promoted the popularity of Mahoraga in Song society.