Population Of Province Research Articles

Beyond the haze: Media coverage of smog in Pakistan

Smog is one of the major environmental challenges for many countries, leading to various health implications for the public across the globe, especially in the Global South. It has been affecting the most populous province of Pakistan, Punjab. A cross-sectional research design is employed to analyse media coverage of two different episodes of smog (2017 and 2019) in six Pakistani newspapers through qualitative content analysis. Systematic random sampling was employed, which resulted in a corpus of 356 news items. The analysis concluded that Urdu newspapers cover the issue of smog relatively more than English newspapers. Six frames were employed in the coverage of smog: attribution of responsibility, disaster, disaster response, public health, morality and ethics, and human interest. The media dominantly presents attribution of responsibility, disaster and disaster response, and public health frames. Overall, this research contributes to our understanding of environmental communication in the Global South and offers insight for effective reporting on smog.

The epidemiologic trend of multiple sclerosis in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran in fifteen-year period.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a major global health problem as a growing debilitating disease and according to the Global Burden of Diseases study in 2016 has had a 40 % prevalence increase in Iran during the 3 previous decades; far more from the Global prevalence which only increased about 10 %. Razavi Khorasan is the second most populous province in Iran with over 6.5 million people and its MS status is not clear; therefore, this study aims to define the current epidemiologic trend of MS in Razavi Khorasan METHODS AND MATERIALS: We performed this cross-sectional, analytical study in Khorasan Razavi Multiple sclerosis Center during 2021-2023. The data was extracted from the registry system for MS patients held in the center. The cases were all MS patients of the province numbered 4723. The sex- and age- standardized ratios were measured and the annual incidence and prevalence rates of MS were calculated using the province population information and so the epidemiologic trend of MS in the province was obtained. Of over 4700 MS patients in the province in 2021, 78 % were female. More than 40 % had academic education. In 2021 most patients lived in their 4th (about 40 %) and 5th (about 28 %) decades of life. Most of the patients were aged 20-29 years (37 %) and 30-39 years (34 %) at the time of diagnosis and the average duration of disease was 7 years among all patients until 2021. The annual incidence in Khorasan Razavi rose gradually from 1.57 to 6.40 person-years during 2006-2020; with a steeper slope in females compared with males. The prevalence of MS in 2021 was about 71.7 per 100,000 population (112.7 for females and 31.3 for males), approximately 80 % more than the prevalence in 2006 relative to population growth. There is an upward trend of multiple sclerosis in Razavi Khorasan; which is probably one of the fastest growth patterns in the region because it has been about two-fold as fast as in Tehran with the highest prevalence rates in Iran. Therefore, there should be extensive plans for managing the disease with secondary prevention in the coming years to decrease the complications and disabilities associated with disease progression.

THE INFLUENCE OF SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP ON JOB SATISFACTION, ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR, AND EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION

The aim of the study is to investigate the influence of Spiritual Leadership on Job Satisfaction, Ethical Behavior, and Employee Motivation. The study's respondents were employees staying in Istanbul, the most populous province of the Marmara Region in Turkey. Data was collected from the survey method. Totally 325 datasets were analyzed. The results showed that three dimensions of spiritual leadership, namely, vision, hope/faith, and altruistic love influence Job Satisfaction, Ethical Behavior, and Employee Motivation. This study offers valuable insights into the suitability of spiritual leadership in Turkey's unique socio-economic environment. This research enhances the understanding of leadership studies and provides practical insights for leadership development and organizational management in Turkish contexts by examining the connections between spiritual leadership and critical organizational outcomes.

A qualitative case study of health system barriers and facilitators to living donor kidney transplantation in Canada's most populous province

AbstractPatients with kidney failure need dialysis or a kidney transplant to survive. Living donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) is the best therapeutic option, yet global rates of LDKT have minimally increased, and there are disparities in access. The need for a systems approach to improvement has been highlighted. We aimed to understand what elements of a relatively large health system interact to deliver LDKT and act as facilitators or barriers. This was an exploratory case study of Ontario, the most populous province in Canada that conducts 600–700 kidney transplantations annually, of which ~30% are LDKT. Data collection entailed interviews with multiple stakeholders (n = 37), and document review (n = 29) served as a means of triangulating the data. Data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. A multicomponent intervention to facilitate kidney transplantation was simultaneously being conducted which allowed us to capture its impact (EnAKT‐LKD). Eight themes were identified, that were separated into facilitators and barriers. Centralized leadership, directed resource deployment, dynamic communities of practice, and informal collaborations between various elements of the health system were found to facilitate LDKT. Barriers were inadequate donor and patient resources to support equitable access, lengthy and poorly coordinated workups for donors and recipients, and issues of jurisdictional control and competition for resources. The EnAKT‐LKD initiative was described as having boosted resource deployment and collaborative capacity and improved strategic alliances by establishing communities of practice. This case study has identified how individual elements in a health system interact to facilitate and impede the delivery of a therapy to patients.

Commentary: The Canadian Accounting Hall of Fame—An Analysis of Early Inductees and Immanent Critique*,†

ABSTRACTThe Canadian Accounting Hall of Fame (CAHF) has inducted 31 members during its first three years of operation, with the stated intent of establishing a critical mass of inductees “who have made significant contributions to the development of the Canadian accounting profession” and of creating “a curated biographical history of accounting in Canada.” This paper provides an analysis of the group and an immanent critique of CAHF given its mandate and aspirations. It begins with a close reading of CAHF's public statement of intent and policies to clarify what it is committed to achieving and to identify ambiguities and contradictions within its mandate. The characteristics of the initial inductees are then compared with baselines reflecting CAHF's mandate and are used to identify how ambiguities are resolved in practice. The current members of CAHF overrepresent financial reporting and auditing (compared with other areas of accounting competence), academics (compared with those in practice/industry), the more populated provinces (compared with the Prairies and Atlantic region), Chartered Accountants (compared with other legacy designations), and men (compared with women). Current practice also reveals unresolved ambiguities in the definitions of “Canada,” “Canadian,” “contribution,” and “impact,” as well as an underdeveloped presentation of historical context and documentation to interpret the inductees' contributions. Best practices for “retrospective cultural consecration institutions” are identified in the literature and align with CAHF procedures. The paper also examines critical commentary on CAHF in the press and identifies areas where its mandate is challenged by public expectations of inductees.

Beyond the average: Emissions from electricity and the implications of decarbonization policies in Guangdong

Various policy interventions have been proposed to decarbonize the Chinese economy through the electricity sector. This study is the first to use generation-by-plant data to analyze the emissions from the electricity sector in a Chinese region and evaluate the environmental impacts of various policy interventions. Using regression techniques, the average emission factor, marginal emission factor, and marginal displacement factor, are estimated for different pollutants of Guangdong, the most affluent and populous province in China. Results reveal a decline in average emission factors over the sample period of 2017–2021, owing to the expansion of renewable energy. This study also finds a less pronounced disparity between marginal emission factors and average emission factors compared with that in developed countries, probably due to the prevalence of coal-burning plants and lower renewable energy penetration in Guangdong. Using the estimated emission factors, this study also examines the environmental effect of time-of-use tariffs, indirect emissions of electric vehicles, and carbon displacement effect of wind energy. The conclusions reveals that the time-of-use tariffs moderately reduced CO2 emissions, and the extensive adoption of electric vehicles and wind energy substantially reduces carbon emissions, indicating that decarbonizing the economy needs the coordination of various policies.

Primary care payment models and avoidable hospitalizations in Ontario, Canada: A multivalued treatment effects analysis.

Improving access to primary care physicians' services may help reduce hospitalizations due to Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSCs). Ontario, Canada's most populous province, introduced blended payment models for primary care physicians in the early- to mid-2000s to increase access to primary care, preventive care, and better chronic disease management. We study the impact of payment models on avoidable hospitalizations due to two incentivized ACSCs (diabetes and congestive heart failure) and two non-incentivized ACSCs (angina and asthma). The data for our study came from health administrative data on practicing primary care physicians in Ontario between 2006 and 2015. We employ a two-stage estimation strategy on a balanced panel of 3710 primary care physicians (1158 blended-fee-for-service (FFS), 1388 blended-capitation models, and 1164 interprofessional team-based practices). First, we account for the differences in physician practices using a generalized propensity score based on a multinomial logit regression model, corresponding to three primary care payment models. Second, we use fractional regression models to estimate the average treatment effects on the treated outcome (i.e., avoidable hospitalizations). The capitation-based model sometimes increases avoidable hospitalizations due to angina (by 7 per 100,000 patients) and congestive heart failure (40 per 100,000) relative to the blended-FFS-based model. Switching capitation physicians into interprofessional teams mitigates this effect, reducing avoidable hospitalizations from congestive heart failure by 30 per 100,000 patients and suggesting better access to primary care and chronic disease management in team-based practices.

The Role of Logar River in Sustaining Agricultural Production: A Case Study

This study explores the impact of diminished water flow from the Logar River on water system practices and agricultural productivity within the Logar Province, Afghanistan. As climate change worsens water scarcity, nearby agriculturalists face critical challenges in maintaining trim yields and supporting their livelihoods. The research aims to quantify the percentage of agricultural products in the Logar Province that are directly attributed to the irrigation provided by the river and investigate the critical challenges faced in water management within the province, particularly in the context of climate change. Using quantitative data analysis and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the research identifies trends and correlations between water availability and agricultural productivity. Around 61% of the total agricultural products within the Logar Province are ascribed to the Logar River, implying its central role in driving agricultural yield and maintaining agricultural production in the region. Approximately 90,740 people, constituting around 21% of the province's population, benefit specifically from the agricultural products irrigated by the Logar River.

Tackling the COVID-19 Pandemic in Türkiye in the Context of Local Service Delivery Paradigms

Many researchers have investigated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cities and conducted studies in urban areas to understand the various response efforts. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on metropolitan municipalities in the context of the local service delivery paradigms. In this context, the study examined the activities carried out by the top five most populous provinces in Türkiye (Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Antalya, Konya, Kocaeli, Şanlıurfa, Adana) between 2020 and 2021 within the scope of fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. The data obtained on the activities of the metropolitan municipalities were evaluated through content analysis, and content coding was performed using the MAXQDA program. In the realization of these policies in Türkiye, despite the influence of many methods in the context of various service delivery administrations, such as local government, intergovernmental, local governance, e-municipality, and city diplomacy, it is seen that the directives of the central government are predominantly effective, and local governments do not use the cooperation method effectively.

Are Métis mothers receiving adequate prenatal care in Ontario? A population-based study

Objective and ApproachIn Canada, Métis people are one of three distinct Indigenous Peoples whose rights are recognized and affirmed in Section 35 of the federal Constitution Act, 1982. Currently, there is a paucity of health research regarding Métis maternal and prenatal in Canada. Prenatal care is a frequently used health service that can reduce the incidence of perinatal morbidity and mortality and measures of adequate prenatal care have been established in the Canadian context. The objective of our study is to examine the receipt of adequate prenatal care among mothers who are citizens of the Métis Nation of Ontario (MNO) who had a live birth between 2012 and 2022. This population-based study will use the MNO citizenship registry linked to health administrative and demographic databases in Ontario, Canada’s most populous province. Results and ConclusionThere were 2,615 live births to Métis mothers registered with the MNO between 2012 and 2022. Métis mothers were younger and more likely to live in a rural location relative to other Ontarian mothers. Analysis is still ongoing and results on prenatal care adequacy will be presented. ImplicationsThe findings may be used to inform MNO’s Healthy Babies Healthy Children program, designed to support Métis mothers, children, and families from prenatal to six years of age across Ontario. The program’s goal is to ensure equitable access to resources, support, and knowledge for Métis families, so their children have the best possible opportunity to thrive.

Home‐based elderly care development in Hebei Province, China: A systematic literature review

AbstractHebei, one of China's most populous provinces, is facing increasing pressure on its elderly care services due to a rapidly aging population. Home‐Based Elderly Care (HBEC) has emerged as a potential solution to alleviate this pressure. However, this care model is significantly impacted by various external environmental changes. The study employed a literature analysis method, conducting a PEST analysis, to examine the environmental factors influencing the progress of HBEC in Hebei Province, China. The findings offer novel research perspectives to inform strategic development in the HBEC industry. The study identified 19 environmental factors, both favorable and adverse, shaping the development of HBEC in Hebei Province. Based on these findings, the study recommends integrating laws, regulations, and systems, clarifying government roles, optimizing funding structure, expanding service delivery channels, enhancing public awareness of elderly care, and broadening professional talent development pathways. These insights can be valuable for policymakers, educators, and researchers seeking to understand the challenges and opportunities in the field, ultimately improving the well‐being of China's elderly population.

Longer-term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)-related healthcare: a province-based study

RationaleFollowing marked reductions in sleep medicine care early in the COVID-19 pandemic, there is limited information about the recovery of these services. We explored long-term trends in obstructive sleep apnoea...

The Impact of Firefighters’ Emotional Labor on Job Performance: The Moderating Effects of Transactional and Transformational Leadership

Our study leverages insights from the conservation of resources theory and job demands–resources theory to explore the relationship between two types of emotional labor—surface acting and deep acting—and job performance among firefighters. Furthermore, we assess the moderating roles of transactional and transformational leadership within this framework. Using hierarchical multiple regression models, we analyzed data from 1453 firefighters in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea’s most populous province. The findings reveal that surface acting adversely affects job performance, whereas deep acting exerts no significant impact. The relationships between these two types of emotional labor are contingent on transactional and transformational leadership. The policy implications of this study include the need to manage employees’ emotional labor by distinguishing between surface and deep acting as well as the need for efforts and alternatives to facilitate transactional and transformational leadership.

Analysis Of Factors Influencing The Poverty Rate In Central Java Province Using Panel Data Regression

The issue of poverty in Indonesia has become a severe problem, particularly in Central Java Province, the third most populous province in Indonesia. The population of Central Java Province is approximately 36.74 million people, and it ranks second in having the highest poverty rate in Indonesia after East Java. Over the years, there has been an increase in poverty, peaking in 2021 at 11.79%. This study aims to model the poverty rate in Central Java Province using five independent variables, including provincial minimum wage, school participation rate, open unemployment rate, population density, and dependency ratio, using panel data regression and to identify the factors influencing the poverty rate. Three approaches used in panel data regression consist of the Common Effect Model (CEM), Fixed Effect Model (FEM), and Random Effect Model (REM). Based on the parameter testing results with panel data regression, it can be concluded that the best model for analyzing the factors influencing the poverty rate in Central Java Province is the FEM approach. The testing results with the FEM approach obtained a regression model Yit=7,290131+7,72×10-7X1it -0,021603X2it+0,086597X3it+ 8,27×10-5X4it+ 0,065326X5it. Provincial minimum wage, open unemployment rate, and dependency ratio variables positively and significantly affect the poverty rate in Central Java Province. In contrast, the population density has a positive but not significant effect. Meanwhile, the school participation rate has a negative and not significant effect.

PENGARUH GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN GUBERNUR RIDWAN KAMIL TERHADAP KUALITAS PELAYANAN DI JAWA BARAT

This study aims to describe the significance of the influence of the leadership style of the West Java Governor for the 2018-2023 period on the quality of public services in the West Java Provincial Government in 2023. West Java Province is the most populous province in Indonesia, so it is a challenge for the West Java provincial government to provide excellent public services for all its citizens. The influence of a leader who can make efforts to improve the quality of public services is needed. The method used is quantitative. The data collection technique was carried out by distributing questionnaires to 100 respondents. In this research, a series of statistical data analysis was carried out to test the proposed hypothesis, the results of which were presented descriptively. The results obtained were 14.190>1.661 with a significance value of <0.001 and a correlation of 0.820 or in a very strong category. Where the leadership style of the West Java Governor for the 2018-2023 period has an effect of 66.9% on the quality of public services in the West Java Provincial Government in 2023.

244 Profile & Pattern of Cancer Care in The Most Populous Province in Sumatra: Single Center Experience

244 Profile & Pattern of Cancer Care in The Most Populous Province in Sumatra: Single Center Experience

Comparative analysis of leukemia and risk estimation in working age population between provinces of Ecuador.

Leukemia is associated with exposure to radiation, benzene derivatives, and pesticides. Previous research has documented an increase in work-related leukemia in the Latin American Andean region. To date, there are only few studies in Ecuador on the impact of oil exploitation on adjacent indigenous communities. Our study aims to show the impact of leukemia on the working-age population. For the calculation of morbidity and mortality rates, we used hospital discharge and death records from the National Institute of Statistics of Ecuador. These data were collected and adjusted to the corresponding province's population for further analysis. Large differences were observed between provinces in adjusted rates of leukemia mortality and morbidity in the working-age population. The variations in altitude among different areas in Ecuador give the provinces a distinct geographic identity. Likewise, the provinces with the highest morbidity and mortality rankings, such as Azuay, Loja, Imbabura, and Tungurahua, have an average altitude above 2000 meters. As a result, there are variations in the average temperature, exposure to solar and cosmic radiation, and mining and farming methods. The observed differences warrant the future collection of geolocation data for affected individuals. This could help to better understand how leukemia cases have demogrpahic hotspots in the country, identify possible risk factors associated with the disease in each region, and design more effective prevention and control strategies.

Seasonal Variations in Stroke Occurrence.

Understanding seasonal variations in stroke can help stakeholders identify underlying causes in seasonal trends, and tailor resources appropriately to times of highest needs. We sought to evaluate the seasonal occurrence of stroke and its subtypes. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using administrative data from January 1st, 2003, to December 31st, 2017, in Ontario, Canada's most populous province. We evaluated seasonal variations in stroke occurrence by subtype, via age/sex standardized rates and adjusted rate ratios using Poisson regressions. In those with stroke, we evaluated 30-day case fatality risks by season, adjusted for age, sex, stroke type, and comorbid conditions, and then used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate the effect of season on the fatality. The administrative data used in this study were from the Canadian Institute for Health Information's Discharge Abstract Database, the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System Database, the Ontario Registered Persons Database, and the 2006 and 2011 Canada Census and linked administrative databases. During our study period, we observed 394,145 strokes or TIA events, with a decrease in monthly hospitalization/emergency department visits per 100,000 people between January 2003 and December 2017 from 24.22 to 17.43. Compared to the summer, overall stroke occurrence was similar in the spring but slightly lower in the fall (adjusted rate ratio [aRR] 0.97, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.96-0.98) and winter (aRR 0.94, 95% CI: 0.94-0.95). There were minor variations by stroke subtype. Winter was associated with the highest risk of stroke case fatality compared to the summer (12.4% vs. 11.4%, adjusted hazard ratio 1.10, 95% CI: 1.07-1.13). We found seasonal variations in stroke occurrence and case fatality, although the absolute differences were small. Further work is needed to better understand how environmental or meteorological factors might affect stroke risk.

Cost Evaluation of the Ontario Virtual Urgent Care Pilot Program: Population-Based, Matched Cohort Study.

In 2020, the Ministry of Health (MoH) in Ontario, Canada, introduced a virtual urgent care (VUC) pilot program to provide alternative access to urgent care services and reduce the need for in-person emergency department (ED) visits for patients with low acuity health concerns. This study aims to compare the 30-day costs associated with VUC and in-person ED encounters from an MoH perspective. Using administrative data from Ontario (the most populous province of Canada), a population-based, matched cohort study of Ontarians who used VUC services from December 2020 to September 2021 was conducted. As it was expected that VUC and in-person ED users would be different, two cohorts of VUC users were defined: (1) those who were promptly referred to an ED by a VUC provider and subsequently presented to an ED within 72 hours (these patients were matched to in-person ED users with any discharge disposition) and (2) those seen by a VUC provider with no referral to an in-person ED (these patients were matched to patients who presented in-person to the ED and were discharged home by the ED physician). Bootstrap techniques were used to compare the 30-day mean costs of VUC (operational costs to set up the VUC program plus health care expenditures) versus in-person ED care (health care expenditures) from an MoH perspective. All costs are expressed in Canadian dollars (a currency exchange rate of CAD $1=US $0.76 is applicable). We matched 2129 patients who presented to an ED within 72 hours of VUC referral and 14,179 patients seen by a VUC provider without a referral to an ED. Our matched populations represented 99% (2129/2150) of eligible VUC patients referred to the ED by their VUC provider and 98% (14,179/14,498) of eligible VUC patients not referred to the ED by their VUC provider. Compared to matched in-person ED patients, 30-day costs per patient were significantly higher for the cohort of VUC patients who presented to an ED within 72 hours of VUC referral ($2805 vs $2299; difference of $506, 95% CI $139-$885) and significantly lower for the VUC cohort of patients who did not require ED referral ($907 vs $1270; difference of $362, 95% CI 284-$446). Overall, the absolute 30-day costs associated with the 2 VUC cohorts were $18.9 million (ie, $6.0 million + $12.9 million) versus $22.9 million ($4.9 million + $18.0 million) for the 2 in-person ED cohorts. This costing evaluation supports the use of VUC as most complaints were addressed without referral to ED. Future research should evaluate targeted applications of VUC (eg, VUC models led by nurse practitioners or physician assistants with support from ED physicians) to inform future resource allocation and policy decisions.

The Influence of Financial Inclusion and Internet Access on the Income of Poor Households

West Java is the most populous province and has high levels of unemployment and poverty in Indonesia. This research analyzes the impact of financial inclusion and internet access on poor households' income in West Java. The study uses data from the March 2022 Social and Economic Survey by the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics and applies an econometric model. The analysis introduces a novel approach by categorizing poverty based on the poverty line, specifically targeting the lowest 20% and 40% of income-earning households. This method allows for a deeper understanding of financial inclusion and internet access's impact on these segments. The findings highlight that financial inclusion and internet access positively influence the income of poor households. Specifically, savings ownership increases the income of poor households. Access to credit positively affects income for the lowest 40% income bracket. However, internet access mainly influences sales and purchases within the 40% lowest income group, with limited use in purchasing activities.