Population In Countries Research Articles

Japa model: A mathematical framework for analyzing brain drain in Africa

In Nigeria, Africa’s most populous country, the concept of japa in which people flee harsh economic circumstances in quest of better possibilities, has become more common. This study investigates the critical problem of brain drain in Nigeria as the largest populated country in Africa, concentrating on the reasons that contribute to the phenomena, such as a lack of access to lucrative opportunities and widespread inequality. The study examined the dynamics of migration using a mathematical model that accounts for the population of the emigration source, the number of opportunities at the source, the size of the emigration population, and the population of returnees. We estimated the model’s parameters based on actual data from trusted sources. We derived and explained the basic emigration number, emigration-free, and persistent emigration equilibrium states of the model. Sensitivity studies were used to understand how different model parameters affect the emigration rate and the basic emigration number. This analysis highlights the relationship between economic, societal, and personal factors that influence migration, providing valuable insights for policymakers and scholars addressing migration issues. Our findings emphasize the necessity of developing equitable opportunities to mitigate brain drain and suggest strategies for retaining talent within the country.

Harnessing Solar Energy for Green EV Charging Stations at Indian Highways

The modern-day world is largely dependent on transportation. This is burdening and exhausting fossil fuel resources. In converse, this also increases greenhouse gases. People and the Automobile industry are now focusing on greener and cleaner alternatives. Electric Vehicles, despite having range anxiety, and a lack of proportionate battery charging/swapping infrastructure are a far more viable option than their ICE counterparts. Being an emerging economy, it is primarily focused on developing infrastructure. This is the best time for India to make its resources self-reliant and multi-purpose serving. India is a populous country, and meeting its energy requirements is difficult, let alone charging stations at remote locations. According to reports signaled by NITI Aayog, India is ambitious of converting 30% of its vehicles to EVs. This paper analyses the feasibility and requirements for setting up charging stations at various public and remote locations. Such an analysis would help in drawing significant conclusions and possible solutions to reduce the range anxiety of Electric Vehicles. Keywords: Electric Vehicle, charging station, Toll booth, highways

Application of solar thermal collectors for milk pasteurization to explore the potential of renewable energy in the dairy sector: Challenges and possibilities

Dairy farming has become a key business to fulfill the daily milk needs in populated countries like India. Conversely, pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in raw milk are killed by applying different heat treatments to increase shelf life, preserve quality, and ensure safety. Among the heat treatment processes used at the dairy plant, pasteurization consumes a significant amount of heat, which increases the energy demand in the dairy sector. Since milk pasteurization occurs between 65°C and 150°C, multiple solar thermal collector alternatives are available for various kinds of pasteurization processes. Employing solar thermal collectors for milk pasteurization allows the dairy sector to use free solar energy. Solar energy in milk heat treatments minimizes fuel and power consumption, reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainability. However, solar milk pasteurization in dairy sector is limited by the large area requirement, high initial cost, and weather dependency. There have been attempts to use different types of solar thermal collectors to pasteurize the milk in an effort to replace conventional energy usage with solar energy. The parameters of milk heat treatment, primarily pasteurization, have been discussed concerning energy usage. The benefits and limitations of various solar collectors for milk pasteurization and other heating applications in the dairy sector have been addressed. Multiple studies on integrating various solar thermal collectors with different pasteurization systems have been reviewed, summarized, and concluded.

Social and environmental risk factors for canine leptospirosis: A scoping review.

Canine leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of global importance. The identification of social and environmental risk factors remains limited and is needed for planning interventions. Our objectives were to summarise the global trends in social and environmental risk factors for canine leptospirosis and to identify knowledge gaps. We searched peer-reviewed and grey literature for observational studies on canine leptospirosis written in English. Variables assessed via formal statistical tests were recorded and categorised into thematic risk factor groups. The risk factors were summarised by the number of unique studies and their direction of association. Of the 3184 articles identified, 66 met the inclusion criteria. Eight environmental and three social risk factor groups were identified. Exposure to animals and water was commonly studied, but social risk factors were infrequently examined. Most studies were conducted on populations in higher-income countries and countries in the Americas. Several limitations were encountered, including inconsistent study designs and measurement and control of variables as well as disproportionate representation of studies from the Americas and higher-income countries. The weight and quality of evidence for social and environmental risk factors were highly variable. Additional research following standard reporting guidelines to improve transparency and increase generalisability to different contexts is needed.

Conflicting identities: cosmopolitan or anxious? Appreciating concerns of host country population improves attitudes towards immigrants

Abstract This paper connects insights from the literature on cosmopolitan worldviews and the effects of perspective-taking in political science, (intergroup) anxiety in social psychology, and identity economics in a vignette-style experiment. In particular, we asked German respondents about their attitudes towards a Syrian refugee, randomizing components of his description (N = 662). The main treatment describes the refugee as being aware of and empathetic towards potential worries in the German population about cultural change, costs, and violence associated with refugee inflows. This perspective-taking by the refugee increases the reported ability to empathize with the refugee and, especially for risk-averse people, reported sympathy and trust. We argue that acknowledging the potential concerns of the host population relieves the tension between an anxious and a cosmopolitan/open part of people’s identities. Moreover, relieved tension renders people less defensive; i.e. when one aspect of identity is already acknowledged (expressing anxieties), it has less influence on actual behavior (expressing sympathy). In addition, previous contact with foreigners and a higher willingness to take risks are important factors in determining an individual’s willingness to interact with refugees.

Перспективы развития рынка мяса и мясной продукции России в условиях новых вызовов

Abstract. Topicality of adjusting the targets of agri-food policy and food security policy in Russia is determined by changes in both external and internal conditions for agri-food complex functioning. Macroeconomic forecasts create the basis for revising and adapting the directions of development of the main sectors of the agri-food complex. The purpose of this study is to develop alternative forecasts for the production and consumption of main types of meat and meat products in Russia to substantiate strategies for domestic market development. Methods. General scientific methods of cognition were used, such as dialectics, analysis and synthesis, and monographic methods. Forecast calculations were carried out using economic and mathematical methods. The scientific novelty of the study is as follows: the development of a methodological approach to substantiate the prospects for the development of meat and meat products production considering the balance of the meat products market and the consistency of conflicting targets in the field of import substitution, physical and economic accessibility of food for the country's population. The methodological recommendations developed during the study can serve as the scientific basis for midterm development programs of individual segments of the Russian food market. Results. It was revealed that in the short term, new challenges related to economic sanctions and COVID-19 had minor impact on the meat and meat products market. Limiting barriers to development are systemic economic problems: demographic situation and low real income. Alternative forecasts for development of markets for the main types of meat were developed.

Immunomorphological insights into clinical variants of bullous pemphigoid in Moscow Region patients

Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune blistering dermatosis in which the pathogenesis is primarily characterized by the production of autoantibodies IgG and IgE against hemidesmosomal proteins (BP180 and BP230) and the disruption of T-cell immune response regulation. The classical understanding of the clinical course of bullous pemphigoid has undergone significant transformation in recent years due to the identification of numerous conditions that do not exhibit typical clinical presentations but are diagnosed as bullous pemphigoid based on immunofluorescence’s results. Often, when an atypical clinical form of bullous pemphigoid develops, a specialist physician may not have grounds to include bullous pemphigoid in the differential diagnosis. Consequently, specific diagnostic tests (such as immunomorphological examinations of skin biopsies) that would allow for the verification of this blistering dermatosis are not performed for the patient. Clearly, due to the absence of an accurate diagnosis, patients do not receive the necessary therapy. There is currently no information in the world literature regarding the frequency of atypical forms of bullous pemphigoid. However, it is known that bullous pemphigoid is a relatively common blistering dermatosis in the population of European countries, with a prevalence ranging from 2.4 to 66 cases per million people, depending on the region.

Public Healthcare System in China: Issues, challenges and survival strategies

Public Healthcare System in China faces numerous challenges due to the country's size, population, and socio-economic diversity. This paper intends to examine a modern management system for public hospitals to fulfil the needs of the society in the new era of China. It also explores the evolution of healthcare, growth of the healthcare sector, challenges, and survival strategies to the healthcare sector. With the strategic triangle as a base, the research will make attempts to translate the public value framework combined with the hospital context into a blueprint for solving some of the key challenges facing the healthcare service system.

Современные проблемы обеспечения продовольственной безопасности

The article examines the problems of food security and the sequence of their identification, by reviewing the main indicators of food security, analyzing some of them, forecasting for the period 2023-2025. Such an indicator as the consumer price index for basic food products, and also suggests ways to solve the problems of food supply. During the implementation of theoretical studies, the assumption was confirmed that the main solution to the problem of food security for the country's population is to stimulate the agro-industrial sector to increase production volumes with the active use of import substitution.

"An Integrated Model for Adopting Renewable Energy in IRAQ: A Standard Study for the Period (1992-2023)"

Data related to the study variables were collected for the period from 1992 to 2023, with the sample size reaching 31 observations for each variable. This research aims to review and analyze descriptive data for these multiple variables, which are related to different areas of renewable energy use and electricity consumption in Iraq. This research addresses important variables, including renewable energy, government policies related to it, and the level of public awareness of the subject. In addition, other variables such as electricity consumption, country's population, volume of imports and exports, economic growth, technological innovation, and foreign direct investment flows are analysed. The importance of this research is to understand the trends and factors influencing the field of renewable energy in Iraq, which can contribute to developing effective policies to promote the use of renewable energy and achieve environmental and economic sustainability in the country. Considering the negative impact, the variables EC (electricity consumption), NPG (population) and GP (economic growth) seem to have a negative impact on renewable energy production in the long run. Increased electrical consumption and population and economic growth can lead to increased demand for traditional sources of energy, reducing environmental sustainability and exposing the country to negative consequences in the future. On the other hand, the positive effect of the variables EG (economic growth), FDIF (foreign direct investment inflows), I (imports), PA (exports) and TI (technological innovation) on renewable energy production is shown. Increased investment in renewable energy infrastructure and adoption of clean technology can contribute to achieving environmental sustainability and boosting the economy. Using EViews 12 software, these variables will be analyzed according to available data with the aim of understanding trends, challenges and opportunities related to renewable energy in Iraq.

СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ СТАНДАРТЫ В СИСТЕМЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ РАЗВИТИЕМ СЕЛЬСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ

The main postulate of the May Decree of the President of Russia V. Putin "On the national development goals of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030 and for the future up to 2036" is the preservation of the country's population, strengthening its health, increasing well-being, and family support. It also declares the realization of the potential of each person, the development of his talents, the upbringing of a patriotic and socially responsible personality. All this is impossible without creating a comfortable and safe living environment, achieving environmental well-being, developing a sustainable and dynamic, technologically breakthrough economy, digital transformation of all spheres of public and municipal administration, economy and social infrastructure. In the context of the adopted course for the spatial development of the country, the achievement of the declared national goals should become a powerful incentive for the development of all territories of our large state, both urban and rural. The article provides an analysis of the development of rural areas in Russian Federation. The place of social standards in the management system of rural development is considered. Examples of successful development of the institute of minimum social standards within the CIS are shown. The necessity of developing a system document defining the essence of state minimum social standards has been identified. The lists and types of minimum social standards, the tasks they solve, and the scope of their action are defined.

Revolutionising the Indian Government School System with the Help of AI and other New Age Technological Developments

Education is essential for individuals to participate in a democratic society, enjoy their rights and fulfil their responsibilities. -John Dewey For a man to be able to negotiate a community life in fulfilling ways and develop a sense of autonomy is the elementary purpose of education. Hence a strong public education system is a requisite for the needs of all, even for the poor and marginalised sections of the society. The norm followed in India is to run behind private education institutes and run away from government schools because of the inadequate infrastructure and demotivated staff. Hence to break these shackles of stereotype mindset, implementing AI at government schools to maximise the quality of education and reach every part of the number one populous country stands important. Not just reaching a large number but also to alter the age-old pattern of learning, with the aid of new technologies and AI the learning process could be given a new direction where the needs of each learner will be met based upon their grasping and understanding of the subject. AI will also play a crucial role in beating the shortage of staff. Private organisations have adopted VR and AR to create immersive and engaging learning experiences, while other new-age technologies such as cloud computing, learning analytics, and blockchain are also used to achieve monopoly in the private education industry. The Indian government should invest in developing and implementing AI-powered learning platforms and other new-age technologies in government schools to serve every Indian who can not afford private institutions. The government should also provide training to teachers on how to use these technologies effectively with certification. By doing so, the Indian government can help to ensure that all students have access to a high-quality modern education. For a country as massive as India in terms of population and democracy both, implementing it is not an easy task, but if changes are made in the legislation to revolutionise the Government school system in India , days are not far where AI will take the whole education system on to an affirmative path. This whole research paper is an analysed perspective of the same topic.

Public Health Financing and Population Health: What Role Do Institutions Play?

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the multifaceted interactions among public health financing, institutions, and population health. It also sought to determine whether the efficacy of government health interventions to reduce child mortality and improve life expectancy in Africa's most populous country had been hampered by its institutional framework. The research analyzed the links among institutional, socioeconomic, and health variables using the autoregressive distributed lag estimator across a 37‐year period (1984–2020). The findings show that short‐term public health spending in Nigeria has a significant negative effect on health outcomes, whereas long‐term spending has a significant positive effect. Although public health financing significantly impacted long‐run life expectancy, its short‐run impact is statistically insignificant. Moreover, public health financing is positively linked with lower infant mortality in the long run but directly associated with higher rates in the short run. It further discovered that weak institutional framework is responsible for low life expectancy and high infant mortality. Institutions exert an unconditional significant negative impact on short‐ and long‐term health outcomes. Findings also show that both the short‐ and long‐term net effects of government health financing and institutions on the health outcomes are negative and statistically significant. So, institutions and public health financing are substitutes, with institutions unable to adequately improve their role in the public finance–health outcomes relations. Furthermore, the thresholds at which short‐ and long‐term institutional settings will modulate direct links between public finance and health outcomes are 5.01 and 2.62, respectively. Hence, the empirical findings validate the defective nature of the Nigerian institutional settings. Policy prescriptions for improving health outcomes are recommended based on the findings.

Population genetic analysis of Plasmodium vivax vir genes in Pakistan.

Plasmodium vivax variant interspersed repeats (vir) refer to the key protein used for escaping the host immune system. Knowledge in the genetic variation of vir genes can be used for the development of vaccines or diagnostic methods. Therefore, we evaluated the genetic diversity of the vir genes of P. vivax populations of several Asian countries, including Pakistan, which is a malaria-endemic country experiencing a significant rise in malaria cases in recent years. We analyzed the genetic diversity and population structure of 4 vir genes (vir 4, vir 12, vir 21, and vir 27) in the Pakistan P. vivax population and compared these features to those of the corresponding vir genes in other Asian countries. In Pakistan, vir 4 (S=198, H=9, Hd=0.889, Tajima's D value=1.12321) was the most genetically heterogenous, while the features of vir 21 (S=8, H=7, Hd=0.664, Tajima's D value =-0.63763) and vir 27 (S =25, H =11, Hd =0.682, Tajima's D value=-2.10836) were relatively conserved. Additionally, vir 4 was the most genetically diverse among Asian P. vivax populations, although within population diversity was low. Meanwhile, vir 21 and vir 27 among all Asian populations were closely related genetically. Our findings on the genetic diversity of vir genes and its relationships between populations in diverse geographical locations contribute toward a better understanding of the genetic characteristics of vir. The high level of genetic diversity of vir 4 suggests that this gene can be a useful genetic marker for understanding the P. vivax population structure. Longitudinal genetic diversity studies of vir genes in P. vivax isolates obtained from more diverse geographical areas are needed to better understand the function of vir genes and their use for the development of malaria control measures, such as vaccines.

Differences in Prevalence of Histologic Gastric Cancer Subtypes Between Mestizo and Mayan Populations in Guatemala.

Although the intestinal subtype of gastric cancer (GC) is most prevalent around the world, a relatively high prevalence of the diffuse subtype has been reported in some populations of Central American countries, including Guatemala. This study aimed to investigate whether differences exist in the prevalence of the two GC subtypes in the two main ethnic groups in Guatemala, namely Mayan and Mestizo (known as Ladino in Guatemala), between whom significant socioeconomic disparities exist, and to determine whether there is an association with Helicobacter pylori/CagA seropositivity. Participants included 65 patients with GC and 135 age-/sex-matched controls. Data on ethnicity, H. pylori and CagA seropositivity status, as well as tumor subtype (diffuse or intestinal) were collected. Logistic regression models were fitted to examine the relationship between predictor variables (age, sex, ethnicity, H. pylori, and CagA) and the binary response variable (tumor type). Model selection was based on the Akaike information criterion. The prevalence of diffuse GC was found to be significantly higher in the Mayan compared with the Mestizo population in Guatemala. Although seropositivity for CagA was significantly higher in patients with GC, there were no significant differences between the two GC subtypes. This study suggests that there are differences in the prevalence of intestinal and diffuse GC histologic subtypes between the two main ethnic groups in Guatemala. Further studies are warranted, given the potential higher prevalence of the more severe GC subtype in the most vulnerable population.

Factors Related To Family Planning After Birth In The Working Way Of Dadok Tunggul Hitam Public Health Centre In 2023

Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world with a population of 273,879,750. To overcome population problems and reduce TFR (Total Fertility Rate) with contraceptive services and spacing of pregnancies through post-coital family planning. One of the behavioral determinants associated with the use of post-saline family planning includes maternal knowledge, attitudes and husband support. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with the use of postpartum family planning in the working area of Dadok Tunggul Hitam Public Health Centre Padang City. This study is an analytic study with a cross sectional study approach with a sample size of 49 postpartum mothers using total sampling. Data analysis used univariate and bivariate with Chi-Square test. The results of the bivariate analysis showed that there was a relationship between the number of children, (p-value 0.006), knowledge (p-value 0.002), attitudes (p-value 0.007), and husband support (p-value 0.001) to the use of postpartum family planning.

Use of Bedinvetmab (Librela®) for Canine Osteoarthritis in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the UK: Quantitative Analysis of Veterinarian Satisfaction and Real-World Treatment Patterns.

Bedinvetmab (Librela®) represents a new class of canine osteoarthritis pain therapy. The aim of this study was to understand patient selection, usage behaviours, and satisfaction amongst veterinarians using bedinvetmab. Overall, 1932 patient record forms (PRF) were collected from 375 veterinarians across five countries in Europe. Veterinarians were asked to provide 5-7 PRF representing an average patient prescribed bedinvetmab. Veterinarian satisfaction with bedinvetmab usage averaged 8.0 out of 10.0 across all countries. Dissatisfaction as a reason for discontinuation was less than 1% for veterinarians. Veterinarians prescribed bedinvetmab broadly, across patient severity stages, weights, and ages. Adherence to monthly dosing per the product label was over 99%, and compliance with bedinvetmab treatment regimens was 85%. Following initiation of bedinvetmab, the proportion of patients requiring multiple pharmacological therapies for osteoarthritis pain fell from 47% to 31% (p < 0.05). After initiation of bedinvetmab, the mean total number of pharmacological therapies per patient across the population was 1.3, a reduction from 1.9 pre-treatment (p < 0.05). This investigation provides evidence on the benefit of bedinvetmab use post-launch in a broad population of dogs across the five most populous countries in western Europe. Compliance and satisfaction appear high and the use of other analgesic therapies to treat osteoarthritis pain is reduced in most cases following administration of bedinvetmab.

High-flow nasal cannula and in-line aerosolised bronchodilator delivery during severe exacerbation of asthma in adults: a feasibility observational study

BackgroundAsthma is a common chronic respiratory disease affecting 1–29% of the population in different countries. Exacerbations represent a change in symptoms and lung function from the patient's usual condition that requires emergency department (ED) admission. Recently, the use of a High-Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) plus an in-line vibrating mesh nebulizer (VMN) for aerosol drug delivery has been advocated in clinical practice. Thus, this pilot observational study aims to investigate the feasibility of HFNC treatment with VMN for in-line bronchodilator delivery in patients with severe asthma. MethodsThis study was conducted from May 2022 to May 2023. Subjects ≥18 years old with a previous diagnosis of asthma who were admitted to the ED during severe exacerbation were included. The primary endpoint was the change in peak expiratory flow ratio (PEFR) after 2-h of treatment with bronchodilator delivered by HFNC with in-line VMN. Additional outcomes were changes in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and clinical variables before treatment. Results30 patients, mean age of 43 (SD ± 16) years, mostly female (67%) were studied. A significant change in PEFR (147 ± 31 L/m vs. 220 ± 38 L/m; p < 0.001) was observed after treatment with HFNC and in-line VMN with significant improvement in clinical variables. And no subjects required invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) during the study. ConclusionsHFNC treatment with in-line VMN for bronchodilator delivery appears feasible and safe for patients with severe asthma exacerbation. These preliminary promising results should be confirmed with appropriately large-designed studies.

STATE AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN UKRAINE DURING THE LARGE-SCALE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR

The article examines approaches to understanding public diplomacy and the potential of «soft power». A brief overview of modern types of public diplomacy, in particular cultural and digital, is given, and the peculiarities of cultural diplomacy are revealed. The article highlights that in modern political science, several approaches to the study of public diplomacy and its components can be distinguished. They are due to the emergence of the concepts of «soft power», «smart power», «national branding», as well as the close interdisciplinary interaction of public diplomacy, political science, sociology, marketing, public relations and information technologies.It is noted that currently a lot of attention is paid to the use of public diplomacy in the implementation of foreign policy programs of the countries of the world, which is connected with the strengthening of the role of civil society: residents of different countries receive more tools to influence the institutions of power both in their country and abroad. Communication channels (both new and traditional) are gaining more and more importance, changing the formats and methods of working with the population of foreign countries. The increase in the number of military conflicts inevitably forces interested states to look for new forms of influence on the foreign public and to review current programs in the field of diplomacy.The problems of public diplomacy of Ukraine, the relationship between the concepts of «public diplomacy» and «propaganda» are considered.The current state of public diplomacy, as well as the peculiarities of its implementation during the Russian-Ukrainian war, are studied. Emphasis is placed on the conditions under which public diplomacy in Ukraine has to be implemented at the present time. It was noted that in the conditions of Russian aggression, public diplomacy of Ukraine became a profitable direction of conducting foreign policy thanks to the third wave of globalization, as a result of which the society finally moved from an industrial to an informational state. The main vectors of the development of public diplomacy of Ukraine are considered.

PREDICTING UNDERNUTRITION RISK FACTORS USING MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES IN NIGERIAN UNDER FIVE CHILDREN

Childhood undernutrition remains a critical global health challenge with far-reaching consequences. This study developed and compare predictive models for three key indicators of under-five child undernutrition in Nigeria: stunting, wasting, and underweight. By leveraging various machine learning (ML) algorithms, we identified the most significant socio-demographic determinants of these nutritional outcomes. The study utilizes data from the Nigerian Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS6) 2021, a comprehensive nationwide survey. Four ML algorithms were employed to predict the risk factors for the under-5 child nutritional status: k-nearest neighbors (KNN), random forest (RF), decision tree (DT), and logistic regression (LR). These models were evaluated and compared based on their predictive performance. The study encompasses households across Nigeria, providing a broad representation of the country's diverse population. Preliminary analysis reveals significant regional disparities in the prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight among Nigerian children. Among the four ML algorithms tested, the KNN model demonstrated superior predictive capability across all evaluation metrics, including accuracy (89.65%, 95.00%, 80.04%), precision (91.02%, 87.79%, 93.53), recall (99.98%, 100%, 100%), and F1-score (94.44%, 98.83%, 88.60%). This outperformance was consistent for all three undernutrition indicators. The KNN model, identified as the most effective predictor, highlighted several key determinants of childhood undernutrition. These factors varied somewhat across the three outcomes but commonly included: household wealth index, geopolitical zone, source of drinking water, child age, birth size, mother's education level, and residential area (urban/rural) among others. This study demonstrates the efficacy of machine learning approaches, particularly the KNN algorithm, in predicting and understanding the determinants of children undernutrition in Nigeria. The findings provide valuable insights for targeted interventions and policy formulation. These results can inform evidence-based decision-making and resource allocation in Nigeria's efforts to improve child nutrition and achieve related Sustainable Development Goals.