Popular Person Research Articles

Para ganar la guerra, para ganar la paz: Iglesia y guerra civil: 1936-1939 by Alfonso Álvarez Bolado

502book reviews In most cases the visionaries, consciously or not,were seeking fame, and they drew rural folk together against both the anticlerical state and their skeptical bishop. Christian concludes that the visions had a marvelous leveling effect: "paradoxicaUy whUe having visions of dire events . . . the beUevers were having a wonderful time. . . . The mixing ofunrelated men and women, ofwealthy and poor, of merchants and farmers, ... of adults and chUdren, led to a kind of exhüaration that comes with the breaking of taboo and convention." Cultural underdogs became the most popular persons Ln society. Christian's comparisons and analyses of the events provide exceptional insight into the nature ofvisions and visionaries, along with a fascinating glimpse into people's inner spiritual Uves. He also captures the mood of CathoUc Spain in one of its most troubled years.This is a powerful work and a worthy addition to the Uterature on modern Spain and on visionaries in general. José M. Sánchez Saint Louis University Para ganar la guerra, para ganar la paz:Iglesia y guerra civil: 1936-1939ByAlfonso Alvarez Bolado. (Madrid: PubUcaciones de la Universidad Pontificia ComUlas. 1995. Pp. 716.) This is a useful analysis of the role of the clergy in the Spanish CivUWar.The author states that it is the first phase of a study of the mentaUty of the clergy to show how it influenced the poUtical relationship of the Church with the NationaUst state in the wartime years and then carried over into the Franco dictatorship until the CaudUlo died in 1975. Alvarez Bolado, a Jesuit historian and theologian, uses as his main source for this study the diocesan buUetins of the bishops of Spain during the wartime years. He states that he realizes the limitations of such sources: half of Spain was occupied by the RepubUcans for much of the time and the clergy in those areas were either Ln hiding or exüe, and therefore no diocesan buUetins were pubUshed. In fact,these limitations were not aU that restrictive for the author's purpose, as his concern is chieflywith the NationaUsts,and he uses other sources as weU, including some of the diplomatic documents from the Spanish embassy to the Holy See, along with aU of the secondary works pubUshed on the subject, especiaUy the studies by Marquina Barrio on Vatican-Spanish relations and by Rodriguez Aisa on Cardinal Goma. The book is divided into chapters corresponding to the chronological course of the war and continuing on into the remainder of 1939 (the war ended in April ofthat year).The postwar chapter deals with the Franco government's attempts to secure a concordat and the Vatican's fears of German influence in Spain. In addition, there is a chapter on the detafls of the writing of Pius XII's April, 1939, message to Spaniards congratulating the NationaUsts on their vie- book reviews503 tory. In composing the message, the Pope reUed upon the assistance ofJoaquin Salaverri, a Jesuit aide to the Assistant for Spain in Rome. The author uses Salaverri's unpublished diary to provide some interesting detaU. AU of these chapters were pubUshed as articles in Miscelánea Comillas from 1986 through 1995, and it is convenient to have them bound in one volume.As a most helpful addition, the book includes a complete annotated bibUography of aU the bishops' statements, letters, and other pastoral concerns from aU ofthe diocesan buUetins of the period. This alone takes up nearly 200 pages of text and in itself makes this a valuable resource. The author succeeds in his task of showing the mentaUty of the clergy. He proves beyond a doubt that the bishops'primary concern was the protection of the Church,not the support ofa government that was more ideologicaUy suited to their class needs.The Nationalists were in fact supported by the clergy because of the anticlerical fury of the first few months of the war that resulted in the death of nearly 8,000 clerics.The bishops would have supported any government that protected them.The diocesan buUetins reveal over and over again the detaüs of the persecution. This book does not change any ofthe standard interpretations ofthe Church's role in...

Communicating to a diverse Europe

r~ w will require eglonal , communication strategies as consUmer preferences slowly begin to merge. A rtVan Bochave, vice president of Ricoh Europe, couldn't wait for 1992. He immediately began a panEuropean strategy with a series of tongue-in-cheek advertisements for Ricoh copiers. If you are in charge of purchasing your company's the advertisements proclaimed, and you're smart enough to purchase a Ricoh, you'll be the most popular person in your office. One advertisement showed a young man with tousled hair and lipstick marks on his cheek, neck, and collar. ad asked, Guess who ordered the Ricoh copier? Another showed a woman arriving at her desk with a big smile on her face; a dozen roses had been delivered to her. line, The girl who insisted on the Ricoh copier, told readers everything. Ricoh thought it could simply translate advertisement copy into Spanish, French, and German. ad campaign was a big hit in Holland and most places along the Mediterranean, but elsewhere it failed. In Great Britain and Denmark females weren't laughing, and feminist groups were up in arms. Complaints began arriving at Ricoh's offices and dealerships, condemning the company for its insensitivity and chauvinism. Clearly, marketers have to be aware that the concept of a single market is misleading. Ricoh case exemplifies what can occur when marketers view current European consumers as a single entity. lesson to be learned is that marketing to Europe requires regional communication strategies as consumer preferences slowly merge. A Homogeneous Market?

The distribution of popular persons in a group

In order to obtain the sociometric choice structure of a group sociologists apparently use two schemes: fixed choice and variable choice. In the former, each person in the group is asked to name a specific number of others in the group with whom they would like to interact. The instructions are often stated in the form, “name your three best friends”. This type of structure has recently been dealt with in papers by Shamir and Upfal (1982) and also by Capobianco (1981). In the variable choice scheme, each person is asked to name all of his friends in the group. We shall be concerned with both type of choice schemes in this paper. Sociologically, one of the important things to study is the phenomena of members of the group who are chosen a lot by the others, i.e., the popular persons. These will undoubtedly have the greatest influence on the group’s opinions and actions. Also, if one or more of them leaves the group, the structure will probably be badly damaged. In this paper, we use digraphs (directed graphs) to represent groups and the sociometric choices made by the members. Therefore, a popular person would be represented by a point which has many arcs going to it, i.e., a point of high indegree. We refer to these as HIPS (High Indegree Points). The next section deals with the specific definition of a HIP, and in the remainder of the paper we present some theorems related to the distribution of HIPS under randomness.

Traits Attributed to over- and Underchosen Women

Sociometric studies have investigated differences between popular and unpopular persons with observations being taken over a long period of time. The present study determined whether strangers could detect differences between these two groups after just a few minutes of observation. 12 over- and 13 underchosen females from a college dormitory were videotaped as each interacted with a confederate. The videotapes were shown to judges who indicated which of 555 personality traits described each woman. Judges also rated their liking for each woman. Mean liking for the overchosen was significantly greater than mean liking for the underchosen. The overchosen were more likely to be described with traits indicative of extraversion, sociability, and positive emotionality. The underchosen were more likely to be described with traits indicative of introversion and negative emotionality: unhappiness, moodiness, and depression. Trait descriptions were generally positive for all of the overchosen and approximately half of the underchosen.

スポーツ教室参加児童のパーソナリティの検討

The purposes of this study are to clarify the effect of participation in the sport club upon personality development and to gain some basic data to be used for the guidance in the sport club, especially in the community sport clubs which are remarkably increasing recently. The subjects used in this study were a total of 254 children (149 boys and 105 girls) who participated in Kyoto City Mini-Basketball Club and were examined from 1975 to 1978, and 500 of non-member school children (245 boys and 255 girls) examined in 1978. All of them were between 10 and 12 years of age. Sociometric Test and Yatabe-Guilford Personality Inventory were conducted together with the examination of behavioral characteristics and sports skill and the following results were obtained: 1) After discussing inclusively their out-door playtime and the number of friends outside of the club, it is presumed that those who are the members of the mini-basketball club have more emotional stability and leadership. Furthermore, girls show more social adjustment and tend to be more active than non-member school children. 2) The children in the mini-basketball club tend to organize sub-groups according to the primary schools they belong to, and in the case of boys, they are apt to gather around a popular person who is an "old-timer" in the club. 3) Generally speaking, the children Who hold higher rank in Sociometric Status mark greater scores in emotional stability, activity and leadership in Y-G Personality Inventory (show type D), and also in sport skill test. Furthermore, they show brightness, cheerfulness, promptness, kindness and attractiveness in terms of their behavioral characteristics.