Popularity Research Articles

Queer counterpublic and queer fan activism in South Korean K-Pop fandom: A case study of ‘Rainbow MooMoo’

From 2017 to 2019, queer K-Pop fan organizations rapidly surfaced in Korean Twitter fandom. This article explores one such project, mujigae mumu (‘Rainbow MooMoo’), an organization of queer fans of the popular girl group Mamamoo (2014–present). Rainbow MooMoo’s project exemplifies recent scholarship on K-Pop fandom’s liberatory and political potentials, particularly those emerging from case studies in global and anglophone K-Pop fandom spaces. However, the mobilization of queer fans in South Korean K-Pop fandom prompts us to revisit and reinterpret K-Pop fandom as a subversive and political space in non-western contexts. Through a case study of Rainbow MooMoo, I highlight K-Pop fandom’s domestic political role by examining how queer fan activist organizations like Rainbow MooMoo act as a site for fans to find queer belonging and connect to a broader queer counterpublic network, facilitating K-Pop fans’ flow between private consumption and public political participation. In doing so, I also underscore how Korean fans’ positionality vis-à-vis K-Pop as a heteronormative and mainstream cultural mode uniquely shapes and limits fans’ political activities and expressions.

Plant Sources of Formulated Homoeopathic Drugs

A survey was conducted in the homoeopathic pharmacies in Chennai to study the plant sources of formulated homoeopathic drugs that are common and popularly sold in commercial outlets. This study deals with 127 homoeopathic medicinal plants that are used in various formulated preparations such as cosmetics, drops, oils, ointments, powders, tablets and tonics. Medicinal plants that are exclusively used as mother tinctures diluted and prescribed by homoeopathic practitioners for treatment are excluded. Many practitioners of homoeopathic system prescribe formulated drugs manufactured by the pharmaceutical companies that specialize in homoeopathic drugs. Another survey was conducted to explore the most frequent prescriptions given by the homoeopathic practitioners in Tamil Nadu. Plant sources of these prescriptions are studied. It is found that 34 of these plant sources are commonly used as ingredients in many formulated drugs sold in the commercial outlets.

The Longitudinal Effect of Peer-Nominated Popularity on Defending Behaviors in Chinese Adolescents: The Moderating Role of Manipulative Traits, Desired Popularity, and Gender.

The factors influencing popular adolescents to defend victims require further exploration, particularly concerning their traits and the desire for higher peer status. In this one-year longitudinal study, 2464 Chinese adolescents (48.50% girls, Mage = 13.40 years, SD = 0.61) were investigated to examine the relationship between peer-nominated popularity, manipulative traits, desired popularity, and defending behaviors. The results revealed that peer-nominated popularity had a positive predictive effect on Chinese adolescents' defending behaviors. Furthermore, this longitudinal association was accentuated by desired popularity and manipulative traits in girls but was not in boys. Specifically, popular girls with high desired popularity demonstrated a higher likelihood of engaging in defending behaviors compared to other girls. These findings carry significant implications for understanding the influencing factors behind peer status and adolescents' defending behaviors.

Study of Influential Factors That Affect LGBTQ’s Travel Destination Choice Decision

LGBTQ tourism is a very promising market with annual worldwide economic impact at more than 140 billion USD. The global LGBT tourism market is expected to reach US$ 568.5 Billion by 2030. The LGBT tourism market is important both economically and socially. LGBT travelers are often high-spending and frequent travelers, and their tourism dollars can have a significant impact on local economies. With the introduction of the 'pink dollar,' organizations hope to tap into members of the LGBTQ+ community who are willing to spend big. The 'pink dollar' refers to money spent by members of the LGBTQ community in the United States. It has boosted the US economy by billions of dollars. Additionally, by creating welcoming and inclusive travel experiences for LGBT individuals, the tourism industry can help promote greater acceptance and understanding of LGBT people around the world. LGBT travelers have unique needs and preferences when it comes to travel, and the tourism industry has responded with a range of products and services designed to meet these needs. These may include LGBT-friendly accommodation, events, and tours, as well as marketing and outreach efforts that specifically target the LGBT community.The purpose of this research is to study factors influencing LGBTQ’s Travel Destination Choice Decision. These factors include nine independent variables: Recommendations (RE), Popularity (PO), Destination Information (DI), Special Offers (SO), Nearness (NN), Amenities/Facilities (AF), Safety & Security (SS), Destination Features (DF), Strategic Fit (SF) and one dependent variable: Travel Behavior (TB). 400 sample were collected using electronic questionnaire through social media. We used Structural Equation Models (SEM) for data analysis. The result shows that since the RMSEA, which is an absolute fit index that assesses how far our hypothesized model is from a perfect model, for this model is .04 (<.05) which strongly indicates a “close fit” and the Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) value is .904 (>.90), the model seems to fit well according to the descriptive measures of fit. More importantly, Recommendations (RE) and Safety & Security (SS) are significantly defined as significant influential factors that affect LGBTQ’s travel destination choice decision due to their p-values are equal and less than .05. That means LGBTQ choose their travel destination if it’s strongly recommended by friends & family, online & social media, and customer positive review & sharing tips. Moreover LGBTQ prefer the destinations that offer personal safety and safe accommodation and destinations that they won’t be taken advantage of financially i.e. safe and sound destinations without being scammed.

Homophilic social networks and school adjustment among primary school pupils: Results and implications from a Zimbabwean study

Social network patterns were explored among Zimbabwean rural school pupils to determine their peer preferences and statuses. Participants were 173 school pupils attending grades 4–6 in a rural school in Zimbabwe (76 boys; 97 girls; age range 9 years to 12 years). The pupils completed a peer social statuses nomination measure, and a subsample of them participated in a brief interview to elaborate on their nominations. In addition, documents held by the school were analysed for context. Descriptive analysis of the data yielded four peer social statuses of popular (40%), accepted (30%), rejected (10%), and neglected (20%). Reasons for popularity included being good-mannered and possessing good socialising habits, as well as being outstanding in class. Boys who held positions of authority like class monitor and shared readily were popular. Girls’ social statuses were explained by good socialising habits and sharing available resources with others. Boys’ key popularity attributes were mathematical skills, as they would help the less able in class. Popular girls were also good at mathematics and socialising. The findings validate the view that social networking is significant to the prediction of social well-being among middle primary school pupils, and important for the children’s school engagement, or overall school adjustment.

Study of Factors Influencing Consumer to Adopt Cryptocurrency

Cryptocurrencies have become one of the most traded financial assets in the last decade. The first half of 2022 will not be easily forgotten by the crypto faithful as it shifted investor sentiment after a monster cryptocurrency rally in 2021 that saw bitcoin (BTC) and altcoins scale multiple record peaks. Just as users were getting comfortable with their passive DeFi incomes, Terra and its non-collaterised stablecoin collapsed in a sensational turn of events. Three Arrows Capital (3AC), a crypto hedge fund that managed assets worth about $10bn at its peak, went bankrupt as falling crypto prices forced liquidations of collateralized loans and leveraged trading positions across the industry, aggravating the sell-off. Investor sentiment plummeted as crypto lending platforms like Celsius and Babel suspended withdrawals for clients. Investor sentiment plummeted as crypto lending platforms like Celsius and Babel suspended withdrawals for clients. The future of cryptocurrency still remains unclear. Given all these mess, we would like to know what factors could actually influence consumer adoption of cryptocurrency from here on out.The purpose of this research is to study factors influencing consumer to adopt cryptocurrency. These factors include seven independent variables: Convenience (CV), Popularity (PL), Usefulness (UF), Credibility (CD), Recommendations (RC), Price Stability (PS) and Risk (RK) and one dependent variable: Crypto Behavior (BH). 400 sample were collected using electronic questionnaire through social media. We used Structural Equation Models (SEM) for data analysis. The result shows that Since the RMSEA, which is an absolute fit index that assesses how far our hypothesized model is from a perfect model, for this model is .047 (<.05) which strongly indicates a “close fit” and the Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) value is .934 (>.90), the model seems to fit well according to the descriptive measures of fit. More importantly Popularity (PL), Usefulness (UF), Credibility (CD), Recommendations (RC) and Risk (RK) seem to have significant effects on influencing consumer to adopt cryptocurrency due to their p-values are both less than .05. That means as long as cryptocurrency is becoming more popular, useful, credible and highly recommended by key stakeholders (friends & family, professionals and influencers) with better risk management, consumer will be more welcome to adopt cryptocurrency as both day-to-day currency and investment alternative. One interesting finding is that Price Stability (PS) of cryptocurrency that we’ve seen over and over again especially post-covid doesn’t seem to significantly impact much of consumer adoption.

‘Fashion, you’re incomprehensible!’ Teenage girls, Jackie magazine and fashion as a negotiated social statement in the early 1970s

The hugely popular girls’ magazineJackie(1964–93) was a significant source of guidance for its readers on a range of matters, including fashion. This article analyses archive editions ofJackieheld in the Femorabilia collection at Liverpool John Moores University to re-examine its fashion content during a period marked by a shift in emphasis from creativity to consumption. It also revisits Angela McRobbie’s highly influential research onJackie, arguing thatJackie’s fashion coverage fulfils a broader social role than simply supporting the ‘ideology of femininity’ that McRobbie’s contemporaneous work identifies as central to the magazine. Examining issues from 1973 to 1974 illuminates a period which is more nuanced than is often suggested, and which is marked by both continuity and also substantial change.Jackie’s depiction of early 1970s girlhood shows the necessity of negotiating public space for teenage girls. Its fashion content represents the balance of moderation, experimentation and adaptability offered by theJackiereader’s self-presentation. Findings demonstrate the heterogeneous meanings on offer in the magazine: whileJackiereaders are urged to show restraint in engaging with fashion, they are also encouraged to explore the wider world, dressed and ready for it.

Femininity, Science, and Religion on Tour in Almira Phelps’s Caroline Westerley (1833)

Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps’s first adolescent girls’ novel Caroline Westerley: or, the Young Traveller from Ohio (1833) is a travelogue of the Great Lakes and the Hudson River valley. Given Phelps’s educational and scientific work, it has been viewed as another effort to disseminate scientific knowledge. This article argues first that Phelps situated her novel within the context of a highly popular girls’ tour, which held considerable personal and ideological meaning. Second, it maintains that Phelps used the novel to reflect upon models of femininity, arguing in favor of one in which the life of the mind, including a lifelong interest in science and religion, occupied a central place, and against one focused on consumerism and the body. The article closes with a reflection on the ways in which Phelps’s ideas regarding opposing models of femininity fit with Joan Brumberg’s argument regarding the rise of consumerism and its effect on girls’ bodies at the turn of the century. The article is based on a reading of Phelps’s fictional text alongside her nonfictional text Lectures to Young Ladies (1833).

합창작품에 나타난 대중적 켈틱 요소의 특징 연구 - 마이클 맥글린의 《켈틱 미사》를 중심으로 -

Celtic music is folk music of the Celtic as ancestor in Ireland with characteristics and exotic sound has adopted popular materials of culture including lyric and romantic melodie s. This paper analyzed the first movement, <Kyrie> and the last movement, <the Lord’s Praye r> in 《Celtic Mass》 by Michael McGlynn who employed principally celtic materials as popul ar music in the choir. Generally the celtic music was for solo for voice and chamber music before, according to this study the celtic choral music this study have an object in view to show popular value of Celtic Mass with convergence in choral music. There are church mode s with contemporary techniques in Michael McGlynn’s choral music from point of view of conv ergence and compromise with celtic music. As a result of it, McGlynn’s choral music has become creative and popular. In conclusion, his choral music has been femilar and modern in contemporary choral music in western music including America. In addition his choral mus ic. This Celtic Mass has raised newly interest of audience in the popular choral music with new and exotic sound.

Factors Influencing Chinese Consumers’ Desire to Use E-payment in Thailand

As Corona virus pandemic has become a major driving force of seismic shift in how people shop and pay all over the world. These new consumer preferences of e-Payment are here to stay and will continue to shape the next normal for everyone involved in this whole new ecosystem for the years to come. Therefore all key stakeholders need to understand what factors influence and shape this changing market dynamics and shifting consumer expectations for these new e-Payment trends in order to remain competitive and thrive. Since Thailand has become tourist destination of Chinese. Consequently, e-Payment is becoming popular in recent years especially during Covid-19 pandemic. The purpose of this research is study of Factors influencing Chinese consumers’ desire to use e-Payment in Thailand. These factors are Benefits (BN), Trust &amp; Security (TS), User friendly (UF), Technology (TN), Popularity (PP), Culture (CU), Government Policy (GP), Social Pressure (SP), Pop Culture (PC), Product value (PD) and e-Payment behavior (EP). 400 sample were collected using electronic questionnaire through social media such as Facebook, WeChat and Line. We used second-order Structural Equation Models (SEM) for data analysis. The result shows that RMSEA is .052 (&lt;.06) which strongly indicates a “close fit” and the Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) value is .900, the model seems to fit well according to the descriptive measures of fit. More importantly, Trust &amp; Security (TS) and second-order latent variable called Product value (PD) which represents User friendly (UF) and Technological aspects (TN) of e-Payment system seem to have significant effects on customer desire to use e-Payment due to their p-values are both less than .05. That means if e-Payment operators can provide highly-secure, high-tech, and user-friendly e-Payment system that can be trusted, people will be more likely to switch to use e-Payment to replace cards and cash any day. The results found in this research will help all key stakeholders—businesses, merchants, issuers and regulators alike—shape their strategy and identify critical technologies, rules and regulations to best position their organization for growth and support a rapid evolution of e-Payment methods in the new normal.

IS THE CRYPTOCURRENCY POLICY UNCERTAINTY A DETERMINANT OF BITCOIN’S PRICE?

This study attempts to answer the question: “Is the Cryptocurrency Policy Uncertainty (UCRY Policy) a determinant of the Bitcoin’s price (BTC)?”. Besides, this study uses these factors as explanatory variables for the BTC movements alongside the UCRY Policy and control variables such as the velocity of the Bitcoin in circulation (BC), the computational power of Bitcoin (HR), popularity (PO), and exchange rate (EX). In the study, December 30, 2013- February 21, 2021, was determined as the term and weekly data were investigated. The ARDL bounds testing method was used to determine the relationship between the variables. According to empirical findings, this study suggests that the UCRY Policy is essential to the BTC. There is a negative relationship between UCRY Policy and BTC. When UCRY Policy increases, BTC decreases, holding other variables constant. Besides, this study shows that control variables can be used as determinants of BTC. In long run, BC and HR have a significant, positive relationship with BTC. The EX has a significant, negative relationship with BTC. The PO has a significant, positive relationship with BTC in the short run. In addition, this study demonstrates that UCRY Policy can be used as a type of uncertainty index for Bitcoin.

Breasts, Butts, and Thighs—Oh My! Weight Spurt and Body Image Messages in Girls’ Puberty Books

Analyze popular girls’ puberty books to understand what messages they portray about weight spurt and body image. A critical ethnography was conducted of 13 best-selling books about girls’ puberty. This analysis specifically focused on messages about weight gain/spurt and body image presented in the books and whether these were aligned with larger cultural understandings of weight gain and body image. A data-driven thematic analysis was conducted on the portions of each book relevant to weight gain and body image. The cultural fat-phobic scripts were prevalent in the books, contrasting the well-intended developmental messages. Discussions of weight tended to be negatively framed and weight gain expectations were distressingly vague. The books discussed the necessity of and biological rationale for those changes while normalizing variation in timing. The books also focused on developing a positive body image during this time. Understanding this allows us to see the pervasive, conflicting messages about weight-spurts that girls are receiving from these resources, which can be used to tailor book choice and outreach programs.

Teen Girls\u2019 Experiences Negotiating the Ubiquitous Dick Pic: Sexual Double Standards and the Normalization of Image Based Sexual Harassment

A range of important studies have recently explored adult women’s experiences of receiving unwanted dick pics (Amundsen, 2020). However, to date there has been limited research that has explored teen girls’ experiences of receiving unwanted penis images in depth. To address this gap we draw upon our findings from a qualitative study using focus group interviews and arts based drawing methods to explore social media image sharing practices with 144 young people aged 11–18 in seven secondary schools in England. We argue that being bombarded with unwanted dick pics on social media platforms like Snapchat normalises harassing practices as signs of desirability and popularity for girls, but suggest that being sent unsolicited dick pics from boys at school is more difficult for girls to manage or report than ignoring or blocking random older senders. We also found that due to sexual double standards girls were not able to leverage dick pics for status in the same way boys can use girls’ nudes as social currency, since girls faced the possibility of being shamed for being known recipients of dick pics. Finally we explore how some girls challenge abusive elements of toxic masculinity in the drawing sessions and our conclusion argues that unwanted dick pics should always be understood as forms of image based sexual harassment.

Chinese expert consensus on classification of intraocular lenses (2021)

In recent years, with the popularization of refractive cataract surgery and the concept of precision surgery, the material, shape and function of intraocular lenses are constantly improved, updated and diversified. To unify the classification standard of intraocular lenses in China, Chinese Cataract Society has reached a consensus based on the current medical situation in China after thorough discussions. This work is devoted to providing ophthalmologists and relevant departments with personalized selection and management in clinical practice, and providing guidance for clinical and basic research. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2021, 57: 495-501).

Objective Assessment of Physical Activity and Associated Contexts During High School Sport Practices.

Background: Organized sports provide children and adolescents with opportunities to achieve recommended amounts of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and schools are a primary setting for sports programs. The main aims of this study were to examine participant physical activity (PA) levels during the most popular high school sports in the United States and to assess the influences of practice contextual factors on PA levels.Methods: Participant PA and its contexts were assessed during practices for the 10 most popular girls' and boys' high school sports in the United States. Data were obtained during 598 practice sessions in 12 schools in North Carolina using a validated direct observation instrument (System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT). A regression model was applied to understand the association between sport context and athletes' PA.Results: Overall, athletes were observed engaging in MVPA 60% of practice time. MVPA varied among sports and levels were highly influenced by practice contexts. Among girls' sports, cross country and soccer practices provided the highest proportion of MVPA and MVPA percent during boys' practice sessions was highest during cross country and track and field. Practice contexts were associated with MVPA accrual with time allocated for gameplay and fitness activities associated with the highest levels of PA.Conclusions: The results contribute to an understanding of which sports and how their practices are conducted facilitate increased PA. Findings indicate athletes accrue substantial amounts of PA during high school practices, but that it varies from sport to sport. As well, the context that characterizes sport practices is a significant determinant in how much PA occurs. Most sports that emphasized game simulation, fitness, and skill development drills had higher levels of MVPA. Given the length and frequency of practices and how the content is delivered, we can accurately predict how much PA athletes are likely to achieve during a given sport season. The findings from this study demonstrate that sport can make a useful, if not sufficient role in helping high school athletes reach recommended PA levels. PA engagement can be optimized by attending to the management of contexts surrounding the sports.

Current methodologies and algorithms used to identify and quantify pollutants in sub-basins: A review

Over the past few years, water quality has been threatened and is vulnerable to various pollutants and climate variables. The deteriorating state of water resources/bodies has been further exacerbated by the impacts of climate change patterns in Southern Africa. Therefore, modelling and predicting the quality of water in sub-basins has become important in controlling water pollution. Remote sensing techniques gained popularity over the past few years as these techniques have been used to monitor water quality parameters such as suspended sediments, chlorophyll, temperature and other parameters in surface water bodies. Furthermore, optical and thermal sensors on aircrafts and satellites provide both spatial and temporal information needed to monitor changes in water quality parameters, for the development of management practices which seek to improve the quality of water, at sub-basin level. Thus, the integration of remotely sensed data, geographical information system (GIS), machine learning technologies and in-situ measurements provide valuable tools to monitor the impacts of climate change on water quality. According to literature cited in this paper, measurements and collection of water samples for subsequent laboratory analyses are currently used to evaluate water quality, not only in the South African context but in other developing countries as well. While such measurements are accurate for a point in time and space, they do not give either the spatial or temporal view of water quality needed for accurate assessments and management of water bodies. Hence, the need for and purpose of this study, to explore and review current methodologies and algorithms used to identify microbial and other pollutants that have increased above standard thresholds in sub-basins. Key words: Water quality, remote sensing, modeling, algorithms, pollutants.

Popularity versus quality: analyzing and predicting the success of highly rated crowdfunded projects on Amazon

Popularity versus quality: analyzing and predicting the success of highly rated crowdfunded projects on Amazon

Chinese expert consensus on function-preserving gastrectomy for gastric cancer (2021 edition)

With the development of surgical treatment for gastric cancer, under the premise of ensuring the effect of surgical treatment, the objectives of preserving the function of stomach, diminishing the influence of quality of life and keeping the outcome of treatment, are the expectation of patients and the goal of surgeons. The emerge of function-preserving gastrectomy (FPG) indicates that the surgical treatment of gastric cancer steps into the individualized and precision era. Because the concept and operation procedures of FPG have not achieved consensus, the Gastrointestinal Surgery Branch, Surgery Branch, Chinese Medical Association (CMA) with Chinese Society of Surgical Oncology of Chinese Medical Doctor Association(CMDA), Chinese Society of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeon of CMDA, Stomach and Intestines Committee of Chinese Anticancer Association, convenes some experts to summarize the recent literatures and discuss to reach the consensus about the FPG in the treatment of early gastric cancer. The definition of FPG is as follows: without compromising the oncological efficacy of early gastric cancer, decrease of the operational scale, selection of optimal reconstruction procedures and preservation of the gastric function as much as possible. The most common operation methods are procedures of minimized scale (pylorus-preserving gastrectomy, segmental gastrectomy, local gastrectomy and endoscopic resection) and proximal gastrectomy (PG). Besides the anastomosis of esophagus and gastric remnants, the reconstruction method after proximal gastrectomy also includes tubular gastroesophagostomy, double tract reconstruction, Interposition jejunostomy, side to side gastroesophagostomy (SOFY), double flap gastroesophagostomy (Kamikawa anastomosis), etc. The evaluation of gastric function after FPG includes the assessment of gastric remnant function, the functional complications and the nutritional status. We believe the publication of consensus will properly popularize FPG, promote further research about the gastric cancer and function of gastric remnant, and improve the theoretical study about FPG. Moreover, the indications and procedures of FPG will be broadened and renovated.

Formulation, Characterisation and Preclinical evaluation of Antidiabetic activity of Polyherbal tablet

Diabetes mellitus is a complex and a diverse group of disorders that disturbs the metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and protein. The number of diabetes mellitus cases has been increasing worldwide in recent years. In 2000, the WHO estimated a total of 171 million people with diabetes mellitus from the global population, and this report projected to increase to 366 million by 2030. Now a days polyherbal formulations made by a different herbal pharmaceutical company is very much popular and acceptable for chronic use in case of diabetes, hypertension, bronchial asthma, hyperlipidemia, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. As the incidence of diabetes is increasing day by day globally, and the rate of occurrence of disease in India is tho high, the popularity of polyherbal formulation is increasing day by day. many physicians from a different system of medicine refer to advice polyherbal formulations for long time use in patient of diabetes, as the manufacturer of herbal formulator claim the formulation is having a negligible side effect. Present Study was delt with Evaluation of antihyperglycemic Potential of prepared polyherbal Formulation PHF i.e. with 1mg/kg and 1.5 mg/kg, the FBS level was reduced from 187.16 ± 3.25 to 133.16 ± 2.93 and 181.5 ± 4.42 to 136.33 ± 2.58, respectively. In the combination regimen of PHF (1.5mg/kg) and Metformin (50mg/kg) the mean FBS level dropped from 180.3 ± 1.75 to 131.16 ± 2.14. In all these groups the mean FBS level has reached the normal pre-induction level. The daily single administration of PHFformulation(1.5mg/kg) and Metformin (50 mg/kg) significantly reduced blood sugar levels of Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic mice. It also important to study antihyperglycemic effect of the said Polyhedral Formulation in Different animal Model to conclude exact pattern of Anti hyperglycaemic activity.

Prospective associations between social status and social anxiety in early adolescence.

This study examined the transactional longitudinal association between social status (likeability and popularity) and social anxiety symptoms (fear of negative evaluation and social avoidance and distress), and explored gender differences in this association. Participants included 274 adolescents (136 boys, M age = 12.55). Data were collected at two waves with a 6‐month interval. Likeability and popularity were measured with peer nominations and social anxiety symptoms with self‐reports. Autoregressive cross‐lagged path models showed relative stability of social status and social anxiety. Girls who were seen as less popular by their classmates avoided social situations more frequently and experienced more distress during such situations over time. These results highlight the importance of distinguishing between different social status components and social anxiety symptoms and to take gender into account. Early support for less popular girls seems important to prevent more severe consequences of avoidance and distress, such as social exclusion and victimization.