Population-based Cancer Screening Program Research Articles

Defining sensitivity and specificity for quality control of organized cancer screening using Prefectural Cancer Registry data in Japan

Objective To decrease cancer mortality by implementing cancer screening programs, rigorous quality control measures that utilize standardized indicators are imperative. In Japan, although each municipality performing cancer screening programs implements quality control for their programs using the checklist authorized by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, compliance with all the items listed is not possible because calculating sensitivity and specificity using cancer registry data is difficult under these circumstances. This report elucidates the methodology for calculating indicators, including sensitivity and specificity, by delineating the parameters of false-negative cases within population-based cancer screening programs in Japan. Furthermore, the inherent challenges associated with ensuring the quality control of cancer screening procedures are expounded upon in this report.Method Data from the Prefectural Cancer Registry of Japan and cancer screening records compiled by municipalities were used to differentiate true-positive, true-negative, false-positive, and false-negative cases based on the combination of screening test outcomes and subsequent cancer incidence.Results A false-negative case was defined as an examinee who received a cancer diagnosis within one year after undergoing the screening test, notwithstanding the negative judgment of the cancer screening decision. The duration for judgment of true-positive, true-negative, and false-negative cases was also extended to one year. Cancer identification after cancer screening was ascertained using data from the Prefectural Cancer Registry, ensuring uniform categorization of the four cases. Subsequently, sensitivity and specificity values were calculated for municipalities conducting cancer screening programs.Conclusion Sensitivity and specificity are indispensable metrics for the inherent quality control of cancer screening because these parameters directly assess the efficacy of screening tests. The anticipated increase in the number of municipalities engaged in comprehensive quality control of cancer screening in Japan is poised to enhance the efficiency of cancer control policies. This augmentation will be accomplished through the meticulous utilization of the sensitivity and specificity values elucidated in the present report. The forthcoming challenges involve the proliferation of medical institutes reporting their adherence to the checklist stipulated by the National Cancer Center of Japan and the widespread dissemination of fundamental knowledge pertaining to cancer screening.

Perceptions and beliefs of general practitioners on their role in the cancer screening programmes in the Netherlands: a mixed-methods study

BackgroundIn the Netherlands, population-based cancer screening programmes (CSPs) are organized aiming at cervical, breast and colorectal cancer. For a CSP to be effective, high participation rates are essential; however, there is an alarming downward trend, including wide regional variation in screening uptake. General practitioner (GP) involvement can have a stimulating effect on screening participation. Current GP involvement is however, limited, varies between the programmes and has changed over time. Unexplored is what GPs think of their role(s) in the CSPs. The aim of this study was therefore to map the perceptions and beliefs of GPs regarding their current and future role in the Dutch CSPs.MethodsA mixed-methods sequential explanatory study was conducted in the Leiden/The Hague area of the Netherlands, between the end of 2021 and 2022. A questionnaire was developed and distributed among 110 GPs. The aggregated results obtained from the questionnaires served as starting points for conducting semi-structured interviews, with purposefully selected GPs. With this sequential approach we aimed to further enhance the understanding of the questionnaire data, and delved into the topics that emerged from the questionnaire responses.ResultsIn total, 46 GPs completed the online questionnaire (response rate 42%). Subsequent five semi-structured comprehensive interviews were conducted. GPs indicated that they frequently encounter the CSP in their daily practice and consider it important. They also emphasised it is important that GPs remain closely involved with the CSPs in the future. Nevertheless, GPs also repeatedly mentioned that they are not eager to take on more logistical/organizational tasks. They are however willing to empower CSPs in a positive manner.ConclusionGPs were generally positive about the CSPs and their current role within these programmes. Nevertheless, several options have been proposed to improve the CSPs, especially to increase screening uptake for populations in a socioeconomically disadvantaged position. Since it is of utmost importance to screen those who are most at risk of developing the screening-specific tumours, efforts should be made to achieve this goal.

Interactions between folate metabolism-related nutrients and polymorphisms on colorectal cancer risk: a case-control study in the Basque country.

Folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism (FOCM) plays an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Previous studies have assessed the role of folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism (FOCM)-related gene-diet interaction in the aetiology of colorectal cancer (CRC), however, the results remained inconclusive. Thus, this study aimed to investigate dietary factors and genetic variants related to FOCM, as well as potential nutrient-gene and nutrient-lifestyle interactions, on CRC risk. This observational study included 229 patients diagnosed with CRC and 229 age- and sex-matched subjects as controls from a population-based bowel cancer screening program. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for CRC risk. A Bonferroni-corrected threshold of α = 0.005 was considered significant, and P values less than 0.05 were considered to be suggestive of an association. After Bonferroni correction, a high dietary intake of betaine was associated with a decreased risk of CRC in the adjusted model (OR, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.10-0.40, P < 0.001). Two SNPs, rs1476413 and rs17824591, exhibited significant gene-diet interactions with total choline ad vitamin B12 intakes, respectively, in adjusted models (total choline, tertile 3 vs. 1, OR, 95% CI: 0.25, 0.11-0.66, Pinteraction = 0.012; vitamin B12, tertile 2 vs. tertile 1, OR, 95% CI: 2.48, 1.04-5.00, Pinteraction = 0.003). These findings suggest that betaine intake and interactions between some dietary factors and variants in MTHFR and MTHFD1 genes have an influence on CRC risk in the population studied. If these results are confirmed, specific nutritional intervention strategies could be designed.

Impact of altering the invitation package on screening participation among never-screeners in the Flemish population-based cancer screening programs.

The total coverage of both the Flemish breast cancer and cervical screening program remain suboptimal, with approximately 63% for both. Of all the women invited to the breast cancer screening program, 14.1% never underwent any type of breast cancer screening (any type of mammogram, ultrasound, or clinical breast examination). For the cervical cancer screening, this proportion of 'never-screeners' is 12.1%. We conducted two randomized controlled trials to assess whether various communication and presentation styles in the invitation package, were effective at motivating women who had never participated to attend. The study population was limited to never-screeners (women who had never participated in the screening program). The RCT embedded in the breast cancer screening consisted of seven intervention arms and one control arm (all of them included a fixed appointment by letter). The RCT embedded in the cervical cancer screening consisted of three intervention arms and two control arms. In both RCTs, several content and style adaptations were made to the invitation letter, information leaflet, and envelope. None of the intervention arms in either the breast cancer screening or the cervical cancer screening had a statistically significant impact on the participation rate compared to 'usual care' (the regular invitation package used in the screening program). Sending adapted invitation packages to never-screeners, from the Flemish breast and cervical cancer screening program, does not seem to be effective in increasing the proportion of women screened. Innovative methods are needed to motivate never-screeners to be screened.

Endoscopic evaluation by the Kyoto classification of gastritis combined with serum anti-Helicobacter pylori antibody testing reliably risk-stratifies subjects in a population-based gastric cancer screening program.

We previously demonstrated that the Kyoto classification of gastritis was useful for judging the status of Helicobacter pylori infection in a population-based screening program, and that adding H. pylori antibody test improved its accuracy (UMIN000028629). Here, we tested whether our endoscopic diagnosis of H. pylori infection status reliably estimated gastric cancer risk in the program. Data were collected from1345 subjects who underwent endoscopic follow-up 4years after the end of the registration. We analyzed the association of three diagnostic methods of H. pylori infection with gastric cancer detection: (1) endoscopic diagnosis based on the Kyoto classification of gastritis; (2) serum diagnosis according to the ABC method (H. pylori antibody and pepsinogen I and II); and (3) endoscopic diagnosis together with H. pylori antibody test. During the follow-up, 19 cases of gastric cancer were detected. By Kaplan-Meier analysis, the detection rates of cancer were significantly higher in the past or current H. pylori infection groups than in the never-infected group with all 3 methods. By the Cox proportional hazards model, the hazard ratio for cancer detection was highest in evaluation with the combined endoscopic diagnosis and the antibody test (method 3; hazard ratio 22.6, 95% confidence interval 2.99-171) among the three methods (the endoscopic diagnosis (method 1); 11.3, 2.58-49.8, and the ABC method (method 2); 7.52, 2.49-22.7). Endoscopic evaluation of H. pylori status with the Kyoto classification of gastritis, especially combined with serum anti-Helicobacter pylori antibody testing, reliably risk-stratified subjects in a population-based gastric cancer screening program.

Profiles and Findings of Population-Based Esophageal Cancer Screening With Endoscopy in China: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Population-based esophageal cancer (EC) screening trials and programs have been conducted in China for decades; however, screening strategies have been adopted in different regions and screening profiles are unclear. We performed a meta-analysis to profile EC screening in China by positivity rate, compliance rate, and endoscopy findings, aiming to provide explicit evidence and recommendations for EC screening programs. English (PubMed, Embase) and Chinese (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang) language databases were systematically searched for population-based EC screening studies in the Chinese population until December 31, 2022. A meta-analysis was performed by standard methodology using a random-effects model. Pooled prevalence rates were calculated for three groups: high-risk areas with a universal endoscopy strategy, rural China with a risk-stratified endoscopic screening (RSES) strategy, and urban China with an RSES strategy. Positive cases included lesions of severe dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, intramucosal carcinoma, submucosal carcinoma, and invasive carcinoma. The pooled positivity rate of the high-risk population was higher in rural China (44.12%) than in urban China (23.11%). The compliance rate of endoscopic examinations was the highest in rural China (52.40%), followed by high-risk areas (50.11%), and was the lowest in urban China (23.67%). The pooled detection rate of positive cases decreased from 1.03% (95% CI 0.82%-1.30%) in high-risk areas to 0.48% (95% CI 0.25%-0.93%) in rural China and 0.12% (95% CI 0.07%-0.21%) in urban China. The pooled detection rate of low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGIN) was also in the same order, being the highest in high-risk areas (3.99%, 95% CI 2.78%-5.69%), followed by rural China (2.55%, 95% CI 1.03%-6.19%) and urban China (0.34%, 95% CI 0.14%-0.81%). Higher detection rates of positive cases and LGIN were observed among males than among females and at older ages. The pooled early detection rate was 81.90% (95% CI 75.58%-86.88%), which was similar to the rates in high-risk areas (82.09%), in rural China (80.76%), and in urban China (80.08%). Under the current screening framework, a higher screening benefit was observed in high-risk areas than in other regions. To promote EC screening and reduce the current inequality of screening in China, more focus should be given to optimizing strategies of high-risk individual assessment and surveillance management to improve compliance with endoscopic examination. PROSPERO CRD42022375720; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=375720.

Attendance characteristics of the breast and colorectal cancer screening programmes in a highly urbanised region of the Netherlands: a retrospective observational study

ObjectivesThroughout Europe, many countries offer population-based cancer screening programmes (CSPs). In the Netherlands, two implemented CSPs are targeting people of 50 years and older, aiming at breast cancer (BC) and...

A nested Benders decomposition-based algorithm to solve the three-stage stochastic optimisation problem modeling population-based breast cancer screening

Population-based cancer screening programmes invite high-risk population groups to screenings in order to increase the probability of an early diagnosis. In this paper, we study the organisation of preventive breast cancer screening, accounting for both scheduling of patients and planning of resources. Mammography screening comprises a two-stage healthcare process, encompassing a patient scan in a mammography unit and a scan examination by a central coordination center. Objectives are to minimise patient flow times and maximise resource efficiency and number of patients treated. Performance of population-based screening programmes is hampered due to large rates of patient no-shows, which is partially remedied by giving patients the option to cancel or reschedule their appointment. We model the scheduling problem as a three-stage stochastic optimisation problem and propose a diving heuristic relying on Sample Average Approximation and nested Benders decomposition to find high-quality integer solutions. Computational experimentation is performed on real-life instances to benchmark the proposed method to alternative methodologies. Results demonstrate that the proposed heuristic yields a stable performance for instances of different sizes. However, integrating the three decision stages increases significantly the complexity, such that larger-sized instances are preferably solved via two separate solution stages to improve resource efficiency. In addition, insights are provided in the value of stochastic optimisation and strategies to cancel or reschedule appointments mitigating the impact of no-show uncertainty.

Public Knowledge, Practice, and Attitude Regarding Cancer Screening: A Community-Based Study in Saudi Arabia.

(1) Background: Cancer screening tests discover cancer at early stages, even before symptoms appear. When abnormal tissues or a malignant mass is found early, treatment and cure rates are improved. In late stages, the cancer may have grown and metastasized. This can negatively affect cancer treatment and reduce the overall survival rate. Screening tests are performed when a person is asymptomatic. Public awareness about cancer screening is crucial for the success of cancer screening programs and for consequently decreasing the morbidity and mortality rate due to cancer. (2) Aim: Assess the knowledge and perception of the community regarding cancer screening in Saudi Arabia. (3) Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study targeting the general population of Saudi Arabia was conducted from January to June 2022. The data were collected using a structured validated electronic questionnaire. The study questionnaire covered participants' personal data, medical history, source of data, and participants' knowledge, attitude, and practice items. The questionnaire was used as a digital survey and was distributed electronically to the target population. (4) Results: A total of 1313 participants completed the study questionnaire. The participants' ages ranged from 18 to 67 years, with a mean age of 28.3 ± 11.4 years old. Overall, 60.4% of the study participants knew about cancer screening. Regarding the benefits of cancer screening, 91.8% of the participants reported knowing that the early detection of cancer helps treatment, and 81.1% knew that the early detection of cancer improves treatment outcomes. Moreover, 441 (33.6%) of the participants had good knowledge regarding cancer and cancer screening, while 872 (66.4%) had poor levels of knowledge. Furthermore, 106 (8.1%) of the participants underwent cancer screening. (5) Conclusions: The study results revealed that participants' awareness regarding cancer and cancer screening was low, especially for approaches to reduce cancer risk. Additionally, the study participants' practice regarding cancer screening was low. The health care authority should plan for population-based efficacious cancer screening programs. In addition, cancer screening information and the benefits of early detection can be disseminated through social media to target the desired populations.

Lung Cancer Risk Prediction Nomogram in Nonsmoking Chinese Women: Retrospective Cross-sectional Cohort Study.

It is believed that smoking is not the cause of approximately 53% of lung cancers diagnosed in women globally. The study aimed to develop and validate a simple and noninvasive model that could assess and stratify lung cancer risk in nonsmoking Chinese women. Based on the population-based Cancer Screening Program in Urban China, this retrospective, cross-sectional cohort study was carried out with a vast population base and an immense number of participants. The training set and the validation set were both constructed using a random distribution of the data. Following the identification of associated risk factors by multivariable Cox regression analysis, a predictive nomogram was developed. Discrimination (area under the curve) and calibration were further performed to assess the validation of risk prediction nomogram in the training set, which was then validated in the validation set. In sum, 151,834 individuals signed up to take part in the survey. Both the training set (n=75,917) and the validation set (n=75,917) were comprised of randomly selected participants. Potential predictors for lung cancer included age, history of chronic respiratory disease, first-degree family history of lung cancer, menopause, and history of benign breast disease. We displayed 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year lung cancer risk-predicting nomograms using these 5 factors. In the training set, the 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year lung cancer risk areas under the curve were 0.762, 0.718, and 0.703, respectively. In the validation set, the model showed a moderate predictive discrimination. We designed and validated a simple and noninvasive lung cancer risk model for nonsmoking women. This model can be applied to identify and triage people at high risk for developing lung cancers among nonsmoking women.

Abstract IA011: Implementation of population-based precision cancer screening programs

Abstract To date, evidence from modeling studies indicates that precision early detection approaches could potentially improve the benefit-harm balance and the cost-effectiveness of cancer screening programs. A precision program involves risk assessment of all individuals in the population, stratification of the population into several risk groups and tailoring early detection and prevention recommendations to each risk group. Implementing precision program raises number of questions at each stage. It is important not only to generate evidence on the individual ‘jigsaw’ pieces of the program, but also to bring the pieces together in a complex adaptive system, while considering the healthcare organizational readiness for change, the economic and social context. Citation Format: Nora Pashayan. Implementation of population-based precision cancer screening programs. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Precision Prevention, Early Detection, and Interception of Cancer; 2022 Nov 17-19; Austin, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2023;16(1 Suppl): Abstract nr IA011.

Cervical Cancer in Young Females: A Short Communication

The lower portion of the uterus that links to the vagina, or the cervix, is where the cells of the cervical cancer develop [1]. The fourth most frequent type of cancer and the fourth most common reason for cancer-related death in women globally is cervical cancer [2]. While cervical cancer can affect women of any age, it is typically detected in younger females between the ages of 30 and 49 [3]. Due to anti-Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines and population-based cervical cancer screening programmes, the incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer have decreased during the past few decades. Epidemiological research, however, indicates a rise in the prevalence of cervical cancer among young women [2].

Perspectives on cancer screening participation in a highly urbanized region: a Q-methodology study in The Hague, the Netherlands

BackgroundThe Netherlands hosts, as many other European countries, three population-based cancer screening programmes (CSPs). The overall uptake among these CSPs is high, but has decreased over recent years. Especially in highly urbanized regions the uptake rates tend to fall below the minimal effective rate of 70% set by the World Health Organization. Understanding the reasons underlying the decision of citizens to partake in a CPS are essential in order to optimize the current screening participation rates. The aim of this study was to explore the various perspectives concerning cancer screening among inhabitants of The Hague, a highly urbanized region of the Netherlands.MethodsA Q-methodology study was conducted to provide insight in the prevailing perspectives on partaking in CSPs. All respondents were inhabitants of the city of The Hague, the Netherlands. In an online application they ranked a set of 31 statements, based on the current available literature and clustered by the Integrated Change model, into a 9-column forced ranking grid according to level of agreement, followed by a short survey. Respondents were asked to participate in a subsequent interview to explain their ranking. By-person factor analysis was used to identify distinct perspectives, which were interpreted using data from the rankings and interviews.ResultsThree distinct perspectives were identified: 1). “Positive about participation”, 2). “Thoughtful about participation”, and 3). “Fear drives participation”. These perspectives provide insight into how potential respondents, living in an urbanized region in the Netherlands, decide upon partaking in CSPs.ConclusionsSince CSPs will only be effective when participation rates are sufficiently high, it is essential to have insight into the different perspectives among potential respondents concerning partaking in a CSP. This study adds new insights concerning these perspectives and suggests several ideas for future optimization of the CSPs.

County-Level Social Vulnerability and Breast, Cervical, and Colorectal Cancer Screening Rates in the US, 2018

Area-level factors have been identified as important social determinants of health (SDoH) that impact many health-related outcomes. Less is known about how the social vulnerability index (SVI), as a scalable composite score, can multidimensionally explain the population-based cancer screening program uptake at a county level. To examine the geographic variation of US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)-recommended breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening rates and the association between county-level SVI and the 3 screening rates. This population-based cross-sectional study used county-level information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's PLACES and SVI data sets from 2018 for 3141 US counties. Analyses were conducted from October 2021 to February 2022. Social vulnerability index score categorized in quintiles. The main outcome was county-level rates of USPSTF guideline-concordant, up-to-date breast, cervical, and colorectal screenings. Odds ratios were calculated for each cancer screening by SVI quintile as unadjusted (only accounting for eligible population per county) or adjusted for urban-rural status, percentage of uninsured adults, and primary care physician rate per 100 000 residents. Across 3141 counties, county-level cancer screening rates showed regional disparities ranging from 54.0% to 81.8% for breast cancer screening, from 69.9% to 89.7% for cervical cancer screening, and from 39.8% to 74.4% for colorectal cancer screening. The multivariable regression model showed that a higher SVI was significantly associated with lower odds of cancer screening, with the lowest odds in the highest SVI quintile. When comparing the highest quintile of SVI (SVI-Q5) with the lowest quintile of SVI (SVI-Q1), the unadjusted odds ratio was 0.86 (95% posterior credible interval [CrI], 0.84-0.87) for breast cancer screening, 0.80 (95% CrI, 0.79-0.81) for cervical cancer screening, and 0.72 (95% CrI, 0.71-0.73) for colorectal cancer screening. When fully adjusted, the odds ratio was 0.92 (95% CrI, 0.90-0.93) for breast cancer screening, 0.87 (95% CrI, 0.86-0.88) for cervical cancer screening, and 0.86 (95% CrI, 0.85-0.88) for colorectal cancer screening, showing slightly attenuated associations. In this cross-sectional study, regional disparities were found in cancer screening rates at a county level. Quantifying how SVI associates with each cancer screening rate could provide insight into the design and focus of future interventions targeting cancer prevention disparities.

Selected Articles from This Issue

Inflammatory and insulinemic pathways have been linked to prostate cancer; thus, health behaviors that activate these pathways may impact prostate cancer survivorship. In this study, Langlais and colleagues predicted biomarker levels of inflammation, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance pathways from questionnaire data among 2,056 men with prostate cancer. The authors examined the scores in relation to risk of prostate cancer progression. Over a median of 6.4 years of follow-up, the most pro-inflammatory and pro-insulinemic behaviors following a prostate cancer diagnosis were associated with a 1.6- to 2.8-fold increased risk of prostate cancer progression. Limiting inflammation and insulin hypersecretion through diet and physical activity may improve prostate cancer survivorship.Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs), whose etiology is largely unknown, are believed to arise from primordial gonocytes with an altered DNA methylation reprogramming. Grasso and colleagues evaluated the association between 273 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 28 DNA methylation-related genes and TGCT risk using summary statistics from the Genome Wide Association Study meta-analysis of the international Testicular Cancer Consortium on 10,156 TGCT cases and 179,683 controls. Four MTHFR SNPs, potentially affecting DNA methylation pattern, were associated with TGCT risk. This suggests that TGCT pathogenesis could be linked to folate cycle status, and this relation could be partly due to hereditary factors.In the United States (US), the incidence of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) differs by ethnicity. In a large population-based case-control study, Graham and colleagues found that having a foreign-born mother (versus a US-born mother) was associated with an increased risk of early onset HL among non-Hispanic White individuals and a decreased risk among Hispanic individuals. In addition, sex, birthweight and parental age were also linked to risk of early onset HL. The findings suggest that the etiology of early onset HL is multi-faceted, and the observed disparity warrants further evaluation.This article describes the randomized transition from established cytology-based screening to primary HPV-based screening in Norway. This programmatic change required substantial modifications to existing infrastructure and screening protocols, affecting activity volumes, staff training, and changes in the data-flow and communication systems. Nygård and colleagues report a relative increase of 60% in the detection of cervical precancers and 40% in cancer using HPV-based screening as compared to the cytology-based screening. Introducing new screening technology gradually and in a controlled manner should be considered in both established and novel population-based cancer screening programs and specifically implementing HPV-based screening to advance the cervical cancer elimination.

CN16 Lung cancer risk prediction nomogram in Chinese female non-smokers

About 53% of lung cancers in females are not attributable to smoking worldwide. The aim was to develop and validate a simple and non-invasive model which could assess and stratify lung cancer risk in female non-smokers in China. A large-sample size, population-based study was conducted under the framework of a population-based Cancer Screening Program in Urban China (CanSPUC). Data on the lung cancer screening in Henan province, China, from October 2013 to October 2019 were used and randomly divided into the training and validation sets. Related risk factors were identified through multivariable Cox regression analysis, followed by establishment of risk prediction nomogram. Discrimination [area under the curve (AUC)] and calibration were further performed to assess the validation of risk prediction nomogram in the training set, and then validated by the validation set. A total of 151,834 eligible subjects were included, with a mean age of 55.34 years. Subjects were randomly divided into the training (75,917) and validation (75,917) sets. Elder age, history of chronic respiratory disease, first-degree family history of lung cancer, menopause, and history of benign breast disease were the independent risk factors for lung cancer. Using these five variables, we plotted 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year lung cancer risk prediction nomogram. The AUC was 0.762, 0.718, and 0.703 for the 1-, 3- and 5-year lung cancer risk in the training set, respectively. In the validation set, the model showed a good predictive discrimination, with the AUC was 0.646, 0.658, and 0.650 for the 1-, 3- and 5-year lung cancer risk. We developed and validated a simple and non-invasive lung cancer risk model in female non-smokers. This model can be applied to identify and triage patients at high risk for developing lung cancers in female non-smokers.

Development and Validation of a Noninvasive Risk Score Model for Liver Cirrhosis in At-Risk Alcohol Drinkers Without HBV/HCV Infection.

The risk model we developed will not only be used as a practical tool to triage high risk groups for liver cirrhosis, but also have implications for public health measures, such as guidelines for the prevention of liver cancer, in at-risk alcohol drinkers without HBV/HCV infection.

Cost-Effectiveness of Lung Cancer Screening Using Low-Dose Computed Tomography Based on Start Age and Interval in China: Modeling Study

BackgroundLung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death in China. The effectiveness of screening for lung cancer has been reported to reduce lung cancer–specific and overall mortality, although the cost-effectiveness, optimal start age, and screening interval remain unclear.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening among heavy smokers in China by incorporating start age and screening interval.MethodsA Markov state-transition model was used to assess the cost-effectiveness of a lung cancer screening program in China. The evaluated screening strategies were based on a screening start age of 50-74 years and a screening interval of once or annually. Transition probabilities were obtained from the literature and validated, while cost parameters were derived from databases of local medical insurance bureaus. A societal perspective was adopted. The outputs of the model included costs, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and lung cancer–specific mortality, with future costs and outcomes discounted by 5%. A currency exchange rate of 1 CNY=0.1557 USD is applicable. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated for different screening strategies relative to nonscreening.ResultsThe proposed model suggested that screening led to a gain of 0.001-0.042 QALYs per person as compared with the findings in the nonscreening cohort. Meanwhile, one-time and annual screenings were associated with reductions in lung cancer–related mortality of 0.004%-1.171% and 6.189%-15.819%, respectively. The ICER ranged from 119,974.08 to 614,167.75 CNY per QALY gained relative to nonscreening. Using the World Health Organization threshold of 212,676 CNY per QALY gained, annual screening from a start age of 55 years and one-time screening from the age of 65 years can be considered as cost-effective in China. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted.ConclusionsThis economic evaluation revealed that a population-based lung cancer screening program in China for heavy smokers using low-dose computed tomography was cost-effective for annual screening of smokers aged 55-74 years and one-time screening of those aged 65-74 years. Moreover, annual lung cancer screening should be promoted in China to realize the benefits of a guideline-recommended screening program.

EE88 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Risk Scoring Model in Population-Based Oral Cancer Screening Program of Taiwan

Age-standardized incidence rate of oral cancer (OC) in Taiwanese males remains high globally. Although free population-based oral mucosa examination (OME) is provided in Taiwan, late diagnoses and low survival rates of OC are still critical public health concerns. This study aimed to estimate the potential lifetime cost-effectiveness of the risk scoring model (RSM), a novel prediction strategy additional with OME simultaneously or consequently, in the OC screening program of Taiwan.

Phone-Based Breasts Self-Examination as an Intervention in Breast Cancer Control During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

ImportanceExploring methods to mitigate the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on routine cancer screening activities among women.ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of telephone-based outreach as a substitute for physical screening for breast among screened women, during COVID-19 lockdown.Design/Setting/SubjectsAsymptomatic women aged 30–59 years were screened for breast and cervix cancers in the Chennai region, between January 2017 and March 2020 and are due for screening follow-up. A database from the population-based cancer screening program organized by the Cancer Institute during the above period was used for the study. Outcome data were obtained through the period from October 2020 to March 2021.InterventionPhone-based breast self-examination awareness, inquiry about breast cancer symptoms, and guiding clinical management.Outcome MeasureCompliance to BSE protocol after 8–16 weeks, presence of significant symptoms, and incidence of early breast cancer.ResultsAmong 12,242 screened women, 6716 (56.8%) responded to a phone-based BSE intervention and 53 women had breast-related symptoms. Thirty-two (60.4%) women reported for further evaluation, and five invasive breast cancers were identified.Conclusion and RelevanceIn a low-resource setting where there are no existent screening programs, simple interventions like teaching breast self-examination of women through tele-counseling can result in early detection of breast cancers.