Poor Families Research Articles

Modelling the prevalence of prostitution under the influence of poverty: A deterministic vs. stochastic approach

Globally, there is a widespread awareness of poverty-related challenges. It's important to acknowledge that poverty is one of the key factors influencing prostitution. Addressing the rise in prostitution due to economic challenges is a major concern among the general public. In that scenario, many poor family girls/women were ready to downgrade their status for their family welfare and necessary needs. On that aspect, they are indulging in prostitution also because of their inability to do any other work. Particularly in the pandemic and lockdown, the situation is worsening for such people. To overcome these challenges, multi-angled and effective approaches have been adopted. We have formulated a nonlinear mathematical model to investigate the dynamics around prostitution due to impoverishment. Our model exhibits two equilibrium points, which are analyzed through a stability analysis. The threshold R0 has determined and investigated its significant parameters for the spread of prostitution through numerical simulation. Further, we extended this model to a stochastic model to know its real nature. We have examined and contrasted the deterministic and stochastic outcomes pertaining to the behavior of significant parameters within this model. Our findings show better results in both the deterministic and stochastic natures. Moreover, we calibrated our model using data on sex workers. Our projections, derived from this fitting process, suggest a subsequent decline in the sex-worker population after 2023.

Scavenger Women’s Strategy in Fulfilling Family Economy in Makassar City

Poverty is still a problem in urban areas. Limited skills and employment have caused women from poor families to also seek work as scavengers or collectors of waste and used goods to help support their family's economy. This study aims to find the characteristics of female scavengers in responding to the phenomenon of poor women in fulfilling their family's economy. The involvement of children under five in the scavenging process is also a review in finding the distribution of gender roles in scavenger households. This research was conducted in Makassar City using a qualitative approach. Data was obtained from 25 families of female scavengers. The results of the study found that female scavengers aged between 23 and 45 years with an education level of not having finished elementary school were 20%. graduated from elementary school 72% and junior high school 8%. Age of family between 4 to 18 years, with an average dependent of 3 children. In scavenging activities involving children aged between 1 and 5 years which is a domestic role and a strategy to get additional income from the compassion of the community. The average income of a scavenger family is between Rp. 1,200.00 to Rp. 2,050,000. Family expenses consist of basic needs in the form of consumption 28.5%, needs for children under five 24.4% and paying debts 13.3%. Scavenger women make an economic contribution to the family between 40% and 77%. The involvement of children under five in the scavenging process is a form of child exploitation, which has not yet become the attention of the Makassar city government. In scavenging activities involving children aged between 1 and 5 years which is a domestic role and a strategy to get additional income from the compassion of the community. The average income of a scavenger family is between Rp. 1,200.00 to Rp. 2,050,000. Family expenses consist of basic needs in the form of consumption 28.5%, needs for children under five 24.4% and paying debts 13.3%. Scavenger women make an economic contribution to the family between 40% and 77%. The involvement of children under five in the scavenging process is a form of child exploitation, which has not yet become the attention of the Makassar city government. In scavenging activities involving children aged between 1 and 5 years which is a domestic role and a strategy to get additional income from the compassion of the community. The average income of a scavenger family is between Rp. 1,200.00 to Rp. 2,050,000. Family expenses consist of basic needs in the form of consumption 28.5%, needs for children under five 24.4% and paying debts 13.3%. Scavenger women make an economic contribution to the family between 40% and 77%. The involvement of children under five in the scavenging process is a form of child exploitation, which has not yet become the attention of the Makassar city government. Family expenses consist of basic needs in the form of consumption 28.5%, needs for children under five 24.4% and paying debts 13.3%. Scavenger women make an economic contribution to the family between 40% and 77%. The involvement of children under five in the scavenging process is a form of child exploitation, which has not yet become the attention of the Makassar city government. Family expenses consist of basic needs in the form of consumption 28.5%, needs for children under five 24.4% and paying debts 13.3%. Scavenger women make an economic contribution to the family between 40% and 77%. The involvement of children under five in the scavenging process is a form of child exploitation, which has not yet become the attention of the Makassar city government.

“The ones at the bottom of the food chain”: structural drivers of unintended pregnancy and unsafe abortion amongst adolescent girls in Zambia

BackgroundAccess to safe abortion care is highly unequal and fundamentally rooted in socioeconomic inequalities which are amplified by restrictive social norms and legal systems. We analyse these inequalities along the reproductive health continuum amongst adolescent girls in Zambia.MethodologyThis paper draws from 20 focus group discussions conducted in 2021 with community members (young/adult) in five urban, peri urban, and rural sites in Zambia. Data was analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsAdolescent pregnancy in the community was reported to be very common across the communities with girls from poorer families being disproportionately affected. Parents were reported to be complicit in facilitating their daughter’s sexual-economic exchanges which emerged as a key driver of pregnancies. Young age and unmarried status meant adolescent girls could face triple stigma: stigma around accessing contraception to prevent a pregnancy, stigma in experiencing an unintended pregnancy and stigma around terminating an unintended pregnancy. There were clear socioeconomic differences in adolescent girl’s exposure to community and health provider censure and/or acceptance of their pregnancy, and in their ability to conceal an abortion. Having the means to pay for health care allows some adolescents to seek terminations earlier and to access private health facilities while poorer adolescent girls face greater exposure to community censure through their embeddedness within the community. Abortions in this group attracts greater visibility through complications arising from their constrained choice for safe abortion methods. Stigmatising attitudes of community members also undermined adolescents’ reproductive agency and mental health. For adolescents who choose to keep an unintended pregnancy, reintegration into school was highly challenging despite a national policy in place, with marriage being viewed as the only future option for poorer teenage mothers.ConclusionThe embeddedness of adolescent pregnancies within community structures of economic insecurity and gendered and age-related power relations highlight the importance of introducing community level approaches to tackle unintended pregnancies and unsafe abortion. Understanding teenage pregnancy as a community issue creates opportunities for community level support to young girls especially when they return to school.

Dietary practices of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients concerning Pender's health Promotion Model in Lalitpur district, Nepal

BackgroundType 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most prevalent Non Communicable Diseases (NCD) in Nepal. Nutrition plays a significant role in creating barriers to the development of NCDs like diabetes. The main objective of this study is to identify the factors that influence the dietary behaviors and practices among T2DM patients. MethodsThe study used quantitative method and a cross-sectional research design. The study was carried out in two centers: one in diabetes and another in thyroid care centers at the Lalitpur district, Nepal. A survey questionnaire based on Pender Health Promotion Model (PHPM) was developed, piloted, and administrated directly to 450 T2DM patients aged 40–65. Validity and reliability of the tools was ensured through reviewing panel of experts and using the coefficient and Cronbach's alpha test, respectively. Three sorts of statistical analysis; univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis were done using SPSS version 25. ResultsRespondents belonged to a joint family, no alcohol consumption, positive attitude towards a healthy diet (P < 0.05), no smoking habit, reminders for healthy food, and engaging in physical activity (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with good dietary practice. Higher odds of sufficient dietary practice were found in respondents who were from joint families (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR = 2.332; 95 % Confidence Level (CI): 1.958–2.989, p < 0.01), literate (aOR = 1.783; 95 % CI: 1.256–2.531, p < 0.01), no smoking history (aOR = 0.935; 95 % CI: 0.609–1.434, p < 0.05), alcohol consumption history (aOR = 0.615, 95 % CI: 0.412–2.346, p < 0.05), had family support (aOR = 1.824, 95 % CI: 1.265–2.630, p < 0.01), availability of healthy foods (aOR = 2.26; 95 % CI: 1.453–3.517, p < 0.001), and those who preferred daily physical activities (aOR = 1.982, 95 % CI: 1.369–2.364, p < 0.001). ConclusionNuclear family, illiteracy, lower income, smoking and consumption of alcohol, poor family support, poor access in healthy food, and low engagement in physical activities influenced dietary behavior among T2DM patients. Thus, PHPM based educational intervention needs essential to the T2DM patients and family members to ensure better life.

Effectiveness Of Distribution Of Social Assistance For The Family Hope Program In An Effort To Maintain Accountability Of Reports (Case Study Of Social Service Of Sukabumi Regency)

The distribution of social assistance for the Family Hope Program (PKH) by the Sukabumi Regency Social Service has generally been effective in increasing access for beneficiary families (KPM) to education and health and easing the economic burden of poor families. Although there are some challenges in reaching all families who meet the criteria, most beneficiaries are satisfied with the program. Overall, The Family Hope Program in Sukabumi Regency has successfully supported poverty alleviation efforts and improved community welfare, although improvement efforts are still needed to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the program. The type of research used by the author is a qualitative descriptive method, the data processed is data obtained from the results of interviews and unstructured observations that will be analyzed qualitatively and described in descriptive form. The Social Service needs to continue to improve the verification and validation process of recipient data to ensure that assistance really reaches families in need. This process must involve the use of more sophisticated technology and applications, which can help minimize data errors and increase accuracy in determining beneficiaries. It is hoped that the distribution of PKH social assistance in Sukabumi Regency can run more effectively and efficiently and provide maximum positive impact on the welfare of people in need.

The effects of Dibao programme on adolescent academic performance: evidence from seventh-grade students in China

ABSTRACT China’s Dibao is one of the largest cash transfer programmes in the world, serving as a ‘last safety net’. However, evidence regarding the effect of Dibao on children’s educational outcomes and its mechanisms remains limited. Using data from the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS) and employing a combined propensity score matching and difference-in-differences (PSM-DID) approach, this study examined the association between Dibao participation and adolescent academic performance in China and explored the potential influence mechanisms in this relationship. The results showed that Dibao had significant positive effects on adolescent academic performance. Moreover, the positive effects of Dibao on academic performance were stronger among urban adolescents, boys and adolescents living with their parents. Attending remedial class, expenditure of remedial class, frequency of communication with parents, having home-school communication, attitudes towards learning, and self-confidence about the future were important influence channels in the relationship between Dibao participation and adolescent academic performance. Our findings suggest that cash transfer programmes such as China’s Dibao can go beyond the safety nets to make ends meet. Dibao’s potential role in boosting adolescents’ human capital in poor families provides important implications for policy reform in China as well as in other developing countries.

ANALISA DAMPAK PEMBERDAYAAN KELUARGA MISKIN MELALUI BANTUAN SOSIAL TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN DI KECAMATAN PAYAKUMBUH SELATAN KOTA PAYAKUMBUH

The purpose of this study was to analyze the strategy and impact of the implementation of community empowerment as well as the effect of social assistance on improving the welfare of poor families in Payakumbuh Selatan Sub-district, Payakumbuh City. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was carried out using triangulation techniques. The results of the study found that the Regional Apparatus has provided assistance in the form of productive economic business development facilities for the extremely poor and the poor in the data on the Acceleration of Targeting for Extreme Poverty Reduction (P3KE). In addition, the budget was also increased through fiscal incentives to conduct skills training and empower the poor. As a result, the poor in Payakumbuh Selatan Sub-district have received assistance for business capital. For the vulnerable, such as people with disabilities and the elderly, social protection and security assistance are provided, such as the National Health Insurance (JKN), the Family Hope Program (PKH), and rice groceries. There are several factors that hinder the running of the empowerment program, such as inadequate facilities and infrastructure, not yet mapping the potential and abilities of poor families who will be optimally empowered, and the personal mentality of the poor themselves.

Integrating Environmental Justice into Child-Sensitive Social Protection: The Environmental Roots of Intergenerational Poverty in Amazonia

AbstractChild-sensitive social protection (CSSP) is heralded as an investment in future human capital, based on the premise that changing poor families’ behaviours can interrupt cycles of poverty reproduction. However, funding for CSSP may come from extractive activities with high environmental costs for the same families that social programmes aim to support. Reflecting on this contradiction in Peruvian Amazonia, the study explores the tensions between State and parental understandings of impoverishment in an Indigenous village impacted by oil extraction. The findings are twofold: (i) although families are sceptical of CSSP’s potential to enhance children’s prospects, they embrace it as a form of compensation for resource dispossession. (ii) CSSP may fail to lift children out of poverty if it overlooks how environmental degradation engenders intergenerational impoverishment. The article makes a case for the adoption of an environmental justice lens into CSPP, emphasising the need for a more holistic understanding of intergenerational poverty.

Implementation of Distribution Non-Cash Food Aid (BPNT) in Reducing The Expenditure Burden of Poor Families Based on an Islamic Perspective

Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) is a central government program to help the poor who are food insecure. The purpose of this study is the implementation of non-cash food assistance expenditures in reducing the expenditure burden of poor families. This research uses a qualitative approach that produces descriptive data, by interviewing two poor people and one government. The data collection techniques applied are interviews, observation and documentation. The results of this study indicate that poverty reduction so far has only changed from the food subsidy system (Raskin / Rastra) with an in-kind scheme to the BPNT food assistance system with a non-cash scheme. each poor family receives assistance of Rp. 200,000, -. The implementation of the assistance program in reducing the expenditure burden of poor families reaches an effectiveness level of 66.57%, this shows "good enough" and can reduce the expenditure burden of poor families by 55%. This is in accordance with Islamic values, namely Nafs (soul), Maal (property), Nasab (offspring) in sharia. The implementation of the BPNT program in various regions has been quite effective but the implementation has not met the 6 Target principle (right target, quantity, time, price, quality, and administration). The main obstacle related to the achievement of the program's target is that the data on Beneficiary Families (KPM) has not been updated properly. In terms of food groups, the food assistance received by poor families classified as KPM participants is quite diverse but with a decreasing quantity over time.

Thinking beyond the stomach: Fixing social work’s food aid provision in displaced environments

This brief note underscores the negative consequences of food aid monotony to mealtime dynamics among war-affected internally displaced families. The article argues that this is rooted in an unethical food aid practice in which social work agencies naively dole out the same food items over a period of time. Caused by monotonic diets, the meal table witnesses poor family commensal activities. Social welfare services have to think ‘beyond the stomach’ and reinvent their food assistance. The article therefore contributes by addressing food aid issues within social work practice and social care policy and urges those responsible to do better.

Understanding of middle east women’s decisions and barriers to use family planning methods

Background when family planning methods not use, there is a higher chance of high fertility, which raises health risks for both mother and infant and lowers quality of life by limiting access to jobs employment, education, and nutrition. Unsatisfactory needs and poor family planning use can be explained by fear of negative impacts, rejection from couples, limits in knowledge, and social condemnation. Objectives To understanding the Middle East women’s barriers about make decisions and use of family planning methods Methodology A descriptive and analytic (cross sectional) study, conducted at six Arabic countries includes a non-probability (purposive sample) consist of (198) women. Which were selected according to inclusion criteria that are women in reproductive age, primiparous and multiparous mothers, and mothers who attended primary healthcare centers. Results Women are with average age of 32.23±7.9 years in which the highest percentage is seen with age group of 30-39 (40.4%). women have high affective barrier to avoid family planning methods (total grand mean= 2.60); have high behavioral barriers to avoid family planning methods (total grand mean= 2.56); and have high cognitive barriers to avoid family planning methods (total grand mean= 2.56). So, the mean scores indicate high among most of affective, behavioral, and cognitive barriers. Conclusions There are many potential barriers which can negatively impact the Middle East women’s decision about their reproductive life (affective, behavioral and cognitive) barriers. Despite the fact that family planning faces several challenges in the Middle East, governments and civil society organizations are working to find solutions to improve access to family planning services, promote education, hold candid conversations about reproductive health with local communities. Empowering the role of nurse in family planning to educate the couples about contraceptive methods and how to help them to choice the appropriate method.

Take Me Home: Housing Insecurity and Transactional Ties among Poor Families

Take Me Home: Housing Insecurity and Transactional Ties among Poor Families

Life and Times of Yellapragada SubbaRow.

Dr Yellapragada SubbaRow was an Indian-born American biochemist who made numerous discoveries in various fields of science. Born in 1895 into a poor family, he went on to have medical training at the Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. After many hardships, he arrived in the United States of America and earned a diploma in tropical medicine and a PhD in biochemistry from Harvard. His illustrious career began with the isolation of phosphorus in body fluids along with Fiske. They discovered phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as well. He later became the director of Lederle Laboratories, where he discovered the tetracycline antibiotic group, which saved many lives. He synthesized many vitamins, including folic acid, niacin, and biotin. In 1948, he discovered methotrexate (MTX) for childhood cancer, which paved the way for many chemotherapeutics and is also used in the management of several autoimmune conditions. Despite numerous medical advancements made by SubbaRow, awareness in the scientific world regarding his life and many contributions remains underrecognized. This article discusses SubbaRow's life, academics, and achievements in a nutshell.

Family Functioning and Adolescent Mental Health: The Mediating Role of Bullying Victimization and Resilience.

This study aimed to understand the current state of adolescent mental health, explore the mediating effect of bullying victimization and resilience in the relationship between adolescent family functioning and mental health, and investigate gender differences in this association. A total of 4319 students (2347 boys and 1972 girls) completed the questionnaire. Mediating effects were analyzed using the framework of structural equation modeling and bootstrapping. The results revealed that family functioning is significantly associated with adolescent mental health, and that bullying victimization and resilience have significant independent and chain mediating effects on this relationship. Multiple group analysis revealed that the independent mediating role of resilience was more significant for male adolescents. Furthermore, the chain-mediated effects of bullying victimization and resilience were observed only in the relationship between family functioning and mental health in male adolescents. To improve the mental health of adolescents, special attention should be given to the impact of family life on adolescents' school life. Early detection and intervention for adolescents with poor family functioning are also important to effectively prevent bullying victimization and reduce the emergence of mental health problems.

The role of family in improving the management of diabetes mellitus patients

Introduction: diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that requires long-term management involving patients and their families. The role of the family in improving the management of diabetes mellitus patients is very important to achieve good blood sugar control and prevent long-term complications. This study aims at the role of family in improving the management of diabetes mellitus patients. Methods: this research is a quantitative method with a quasi-experimental research design with a non-equivalent control group research design with a sample size of 20 respondents Results: shows that in the intervention group, most family roles have a good category where respondents have family roles are as many as 7 people (70%) and respondents who have poor family roles are as many as 3 people (30%). While in the control group, respondents who had poor family roles were as many as 8 people (80%) and respondents who had good family roles were as many as 2 people (20%). In the final measurement (Post-test) in the intervention group and the control group, p = 0, 028 or p &lt; 0.05 means that there are differences in family roles in both groups in the final measurement (Post-test) Conclusions: the role of the family is very important in improving the management of diabetes mellitus patients. Family support and involvement in assisting patients in living a healthy diet, following the right medication regimen, and maintaining an active lifestyle can help achieve good blood sugar control and prevent long-term complications. Factors such as knowledge of diabetes, emotional support, and ability to manage diabetes-related situations also influence the family's role in the management of this condition. Therefore, education to families about diabetes, the psychological and practical support they provide to patients, as well as their involvement in healthy lifestyle changes are important things to note.

Examining risk and protective factors for mental health among school-going tribal adolescents in Meghalaya, India: Insights from the communities that care youth survey [CTC-YS

Risk and protective factors play crucial roles in shaping problem behavior, substance use, and mental health outcomes among adolescents. The study aims to examine the risk and protective factors and their association with emotional and behavioral problems among school-going tribal adolescents in Meghalaya, India. This study employed a cross-sectional design, utilizing a simple random sampling method to select schools from the Ri-Bhoi district (Nongpoh town) and East Khasi Hills district (Shillong cantonment area) of Meghalaya. A total of 450 students participated in the survey, out of which 300 students belonged to tribal ethnicity. The study focused on school-going adolescents with tribal ethnicity, aged 13-19 years, encompassing both genders (male and female). Participation in the study required both parental consent and the adolescent's assent. The Communities That Care Youth Survey (CTC-YS) and the Strength and Difficulty Questionnaires (SDQ), scale were administered. The findings highlighted significant risk factors including laws and norms favorable to drug use, community disorganization, poor family management, and low school commitment. Protective factors such as opportunities for prosocial involvement were evident across all domains. Family conflict, family history of antisocial behavior, and parental overcontrol were significant contributors (P < 0.05) to total difficulty scores. Among individual risk factors, "Interaction with anti-social peers" (P = 0.009) and "Intentions to use substance" (P = 0.021) had significant associations with higher difficulty scores. The overall prevalence of mental health problems, as indicated by the total difficulty score, was 31.3% among school-going tribal adolescents. The high prevalence of mental health problems, especially among tribal adolescents, underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions. By addressing these factors, policymakers and stakeholders can work toward fostering healthier outcomes for tribal adolescents in Meghalaya and similar communities.

Effects of cultural stressors and family etiologic factors on behavioral and mental health among Mexican and other Latino/a immigrant parents in the United States

As the Latino/a population in the United States continues to grow, disparities among subgroups within this population are becoming more evident. Understanding how cultural stressors and family dynamics relate to behavioral and mental health outcomes among Latino/a immigrants offers valuable insights for addressing inequities among specific Latino/a subgroups. As a result, we conducted a moderated-mediation analysis, using a multi-group path analysis approach, to examine the extent to which cultural stressors and family etiologic factors relate to hazardous alcohol use and mental health symptoms among Mexican and other Latino/a immigrant (i.e., Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and El Salvador) parents in the United States. Additionally, we explored the extent to which cultural stressors would indirectly relate to hazardous alcohol use and mental health symptoms through elevated family risk factors and compromised family functioning among both subgroups. The sample consisted of 827 Latino/a immigrant parents with children aged 8 to 16 years, including 287 (35 %) Mexican (M=38.9 years, 61 % female) and 540 (65 %) other Latino/a (M=40.8 years, 72 % female). Variables assessed in this study, and self-reported by participants, included cultural stress, family conflict, poor family management, positive attitudes toward drug use, family functioning, hazardous alcohol use, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. We conducted a series of multiple linear regressions, as well as a multigroup path analysis adjusting for covariates. Scores on all study variables (except family functioning, which evidenced the opposite pattern) were significantly greater in Mexicans than in other Latino/a individuals. We found that hazardous alcohol use was more closely related to family and cultural level predictors among Mexicans, but that links of family and cultural level predictors with mental health indicators were similar between the two subgroups. Grouping Mexicans into a homogenous ethnic group along with other Latino/a subgroups might undermine our understanding of the associations of cultural stress and family-level etiologic factors vis-à-vis the incidence and prevention of hazardous alcohol use and mental health among different subgroups of Latino/a immigrant families, especially those of Mexican origin. Our findings highlight the critical need for tailored interventions aimed at Latino/a immigrant subgroups to ensure equitable substance use and mental health outcomes in the United States.

Relationship between Family Structure with Adolescent Datement Behavior of Young Women

Introduction: The dating behavior of teenagers in Indonesia is quite worrying and leads to risky behavior. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between family structure and dating behavior of young women. Methods: This research method uses quantitative research with cross sectional design. The population in this study were 226 young women obtained from the results of the Slovin formula and a sample of 144 respondents, the sample technique used wasSimple random sampling.The independent variable in this study is family structure and the dependent variable is the dating behavior of young women. Collecting data using a questionnaire about the characteristics of respondents, dating behavior practices, and family structure. Results: Most of the family structures of young women are in poor family structures, while most of the courtship behavior in young women is in risky courting. The results of the analysis with Fisher's test obtained a p-value of 0.028 &lt; α 0.05 so that it can be concluded that there isrelationship between family structure and dating behavior of young women. Conclusions: The less good the family structure is, the more risky dating behavior is, the better the family structure, the less risky dating behavior is. Teenagers should be able to avoid risky dating behavior. Families should provide health education about healthy dating and provide supervision. Family nurses should be able to provide sexuality health education to adolescent families.

Large and/or single‐parent families: Public attitudes towards pronatalist and anti‐poverty family policies in Hungary

AbstractIn the 2010s, new family benefits were introduced in Hungary, focusing on large families to halt population decline. However, poverty reduction became sidelined, as these schemes benefited higher‐income earners. Based on poverty statistics, the article investigates how two family types associated with a higher risk of poverty—large families and single‐parent families—fare under this new selective pronatalist system. Furthermore, based on new representative national survey data, the article explores public support for the reforms. Although the income poverty rate for large families significantly decreased during the 2010s, it remained persistently high for single‐parent families, especially large single‐parent families. The findings indicate strong public support for state assistance to large, single‐parent and poor families and state pronatalism. However, the public prioritises support for poor, single‐parent families. This underscores a partial mismatch between public attitudes and government policy. Nonetheless, this policy probably secured public legitimacy, chiefly due to the general support for state pronatalism and large families, which were vigorously implemented in family policies, albeit selectively.

Distribusi Dana Zakat Infak dan Sedekah untuk Penguatan Pendidikan

Carrying out zakat is an obligation for all Muslims, which can provide material and spiritual prosperity for poor people. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with data sources from poor families receiving ZIS assistance and data from BAZNAS Sidoarjo. Data collection methods include participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation. The analysis was carried out by observing all BAZNAS Sidoarjo activities in distributing ZIS funds for education and analyzing interviews and related documentation. The research results show that the model for distributing zakat, infaq and alms funds by BAZNAS Sidoarjo includes school funding assistance, school equipment and school arrears, and has had a positive impact on the welfare of aid recipients. It appears that the ZIS distribution carried out by BAZNAS Sidoarjo in the education sector has been optimal, to help strengthen education.