Popular Sets Research Articles

Family planning education.

17 days were spent devoted to the effort of learning about China's educational approach to family planning in the hope of discovering how they are achieving their remarkable success in reducing population growth. As a member of the 1981 New York University/SIECUS Colloquim in China, it was necessary to rely on the translation provided by the excellent guides. Discussions were focused on questions prepared in advance about the topics that concerned the group. These observations, based on a short and limited exposure, cover the following areas: marriage and family planning policies; the family planning program; school programs; adult education; family planning workers; and unique aspects of the program. China has an official position on marriage and family planning that continues to undergo revisions. The new marriage law sets the minimum ages of marriage at 22 for men and 20 for women. Almost everyone marries, and an unmarried person over age 28 is a rarity. The family planning program in China is carried out by an extensive organizational network at national, provincial, and local government levels. Officials termed it a "propaganda campaign." Hospitals, clinics, and factories invariably displayed posters; a popular set of four presents the advantages of the 1 child family as follows: late marriage is best, for it allows more time to work and study; 1 child is best for the health of the mother; one gets free medical care for his/her child if a family has only 1 child; and there is more time to teach 1 child. The state operated television regularly explains the 1 child policy utilizing special films. According to 1 family planning official, "before marriage there is little sex." There are few abortions for unmarried women. Education about sex is for adults, for those persons who are about to be married. There is little if any sex education in schools. Sexual teaching is not generally acceptable, especially in the rural areas. By contrast, in Shanghai the physiology teaching in the middle school does include sex education and reproduction. Sex information for adults is offered at the time of marriage. Married or about to be married adults are the major target of the state's family planning education effort. The key educators are an extensive network of family planning workers. All hospitals have a family planning office, and there are also family planning workers in the factories. What is unique about the Chinese approach is its use of reward and punishment.

The Heroic Soviet on the American Screen

THE HEROIC SOVIET ON THE AMERICAN SCREEN by Jeff Peck In the present every effort of body is still intensively directed , with all we have and are, toward total victory of this war... At home, [films] have continued to furnish hours of more than ever needed entertainment, ___ [Will Hays, 19441] Motion-picture industry personnel in America during the Second World War expressed their patriotism through numerous organizations, the Hollywood Writers' Mobilization, the Hollywood Victory Committee, or the Committee for the National Morale, or they acted as individuals, delivering speeches, helping in Bond drives, or even enlisting in the armed services . But, in the public view of America's chief moral guardian of the cinema, the primary war-role for Hollywood's pictures was simply the provision of diversion for the laborers on the home front. Certainly, movies from Sergeant York to A Walk in the Sun did much more than provide distraction. However great the aversion to the word propaganda, American films were acting very much in a manner designed to persuade the public to think along optimistic, officially approved lines. And in the second year of America's direct military involvement in the war, this patriotic spirit led Hollywood to the creation of a short series of films that were quite unlike anything the industry had made before-films depicting heroic Soviet Russians. BACKGROUND To be sure heroic Russians had long been seen on the American screen. Especially after the Kishinev massacre in 1904, the plight of Jews in Tsarist Russia seems to have been a popular setting for early romantic melodramas, no doubt popular among America's large Russian and Jewish Jefafaney Peck, who took his training In fallm at the University ofa Wisconsin, Madison, Is currently a lecturer In the Division ofa Cinema Studies at La Tnobe University In Australia. 54 immigrant population. Reviewing one of this early generation of films, Russia, the Land of Oppression (Defender, 1910), The Moving Picture Herald commented: A very graphic reproduction of the terrible scenes of persecution which have been enacted among the Hebrew race in Kief and Kishineff. . .Happily the heroine of this picture has the general 's son for lover, and she is saved from the unmitigated tortures and dishonours of Siberia by his intervention. There is a feeling of exultation when they are shown landing at Ellis Island, the gateway to the land where cruel persecutions of that character do not exist. 2 America was the country where the most vocal public protests were mounted against the tyranny of the Tsar. American films of the period appear to have reflected this concern. The Russian revolution and the overthrow of the Tsar, of course, made these topics impossible after 1917. However, not surprisingly, American films about Russia continued with the same general formula, but with the tyranny simply having changed hands. Instead of Tsarist oppressors , it was now the Reds. At least as early as 1921, with David Butler 's Making the Grade, this was the case. The slightly altered formula now pictured a hero of noble birth, forced by the terrors of the revolution to pose as a peasant. He or she falls in love with a peasant working for the "Reds." And where, more or less simultaneously, the Bolsheviks demonstrate their true barbaric nature, and the hero reveals his/her blue blood, the peasant helps the hero to escape—sometimes to America, but now more often (demonstrating perhaps a more sophisticated post-war worldliness) to Paris. UniversalJewel 's Bavu_ (1923) , First National's Into Her Kingdom (1926), Fox's Siberia (1926), MGM's Mockery (1927), Universal 's Surrender (1927), Tiffany-Stahl's Clothes Make the Woman (1928), United Artist's Tempest (1928), and First National's Song of the Flame all follow this general outline. Making the Grade varied somewhat from these others in that it introduced an American hero into the scene. The picture portrays an American soldier in Russia who falls in love with a Russian school teacher. After the obligatory harrowing and narrow escape from the hands of the Bolsheviks, the two marry and leave for the United States. Back in America it is learned that the school teacher is, in fact, a...

On the validity of typologies of gay males.

The classical dichotomization of male homosexuals into passive and active or insertee and inserter types is tested against empirical evidence. Data on the sexual preferences of 243 male homosexuals are analyzed to determine the extent to which they fit the insertee-inserter dichotomy. The fit between the dichotomy and the data is found to be very poor. The most popular set of sexual preferences is for all roles combined, both active and passive anal and oral. It is suggested that the concepts of oral and anal may better characterize the sexual preferences of male homosexuals than those of insertee and inserter. A variety of complex interaction effects among sexual preferences are also reported.

Political Mobilization and Violence in Central Luzon (Philippines)

Central Luzon is a fertile plain directly to the north of metropolitan Manila. This region, thoroughly colonized and densely populated, has been a centre of agrarian unrest for decades. In the forties and fifties Central Luzon formed the nucleus of a peasant movement which produced the strongest anti-Japanese guerilla-army in the whole Southeast Asia, the Hukbalahap (an abbreviation of Anti-Japanese People's Army) or in short Huks. The strength of this army came primarily from the fact that the struggle against the national enemy could be combined with the pre-war conflict between the peasants and the landowners.The latter, together with the Constabulary, sided for the most part with the Japanese. At the time of the liberation in 1945 most of the local and provincial administration was in the hands of the Huks. However,having quickly regained the top positions, the political elite, who feared having quickly regained the top positions, the political elite, who feared to this. When this elite first refused to allow the radical people's represen-tatives delegated from Central Luzon to take their seats in parliament,and then attempted to recapture political mastery in Central Luzon by means of force, the Huk movement was compelled to adopt an ever more militant attitude.In the process,the leadership of the popular front set up by the Hukbalahap moved more and more towards the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP). The result was no less than a complete incorporation of all guerillas into the CPP in 1950. It had already been decided in 1948 that the policy of a parliamentary and legal conflict which had hitherto been pursued was not adiquate,and that force would have to play a decisive role. The Anti-Japanese People's Army was re-christened the People's Liberation Army(HMB).i

WORD‐ASSOCIATION RESPONSE COMMONALITY AND THE GENERATION OF ASSOCIATIVE STRUCTURES

Subjects were selected as high or low in the number of primaries given in a word‐association task under both standard instructions and with instructions to give popular associations. Low‐commonality scorers produced words with a larger number of interconnexions than high‐commonality scorers, but did not produce more different words on a later serial‐association task. Commonality score under popular set did not seem to affect the production of associations. The associations of high‐commonality subjects seemed to consist more frequently of the repetition of the original stimulus words and the original responses to those words as responses later in the task compared to low‐commonality scorers.

Idiodynamic and popular sets in word associations of college students.

Idiodynamic and popular sets in word associations of college students.

Effects on Word-Association of the Set to Give Popular Responses

Two questions prompted the study of the effect of the instruction to give on word-association test behavior. First, can Ss who normally make uncommon responses produce and identify common responses when they are instructed to do so? Second, can an investigator use the popular set to maximize his likelihood of identifying common responses when he has only a small sample of Ss available? The first question is of theoretical interest and the second of some practical importance. Students in advanced courses in psychology ( N = 66) and English (N = 63 ) were given the Kent-Rosanoff Test under standard and popular response set (Try to make the response most college students would make) conditions. Test periods were separated by 1 mo. for the first group and 5 min. for the second. All tests were scored by giving one point for each response shown as the most common in the Minnesota norms.2