Population-based Estimates Research Articles

Developing a sampling methodology for timely reporting of population-based COVID-19-associated hospitalization surveillance in the United States, COVID-NET 2020-2021.

The COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET) required a sampling methodology that allowed for production of timely population-based clinical estimates to inform the ongoing US COVID-19 pandemic response. We developed a flexible sampling approach that considered reporting delays, differential hospitalized case burden across surveillance sites, and changing geographic and demographic trends over time. We incorporated weighting methods to adjust for the probability of selection and non-response, and to calibrate the sampled case distribution to the population distribution on demographics. We additionally developed procedures for variance estimation. Between March 2020 and June 2021, 19,293 (10.4%) of all adult hospitalized cases were sampled for chart abstraction. Variance estimates for select variables of interest were within desired ranges. COVID-NET's sampling methodology allowed for reporting of robust and timely, population-based data on the clinical epidemiology of COVID-19-associated hospitalizations and evolving trends over time, while attempting to reduce data collection burden on surveillance sites. Such methods may provide a general framework for other surveillance systems needing to quickly and efficiently collect and disseminate data for public health action.

Abstract A124: Disparities in HPV vaccine uptake and provider recommendation by provider facility type

Abstract Background: Approximately 46,000 cases of human papillomavirus (HPV) attributable cancers are diagnosed annually in the United States. The HPV vaccine can prevent over 90% of HPV-attributable cancers, yet national uptake remains lower than the Healthy People 2030 target goal of 80% completion. To devise targeted interventions to increase the uptake of HPV vaccines, it is crucial to understand the vaccination rates across various health care settings. We examined the association between provider facility type and provider recommendation and HPV vaccine uptake among adolescents in the US. Methods: We conducted secondary data analysis of the 2020 National Immunization Survey–Teen data (n=20,162), which provides current, population-based estimates of vaccination coverage among adolescents. Provider facility type was classified as public facilities (i.e., public health department-operated clinic, community health center, rural health clinic, tribal/Indian health facility), hospital-based facilities, private facilities, and mixed facilities (i.e., vaccination provided in more than one of the above-mentioned locations). Self-reported provider recommendation was dichotomized as yes/no. HPV vaccine initiation was defined as the receipt of ≥1 dose of the HPV vaccine, and completion was defined as the receipt of ≥2 doses (if the adolescent received first dose before age 15) or ≥3 doses (if the adolescent was at least 15 years old). Weighted, multivariable logistic regression models estimated the odds of receiving provider recommendation and initiating and completing the HPV vaccine by provider facility type, adjusting for adolescents age, gender, race, poverty level, number of doctor visits per year, and mother’s age, marital status, and education. Results: Approximately 81% of adolescents received a provider recommendation for the HPV vaccine and 47.5% received their vaccination at providers based in private facilities. The prevalence of HPV vaccine initiation was 75.1% and completion was 58.6%. In the adjusted analyses, adolescents who received their vaccination from public facilities (aOR=0.63; 95% CI: 0.51–0.78) were less likely to receive provider recommendation for the vaccine compared to those who received their vaccination at private facilities. Similarly, adolescents who received their vaccination from public facilities were less likely to initiate (aOR=0.73; 95% CI: 0.59–0.90) and complete (aOR=0.62; 95% CI: 0.52–0.77) the HPV vaccination compared to those who received their vaccination at private facilities. There was no difference between hospital and mixed vs. private facilities for both provider recommendation and vaccination. Conclusions: Both the recommendation for and uptake of the vaccine regimen were less common in public facilities than private facilities. Given the populations served in public facilities and the health disparities that exist in these populations, a greater focus is needed on recommendation for vaccination and follow through. Citation Format: Eric Adjei Boakye, Mrudula Nair, Amy Williams, Elizabeth Alleman, Christine Joseph, Dina Abouelella, Oluwole A. Babatunde, Nosayaba Osazuwa-Peters. Disparities in HPV vaccine uptake and provider recommendation by provider facility type [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A124.

Examining the immediate and ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on population-based estimates of dementia: a population-based time series analysis in Ontario, Canada

ObjectivesPopulation-based chronic disease surveillance systems were likely disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this study was to examine the immediate and ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on...

Risk of Tertiary, Quaternary, and Quinary Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy: Analysis of a Nationwide Database (2010–2017)

Primary proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is established as an important cause of the failed repair of a fresh retinal detachment (RD) and the consequent need for secondary repair. However, the burden of multiple repairs beyond the initial failure has not been studied in detail. We aimed to determine the association between primary PVR and the occurrence of tertiary, quaternary, and quinary RD repairs, using a nationwide database. Retrospective cohort study of insurance claims. Cases of rhegmatogenous RD that underwent primary surgical repair. Cases of primary RD repair from 2010 to 2017 were categorized based on the absence (P0 group) or presence (P1 group) of primary PVR. In each group, we analyzed the frequency of subsequent RD repair procedures with concurrent PVR. The risk of secondary and higher multiples of PVR-associated RD repair. A total of 27 137 cases were included, with 24 500 (90.3%) in the P0 group and 2637 (9.7%) in the P1 group. The frequency (%) of cases ultimately requiring secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and quinary repair in P0 versus P1 was 1.88 versus 10.24 (P < 0.001), 0.26 versus 2.50 (P < 0.001), 0.07 versus 0.64 (P < 0.001), and 0.03 versus 0.08 (P= 0.272), respectively. The risk of undergoing secondary repair was higher in the P1 than in the P0 group (hazard ratio [HR], 6.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.24-6.92; P < 0.001). The risk of undergoing tertiary repair was also higher in the P1 than in the P0 group (HR, 1.67; CI, 1.23-2.28; P= 0.001). There was no difference in the risk of undergoing quaternary repair between the groups (HR, 0.76; CI, 0.41-1.40; P= 0.37). Senary repairs were not detected in this dataset. Primary PVR may increase the risk of requiring multiple sequential retinal reattachment surgeries beyond the initial repair failure. Retinal detachment cases with primary PVR at the initial presentation of RD were more likely to undergo secondary and tertiary repairs than cases without primary PVR. Health care claims analysis may be a useful tool to study population-based estimates for multiple recurrences of RD in cases with PVR. Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

Assessing the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Vaccination Practices Towards COVID-19 Vaccination Among Mainland Chinese Nursing Students and Interns: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.

This study investigated factors influencing the knowledge, attitudes, practice profiles, and vaccination intentions among Chinese nursing students and nursing interns toward the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccination. The multicenter cross-sectional study was based on a self-reported questionnaire collecting information among nursing students and nursing interns from three major geographic regions of China, and the sample was selected by consecutive sampling. The questionnaire was developed by knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) theory. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. A total of 3180 nursing students and interns (effective rate: 99.8%) from six Chinese provinces were polled. The vaccine hesitation rate was 9.65% (307/3180), 2230 participants (70.1%) had gotten at least one dose of the vaccine, and 643 participants (67.7%) had indicated a readiness to be vaccinated. The results showed that older age, higher academic background, perfect vaccine management, others' recommendations, influenza vaccination history, epidemic under control, knowledge of vaccines or intervals, and vaccine knowledge training were associated with higher vaccination rates. Conversely, vaccine hesitancy was caused by a perceived lack of physical need, uncertainty about vaccination requirements, and fear of vaccination. This study provided population-based estimates of COVID-19 vaccine uptake intention among mainland Chinese nursing students and interns. Factors such as age, education, vaccine knowledge, and attitudes influence COVID-19 vaccine behaviour. Relevant authorities should understand the barriers to COVID-19 vaccination from knowledge, attitude and practice, which is significant for formulating effective response strategies in future global public health crises.

Prospective audit of the phenotype, causes and correlates of trachomatous and non- trachomatous trichiasis in a peri-elimination setting.

To explore the burden, clinical features and associations of trichiasis due to trachomatous and non-trachomatous aetiologies. Consenting patients presenting with trichiasis of either eyelid (of one or both eyes) attending the outpatient department, cornea and oculoplasty clinics of a tertiary eye care hospital in New Delhi between August 2018 to March 2020 were included. A comprehensive examination including visual acuity and anterior segment evaluation and photography was performed. Grade of trichiasis, laterality, presence and grade of entropion, and information on corneal opacity, conjunctival scarring, Herbert's pits, and pannus, if present, were recorded in the case record form. Overall, 302 patients (454 eyes) with trichiasis were recruited. The most common attributed cause of upper eyelid trichiasis (276 patients, 405 eyes) was trachoma (26% of patients), followed by Stevens-Johnson syndrome (23%), blepharokeratoconjunctivitis (17%) and old age (10%). A total of 296/405 eyes (73%) had some form of corneal involvement. Trachoma was not identified as the cause of trichiasis in any eye with lower eyelid-only disease. Only about a quarter of upper eyelid trichiasis in this peri-elimination setting was attributed to trachoma. A distinction between trachomatous and non-trachomatous trichiasis is imperative to meaningfully determine whether elimination of trachoma as a public health problem has occurred. These data may have implications for population-based estimates of TT prevalence in India and other peri-elimination settings.

Identifying potential factors associated with PCR testing for COVID-19 among Australian young people: cross-sectional findings from a longitudinal study

BackgroundTesting has played a crucial role in reducing the spread of COVID-19. Though COVID-19 symptoms tend to be less severe in adolescents and young adults, their highly social lifestyles can lead to increased transmission of the virus. In this study, we aimed to provide population-based estimates of polymerase chain reaction testing (PCR) for the COVID-19 pandemic and identify factors associated with PCR testing in Australian youth using the latest survey data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC).MethodsWe used the latest wave (9C1) of the LSAC, collected from 16 to 21-year-old Australians via an online survey between October and December 2020. In total, 2291 youths responded to the questions about COVID-19 testing including factors related to the coronavirus restriction period (CRP) in Australia. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify variables (sociodemographic factors and factors related to CRP) associated with COVID-19 testing.ResultsDuring the study period, 26% (n = 587) of Australian youth aged between 16 and 21 years were tested for COVID-19. The strongest predictor of COVID-19 testing was living in major cities (aOR 1.82, 95% CI:1.34–2.45; p < 0.01). Increased age (aOR 1.97, 1.00–3.89; p < 0.05) and having a pre-existing medical condition (aOR 1.27, 1.02–1.59; p < 0.05) were also significantly associated with a higher likelihood of COVID-19 testing.ConclusionAge, remoteness and having a pre-existing medical illness were associated with PCR COVID-19 testing among Australian youth aged between 16 and 21 years in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. More research is warranted to identify factors associated with other COVID-19 testing methods and address the specific barriers that may limit COVID-19 testing in this age group.

THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND STRESSORS AND FINANCIAL EXPLOITATION

Abstract The prevalence of financial exploitation (FE) experienced by older adults is increasing. Population-based survey estimates of FE in the older adult population range from 5% to 11%. Given the growing prevalence of FE victimization in older adult populations, understanding the population’s vulnerability to FE has increased in importance. This study investigates a conceptual framework in an attempt to understand how financial stressors and resources are associated with substantiated FE in a sample consisting largely of black older adults. The study uses a cross-sectional design to investigate group differences among a total sample of 142 community-dwelling older adult participants, 62 of whom sought services to address FE and 80 with no FE history FE. Older adults who sought services to address FE were more likely to be unmarried and had fewer years of education. Financial literacy had a protective effect on FE, whereas and perceived financial vulnerability increased FE risk. According to the findings sociodemographic and financial stress and resource measures have significant relationships with FE. These findings support the conceptual framework describing their relationship. This new conceptual framework provides a guiding factor in better understanding older adult's vulnerability to financial exploitation.

Population-based prevalence and incidence estimates of mixed connective tissue disease from the Manhattan Lupus Surveillance Program.

Epidemiological data for MCTD are limited. Leveraging data from the Manhattan Lupus Surveillance Program (MLSP), a racially/ethnically diverse population-based registry of cases with SLE and related diseases including MCTD, we provide estimates of the prevalence and incidence of MCTD. MLSP cases were identified from rheumatologists, hospitals and population databases using a variety of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. MCTD was defined as one of the following: fulfilment of our modified Alarcon-Segovia and Kahn criteria, which required a positive RNP antibody and the presence of synovitis, myositis and RP; a diagnosis of MCTD and no other diagnosis of another CTD; and a diagnosis of MCTD regardless of another CTD diagnosis. Overall, 258 (7.7%) cases met a definition of MCTD. Using our modified Alarcon-Segovia and Kahn criteria for MCTD, the age-adjusted prevalence was 1.28 (95% CI 0.72, 2.09) per 100 000. Using our definition of a diagnosis of MCTD and no other diagnosis of another CTD yielded an age-adjusted prevalence and incidence of MCTD of 2.98 (95% CI 2.10, 4.11) per 100 000 and 0.39 (95% CI 0.22, 0.64) per 100 000, respectively. The age-adjusted prevalence and incidence were highest using a diagnosis of MCTD regardless of other CTD diagnoses and were 16.22 (95% CI 14.00, 18.43) per 100 000 and 1.90 (95% CI 1.49, 2.39) per 100 000, respectively. The MLSP provided estimates for the prevalence and incidence of MCTD in a diverse population. The variation in estimates using different case definitions is reflective of the challenge of defining MCTD in epidemiologic studies.

Mental health and cultural continuity among an urban Indigenous population in Toronto, Canada.

Mental health and psychiatric disorders significantly affect individuals on personal and social levels. Indigenous populations in Canada have disproportionately high rates of mental health diagnoses. Our Health Counts (OHC) Toronto assessed mental health, racism, family disruption, and cultural continuity among urban Indigenous people. The objectives of this study were to understand (1) the demographics and characteristics of Indigenous adults with a diagnosed psychological/mental health disorder and (2) potential associations of psychological/mental health diagnoses with experiences of colonization and cultural continuity among Indigenous adults in Toronto. Using community-based participatory research methods, Indigenous adults in Toronto were recruited by respondent-driven sampling (RDS) to complete a comprehensive health assessment survey. RDS-II weights were applied to calculate population-based estimates, and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were produced using logistic regression, controlling for age and gender. Among Indigenous adults, nearly half (45%) reported receiving a mental health diagnosis. Participants reported lifetime anxiety disorders (53%), major depression (51%), and high rates of suicide ideation (78%). Of Indigenous adults with a diagnosed mental health disorder, 72.7% reported participating in ceremony. Attending residential schools (OR: 7.82) and experiencing discrimination (OR: 2.69) were associated with having a mental health disorder. OHC Toronto responded to the gaps in health assessment data for urban Indigenous people. Despite historic and ongoing trauma, Indigenous people have maintained cultural practices and a strong sense of identity. Efforts aimed at supporting Indigenous well-being must respond to the roots of trauma, racism, and existing Indigenous community knowledge and strengths.

Physical Activity Levels (PAL) in US Adults-2019.

Physical activity levels (PAL) are associated with mortality risk and were instrumental in estimating national energy requirements, but we are unaware of population-based estimates of PAL in US adults. Thus, we conducted a nationwide survey using a validated previous-day recall method to estimate PAL and the behavioral determinants of low and higher PAL. Participants from the AmeriSpeak panel 20-75 yr of age ( N = 2640) completed Activities Completed over Time in 24-hours previous-day recalls. PAL values were estimated as the average metabolic equivalent value over 24 h. Recalls were conducted on randomly selected days in October and November 2019. Survey sample design weights were applied to reflect the US population. Mean age was 45.3 yr, 51% were female, 67% were non-Hispanic White, and 37% had a body mass index of ≥30 kg·m -2 . US adults reported a mean PAL of 1.63 (95% confidence interval, 1.60-1.65), and 39% (37%-42%) of adults reported PAL ≥1.6 on a given day. Men reported higher PAL than women (1.67 vs 1.59), and older adults reported lower PAL. Adults with PAL <1.4 spent 81% (12.1 h·d -1 ) of their waking day sedentary and 19% (2.7 h·d -1 ) in total physical activity. Adults with PAL considered to be "active"(1.6-1.89) spent only 49% (8.0 h·d -1 ) of their waking day sedentary, and 51% (8.3 h·d -1 ) physically active. Our study provides novel estimates of PAL in a nationwide sample of US adults and a description of the type and intensity of sedentary and physically active behaviors contributing to low and higher PAL. These findings may inform public health messages aimed at increasing physical activity in adults and potentially contribute to obesity prevention efforts.

Prevalence and Penetrance of Rare Pathogenic Variants in Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Genes in a Health Care System Population.

Autism, schizophrenia, and other clinically distinct neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders (NPDs) have shared genetic etiologies, including single-gene and multigenic copy number variants (CNVs). Because rare variants are primarily investigated in clinical cohorts, population-based estimates of their prevalence and penetrance are lacking. The authors determined the prevalence, penetrance, and NPD risk of pathogenic single-gene variants in a large health care system population. The authors analyzed linked genomic and electronic health record (EHR) data in a subset of 90,595 participants from Geisinger's MyCode Community Health Initiative, known as the DiscovEHR cohort. Loss-of-function pathogenic variants in 94 high-confidence NPD genes were identified through exome sequencing, and NPD penetrance was calculated using preselected EHR diagnosis codes. NPD risk was estimated using a case-control comparison of DiscovEHR participants with and without NPD diagnoses. Results from single-gene variant analyses were also compared with those from 31 previously reported pathogenic NPD CNVs. Pathogenic variants were identified in 0.34% of the DiscovEHR cohort and demonstrated a 34.3% penetrance for NPDs. Similar to CNVs, sequence variants collectively conferred a substantial risk for several NPD diagnoses, including autism, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Significant NPD risk remained after participants with intellectual disability were excluded from the analysis, confirming the association with major psychiatric disorders in individuals without severe cognitive deficits. Collectively, rare single-gene variants and CNVs were found in >1% of individuals in a large health care system population and play an important contributory role in mental health disorders. Diagnostic genetic testing for pathogenic variants among symptomatic individuals with NPDs could improve clinical outcomes through early intervention and anticipatory therapeutic support.

Long-Term Adherence and Persistence to Low-Dose Aspirin for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Using information from electronic health records in Germany and the United Kingdom (UK) in a common data model, we followed adults with ≥2 low-dose aspirin prescriptions (75-100 mg) during 2007-2018 for up to 10 years. Included individuals had no low-dose aspirin prescriptions in the year before the follow-up started (date of first low-dose aspirin prescription) and ≥12 months' observation. Adherence was determined using the medication possession ratio (MPR), and persistence was defined as continuous treatment disregarding gaps between prescriptions of <60 days; analyses were undertaken according to indication (primary/secondary CVD prevention). We identified 144,717 low-dose aspirin users from Germany and 190,907 from the UK. Among patients with 5-10 years' follow-up, median adherence among secondary CVD prevention users was 60% in Germany and 75% in the UK. Among primary prevention users, median adherence was 50% for both countries. Persistence among secondary CVD prevention users was 58.3% at 2 years, 47.0% at 5 years, 35.2% at 10 years (Germany), and 67.5% at 2 years, 58.0% at 5 years, and 46.8% at 10 years (UK). Among primary CVD prevention users, persistence was 52.8% at 2 years, 41.6% at 5 years, 32.1% at 10 years (Germany), 56.3% at 2 years, 45.4% at 5 years, and 33.8% at 10 years (UK). Long-term adherence and persistence to low-dose aspirin are suboptimal; efforts for improvement could translate into a lower CVD burden in the general population.

EPH126 Sex- and Age-Adjusted Incidence and Prevalence Population-Based Estimation for Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Korea From 2011 to 2019

EPH126 Sex- and Age-Adjusted Incidence and Prevalence Population-Based Estimation for Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Korea From 2011 to 2019

The impact of population-level HbA1c screening on reducing diabetes diagnostic delay in middle-aged adults: a UK Biobank analysis

Aims/hypothesisScreening programmes can detect cases of undiagnosed diabetes earlier than symptomatic or incidental diagnosis. However, the improvement in time to diagnosis achieved by screening programmes compared with routine clinical care is unclear. We aimed to use the UK Biobank population-based study to provide the first population-based estimate of the reduction in time to diabetes diagnosis that could be achieved by HbA1c-based screening in middle-aged adults.MethodsWe studied UK Biobank participants aged 40–70 years with HbA1c measured at enrolment (but not fed back to participants/clinicians) and linked primary and secondary healthcare data (n=179,923) and identified those with a pre-existing diabetes diagnosis (n=13,077, 7.3%). Among the remaining participants (n=166,846) without a diabetes diagnosis, we used an elevated enrolment HbA1c level (≥48 mmol/mol [≥6.5%]) to identify those with undiagnosed diabetes. For this group, we used Kaplan–Meier analysis to assess the time between enrolment HbA1c measurement and subsequent clinical diabetes diagnosis up to 10 years, and Cox regression to identify clinical factors associated with delayed diabetes diagnosis.ResultsIn total, 1.0% (1703/166,846) of participants without a diabetes diagnosis had undiagnosed diabetes based on calibrated HbA1c levels at UK Biobank enrolment, with a median HbA1c level of 51.3 mmol/mol (IQR 49.1–57.2) (6.8% [6.6–7.4]). These participants represented an additional 13.0% of diabetes cases in the study population relative to the 13,077 participants with a diabetes diagnosis. The median time to clinical diagnosis for those with undiagnosed diabetes was 2.2 years, with a median HbA1c at clinical diagnosis of 58.2 mmol/mol (IQR 51.0–80.0) (7.5% [6.8–9.5]). Female participants with lower HbA1c and BMI measurements at enrolment experienced the longest delay to clinical diagnosis.Conclusions/interpretationOur population-based study shows that HbA1c screening in adults aged 40–70 years can reduce the time to diabetes diagnosis by a median of 2.2 years compared with routine clinical care. The findings support the use of HbA1c screening to reduce the time for which individuals are living with undiagnosed diabetes.Graphical abstract

O13Prevalence of self-managed abortion among us women of reproductive age: New and expanded estimates from 2021/2022

<h3>Objectives</h3> In 2017, we established population-based estimates of self-managed abortion experience among US women of reproductive age. In the present study, we repeated the survey to obtain updated and expanded estimates for 2021/2022. <h3>Methods</h3> In December 2021 and January 2022, we administered a survey to a nationally representative sample of English- and Spanish-speaking self-identified female Ipsos KnowledgePanel members (n=7,016). Participants were asked if they had "ever taken or done something on [their] own, without medical assistance, to try to end a pregnancy?" Among those reporting self-managed abortion experiences, follow-up questions examined timing and number of attempts, methods used, effectiveness and potential adverse events (AEs). We present weighted proportions. <h3>Results</h3> Overall, 1.6% (95% CI, 1.2–2.1%) reported attempting self-managed abortion; this figure was 1.4% (95% CI, 1.0–1.8%) in 2017. One-quarter (24.0%, 95% CI, 14.8–36.4) of those with self-managed abortion experience reported >1more than one lifetime attempt. One-third (34.4%, 95% CI, 24.1–46.3%) were aged 17 or younger at their first attempt. Use of physical methods (eg, hit in abdomen) increased from 2017 (19.8%, 95% CI, 10.0–35.5%) to 2021/2022 (27.1%, 95% CI, 16.6–40.9%); other common methods in 2021/2022 included herbs (30.0%, 95% CI, 18.9–44.0%), mifepristone/misoprostol (28.2%, 95% CI, 17.3–42.5%), and alcohol (21.7%, 95% CI, 12.4–35.4%). One-third (31.8%, 95% CI, 20.6–45.7%) reported that the method worked to end the pregnancy. Overall, 5.9% (95% CI, 2.4–13.9%) reported a clinically significant AE including overnight hospitalization, transfusion, surgery, or antibiotic treatment. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Roughly 1.1 million US women have experience self-managing abortion. With impending reductions in facility-based access, monitoring trends in self-managed abortion experiences is critical.

Influence of advanced age on the prognosis of triple-negative breast cancer patients: A surveillance, epidemiology, and end results-based study.

Age at diagnosis has shown significant effect on the prognosis in breast cancer patients. However, whether age is an independent risk factor remains controversial. Furthermore, population-based estimates of age on the prognosis impact in triple-negative breast cancer are still lacking. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of age and other factors on the prognosis and survival of triple-negative breast cancer patients. We used the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program data from 2011 to 2014. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to investigate prognosis factors in triple-negative breast cancer. Patients were divided into two groups according to age at diagnosis: 75 + years (the elderly patients) and < 75 years (reference group). The clinicopathologic characteristics of different age groups were compared using Chi-square tests. Overall survival (OS) and breast cancer-specific survival were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Prognostic factors were compared using the Cox proportional hazards model. We also analyzed the difference of distant metastasis at initial diagnosis on every group. A total of 21,429 triple-negative breast cancer patients were included in our study. The mean breast cancer-specific survival time of triple-negative breast cancer was 70.5 months for the reference group and 62.4 months for the elderly group. Survival analysis showed that the breast cancer-specific survival rate was 78.9% for the reference group and 67.4% for the elderly group. The mean OS time was 69.0 months for the reference group and 52.3 months for the elderly group. The 5-year OS of triple-negative breast cancer patients was 76.4% for the reference group and 51.3% for the elderly group. The prognosis of elderly patients is much poor than reference group. Univariate Cox regression analysis showed that age, race, marital status, histological grade, stage, T, N, M, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy were risk factors for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) (P < 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that age, race, marital status, histological grade, stage, T, N, M, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy were independent risk factors for TNBC (P < 0.05). Age is an independent risk factor for the prognosis of TNBC patients. Elderly triple-negative breast cancer patients displayed obvious lower 5-year survival rate compared to reference group, even though they have better grade stage, minor tumor, less lymph node metastasis. The lower rate of marital status, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery, and higher rate of metastasis at diagnosis must contribute to their poor outcome.

Population-based estimate for the correlation of the Oncotype Dx Breast Recurrence Score® result and Ki-67 IHC MIB-1 pharmDx in HR+, HER2−, node-positive early breast cancer

BackgroundThe United States Food and Drug Administration recently approved a Ki-67 immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay to identify patients with early breast cancer at high disease recurrence risk. The Oncotype Dx Breast Recurrence Score® assay has been validated in hormone receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2−) invasive breast cancer (IBC) to predict chemotherapy benefit and distant recurrence risk, regardless of nodal status. This study assessed the correlation between Recurrence Score® (RS) results and the Ki-67 IHC MIB-1 pharmDx assay.MethodsHR+, HER2−, N1 IBC samples with RS results were examined by Ki-67 IHC; 311 specimens were collected, including 275 without regard to RS (“unselected RS”) and 36 more with RS 26–100; 12 were lymph node negative upon pathology report review, and one had no Ki-67 score, leaving 262 unselected RS and 298 total samples. Spearman rank correlation was calculated using the unselected samples and a weighted rank correlation using all samples. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for predicting high RS (26–100) from Ki-67 was constructed.ResultsThe Spearman rank correlation between Ki-67 and RS results was moderately positive (unselected RS samples: 0.396; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.288–0.493; all samples: 0.394; 95% CI 0.294–0.486). While 71% of samples with RS 26–100 had Ki-67 ≥ 20%, 75% with RS 0–25 had Ki-67 < 20%. ROC area under the curve was 0.792 (95% CI 0.725–0.859).ConclusionsThe moderately positive correlation is consistent with previous analyses suggesting the Oncotype Dx® assay and Ki-67 IHC MIB-1 assay should not be used interchangeably in clinical practice.

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in North America: evaluation of health burden and treatment prevalence.

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a poorly understood vomiting disorder associated with chronic cannabis use. To characterise patients experiencing CHS in North America and to obtain a population-based estimate of CHS treatment prevalence in Canada before and during the Covid-19 pandemic METHODS: Internet survey of 157 CHS sufferers in Canada and the United States. Administrative health databases for the province of Alberta (population 5 million) were accessed to measure emergency department (ED) visits for vomiting, with a concurrent diagnostic code for cannabis use. Three time periods of 1year were assessed: prior to recreational cannabis legalisation (2017-2018), after recreational legalisation (2018-2019) and during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic (2020-2021). Problematic cannabis use (defined as a CUDIT-R score ≥8) was universal among the survey cohort, and 59% and 68% screening for moderate or worse anxiety or depression, respectively. The overall treatment prevalence of CHS across all ages increased from 15 ED visits per 100,000 population (95% CI, 14-17) prior to legalisation, to 21 (95% CI, 20-23) after legalisation, to 32 (95% CI, 31-35) during the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic (p< 0.001). Treatment prevalence among chronic cannabis users was as high as 6 per 1000 in the 16-24 age group. Survey data suggest patients with CHS almost universally suffer from a cannabis use disorder, which has significant treatment implications. Treatment prevalence in the ED has increased substantially over a very short time period, with the highest rates seen during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Population-Based Estimates of 1-Year Mortality After Major Surgery Among Community-Living Older US Adults

Despite their importance to guiding public health decision-making and policies and to establishing programs aimed at improving surgical care, contemporary nationally representative mortality data for geriatric surgery are lacking. To calculate population-based estimates of mortality after major surgery in community-living older US adults and to determine how these estimates differ according to key demographic, surgical, and geriatric characteristics. Prospective longitudinal cohort study with 1 year of follow-up in the continental US from 2011 to 2018. Participants included 5590 community-living fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries, aged 65 years or older, from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS). Data analysis was conducted from February 22, 2021, to March 16, 2022. Major surgeries and mortality over 1 year were identified through linkages with data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Data on frailty and dementia were obtained from the annual NHATS assessments. From 2011 to 2017, of the 1193 major surgeries (from 992 community-living participants), the mean (SD) age was 79.2 (7.1) years; 665 were women (55.7%), and 30 were Hispanic (2.5%), 198 non-Hispanic Black (16.6%), and 915 non-Hispanic White (76.7%). Over the 1-year follow-up period, there were 206 deaths representing 872 096 survey-weighted deaths and 13.4% (95% CI, 10.9%-15.9%) mortality. Mortality rates were 7.4% (95% CI, 4.9%-9.9%) for elective surgeries and 22.3% (95% CI, 17.4%-27.1%) for nonelective surgeries. For geriatric subgroups, 1-year mortality was 6.0% (95% CI, 2.6%-9.4%) for persons who were nonfrail, 27.8% (95% CI, 21.2%-34.3%) for those who were frail, 11.6% (95% CI, 8.8%-14.4%) for persons without dementia, and 32.7% (95% CI, 24.3%-41.0%) for those with probable dementia. The age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratios for 1-year mortality were 4.41 (95% CI, 2.53-7.69) for frailty with a reduction in restricted mean survival time of 48.8 days and 2.18 (95% CI, 1.40-3.40) for probable dementia with a reduction in restricted mean survival time of 44.9 days. In this study, the population-based estimate of 1-year mortality after major surgery among community-living older adults in the US was 13.4% but was 3-fold higher for nonelective than elective procedures. Mortality was considerably elevated among older persons who were frail or who had probable dementia, highlighting the potential prognostic value of geriatric conditions after major surgery.