Poor Reliability Research Articles

The Reliability and Validity of Data Obtained With the Functional Gait Assessment Modified for Children.

This study investigated the Functional Gait Assessment modified for Children (FGA-mC) in children with cochlear implant and with and without vestibular loss (VL), and the FGA-mC's reliability and validity. Fifty-nine children completed the FGA-mC and vestibular and functional testing. Twenty children were video-recorded to assess the FGA-mC's inter- and intra-rater reliability, and 10 repeated the FGA-mC for test-retest reliability. Ten physical therapists reviewed the videos, scored the child's FGA-mC performance, and provided test administration feedback. Children without VL had significantly higher FGA-mC scores compared to children with bilateral VL and a <26 cutoff score was identified for normal function versus VL with good discrimination, sensitivity and specificity. The FGA-mC had good inter- and intra-rater reliability, construct validity, but poor test-retest reliability. The FGA-mC shows decreased performance in children with bilateral VL compared to children without VL. There was overall good-to-excellent reliability and validity of the FGA-mC, supporting its use for a pediatric population.

A Low-Power Consumption Deepwater Subsea Electric Gate Valve Actuator, Part A: Prototype and Test

All-electric systems represent the current development trend in subsea control systems, and the subsea electric gate valve actuator is the core equipment item in all-electric subsea control systems. To solve the problems of the traditional subsea electric gate valve actuator with low safety, poor reliability, and high energy consumption, in this paper, a new subsea electric gate valve actuator configuration concept is proposed, where the actuator has a redundant drive, a low-power holding function, a fail-safe shutdown mechanism, an emergency operation capability, and other functions. An actuator prototype was developed, an actuator integration test system was constructed, and the prototype actuator was combined with a standard subsea gate valve, an all-electric subsea control module, and other equipment to conduct several functional tests. The test results show that the actuator functions and performance indicators meet the designed requirements. Compared with the existing actuators, in addition to high reliability and safety, the driving power consumption can be reduced by 5% and holding power consumption can be reduced by 40%.

Development and Validation of a Shave Biopsy Training Checklist

Background and Objectives: Residencies train residents in procedures and assess their competency, but existing assessment tools have demonstrated poor reliability and have not been validated. Methods: This mixed-methods study validated a shave biopsy checklist with family medicine and dermatology faculty at two academic centers. In each phase of the study, teaching faculty scored a video-recorded simulated procedure using the checklist, and investigators assessed content validity, interrater reliability, and accuracy. Results: In focus groups of nine family medicine and dermatology faculty, 16 of 18 checklist items met or surpassed 80% interrater reliability. Overall checklist reliability was 74%. Focus group surveys initially revealed insufficient content validity. Lowest performing items were removed, and then the follow-up content validity index (0.76) surpassed the required threshold (0.62). Twenty-one of 70 family medicine faculty completed a final survey, which showed a content validity index of 0.63, surpassing the required threshold of 0.42. Twelve of 70 family medicine faculty viewed and scored a simulated video-recorded procedure. Overall interrater reliability was 91% (Cohen’s d=1.36). Fourteen of 16 checklist items demonstrated greater than or equal to 90% interrater reliability. Accuracy analysis revealed 67.9% correct responses in focus groups and 84.9% in final testing (simple t test, P&amp;lt;.001, Cohen’s d=1.4). Conclusions: This rigorously validated checklist demonstrates appropriate content validity, interrater reliability, and accuracy. Findings support use of this shave biopsy checklist as an objective mastery standard for medical education and as a tool for formative assessment of procedural competency.

Utility of computed tomography (CT) –based staging of mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) colon cancer.

45 Background: dMMR tumors are characterized by rapid primary tumor growth with reduced likelihood for nodal and distant metastases compared to MMR proficient (pMMR) tumors. Neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated promising efficacy for localized colon cancer with high pathologic complete response rates and low relapse rates. This raises the question if surgical treatment could be avoided with accurate radiographic staging while avoiding overtreatment of early stage tumors. This study assesses the utility of radiographic staging by CT for dMMR tumors compared to pathologic staging. Methods: Patients with stage I-III colon cancer treated with upfront surgical resection were retrospectively reviewed from a single institution from 2012 to 2023 in two cohorts: 1) dMMR colon cancer and 2) pMMR colon cancer limited to similar sample size as matched controls. Clinical stage was determined based on CT scans prior to surgical resection by 2 independent radiologists blinded to pathologic stage, and the results were correlated to pathologic stage. Clinical characteristics were extracted from the electronic medical record. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. Results: We identified 80 patients with dMMR colon cancer and 66 with pMMR tumors. CT clinical tumor staging was discordant from pathologic staging for 68% of dMMR tumors and 61% for pMMR tumors. For T4 dMMR tumors, CT had a 74% sensitivity and 44% specificity. T4 tumors were understaged by radiology to less than T4 for 56% of cases. For dMMR nodal staging, CT had 89% sensitivity and 50% specificity (Table 1). For pathologic node positive tumors, 14% were understaged by radiologist CT read to node negative. For pathologic node negative tumors, 50% of tumors were overstaged to node positive by radiologist CT read. There was poor inter-rater reliability for both T stage and N stage for dMMR and pMMR tumors. The weakest agreement between radiologists was for T stage (dMMR kappa = 0.246, mMMR kappa = 0.145). Conclusions: Radiologic clinical staging of dMMR and pMMR colon cancer does not correlate well with pathologic staging. There were high rates of understaging by CT evaluation for patients who may be candidates for neoadjuvant treatment (T4, N+). Furthermore, there was poor inter-rater reliability between radiologists, indicating that CT staging alone may not be sufficient. Additional diagnostic modalities for nodal detection may be necessary to accurately clinically stage patients before neoadjuvant ICIs in patients with locally advanced disease. Comparing utility of pMMR versus dMMR tumors for T4 and node positive disease. pMMR (n = 66) dMMR (n = 80) T4 versus T3 or less Sensitivity (%) 92 74 Specificity (%) 51 47 PPV (%) 80 77 NPV (%) 82 63 Node positive versus node negative Sensitivity (%) 60 50 Specificity (%) 75 89 PPV (%) 81 89 NPV (%) 53 50 Abbreviations: PPV = positive predictive value; NPV = negative predictive value.

Reliability of running gait variability measures calculated from inertial measurement units.

Changes to the variability within biomechanical signals may reflect a change in the health of the human system. However, for running gait variability measures calculated from wearable device data, it is unknown whether a between-day difference reflects a shift in system dynamics reflective of a change in human health or is a result of poor between-day reliability of the measurement device or the biomechanical signal. This study investigated the reliability of stride time and sacral acceleration variability measures calculated from inertial measurement units (IMUs). Nineteen runners completed six treadmill running trials on two occasions seven days apart. Stride time and sacral acceleration signals were obtained using IMUs. Stride time variability and complexity were calculated using the coefficient of variation (CV) and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), respectively. Sacral acceleration regularity was quantified using sample entropy with a range of input parameters m (vector length) and r (similarity threshold). Between-day reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimum detectable change. Stride time CV displayed moderate relative reliability (ICC = 0.672), but with a large absolute minimum detectable change=0.525%, whilst stride time DFA-α displayed poor relative reliability (ICC = 0.457) and yielded large minimum detectable changes (≥ 0.208). Sample entropy displayed good relative reliability in mediolateral and resultant sacral acceleration signals for certain combinations of the parameters m and r, although again with large minimum detectable changes. Researchers should be cognisant of these reliability metrics when interpreting changes in running gait variability measures in clinical contexts.

Interrater Reliability of the AM-PAC 6-Clicks Basic Mobility Short Form Between Nurses and Physical Therapists.

To examine the interrater reliability between nurse- and physical therapist (PT)-recorded scores from the Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care 6-Clicks Basic Mobility short form across hospitals, services, and categories of assessment timing. Cross-sectional study of retrospective electronic health record data SETTING: Data were collected for patients in 11 hospitals between January 2020 and October 2022. Nurse- and PT-recorded 6-Clicks mobility scores were paired by date. There were 535,974 unique score pairs for 127,583 patients. Not applicable. Interrater reliability was examined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) where values <0.5, 0.5-0.75, 0.75-0.9, >0.9 indicate poor, moderate, good, and excellent reliability, respectively. In secondary analyses, score pairs were categorized according to: 1) hospital, 2) unit type (intensive care vs. other), 3) clinical service, and 4) relative timing of nurse- and PT-recorded scores. 6-Clicks Basic Mobility short form RESULTS: The interrater reliability was good overall, in 6 hospitals (moderate in 4 hospitals and poor in 1), in both intensive care and other units, for 4 out of 5 clinical services (moderate for 1), and for 4 out of 5 timing categories (moderate for 1). In this large study of real-world data, nurse- and PT-recorded 6-Clicks mobility scores had moderate to good interrater reliability.

A generalized objective CT-based method for quantifying articular fracture severity

A CT-based method for objectively assessing fracture severity was previously developed and validated to address poor reliability in existing subjective fracture classification systems. The method involved quantifying the energy involved in creating a fracture. However, clinical utility of the method was hindered by reliance upon an intact contralateral CT and lengthy analysis time (8-10h). Significant methodological improvements detailed here enable the assessment of fracture severity in any joints and bones, while obviating the need for an intact contralateral CT scan. Analysis time was reduced to <2h per case. Fracture energies computed using the new methods showed strong agreement (R2=0.95, p<0.001) with prior results in analyzing twenty tibial pilon fractures. New metrics, articular fracture edge length and subchondral energy, were developed to better describe joint injuries by incorporating knowledge of preferential chondrocyte death along fracture edges. Based on two-year radiographic grading for these pilon fractures, fracture energy, articular fracture edge length, and subchondral energy were all significantly different (p<0.01) between cases that did or did not develop post-traumatic osteoarthritis. These developments enable measurement of fracture severity in larger populations and in more clinically relevant timeframes with articular fractures involving a variety of joints and bones. This generalized assessment method offers opportunity to change the way severity is considered in fracture treatment algorithms. Studies involving larger cohorts are anticipated to yield insights into the impact of fracture severity on PTOA risk and serve as a foundation for evaluating new treatment strategies.

Are we capturing individual differences? Evaluating the test–retest reliability of experimental tasks used to measure social cognitive abilities

Social cognitive skills are crucial for positive interpersonal relationships, health, and wellbeing and encompass both automatic and reflexive processes. To assess this myriad of skills, researchers have developed numerous experimental tasks that measure automatic imitation, emotion recognition, empathy, perspective taking, and intergroup bias and have used these to reveal important individual differences in social cognition. However, the very reason these tasks produce robust experimental effects – low between-participant variability – can make their use as correlational tools problematic. We performed an evaluation of test–retest reliability for common experimental tasks that measure social cognition. One-hundred and fifty participants completed the race-Implicit Association Test (r-IAT), Stimulus–Response Compatibility (SRC) task, Emotional Go/No-Go (eGNG) task, Dot Perspective-Taking (DPT) task, and State Affective Empathy (SAE) task, as well as the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) and indices of Explicit Bias (EB) across two sessions within 3 weeks. Estimates of test–retest reliability varied considerably between tasks and their indices: the eGNG task had good reliability (ICC = 0.63–0.69); the SAE task had moderate-to-good reliability (ICC = 0.56–0.77); the r-IAT had moderate reliability (ICC = 0.49); the DPT task had poor-to-good reliability (ICC = 0.24–0.60); and the SRC task had poor reliability (ICC = 0.09–0.29). The IRI had good-to-excellent reliability (ICC = 0.76–0.83) and EB had good reliability (ICC = 0.70–0.77). Experimental tasks of social cognition are used routinely to assess individual differences, but their suitability for this is rarely evaluated. Researchers investigating individual differences must assess the test–retest reliability of their measures.

P0390 Development, internal, and external validation of a novel endoscopic activity score for evaluation of Crohn’s disease (EASE-CD)

Abstract Background Endoscopy is essential for measuring luminal disease activity in Crohn’s disease (CD). Current endoscopic indices for evaluating CD activity are limited: they are only modestly correlated with disease activity, contain items that are ambiguously defined and have poor inter-observer reliability, and lack validated definitions for clinically relevant change. We aimed to develop and internally and externally validate a reliable and responsive endoscopic CD activity index. Methods In this multi-part study, candidate endoscopic items for index development with face validity derived from a prior RAND/UCLA appropriateness exercise were assessed by blinded central readers using ileocolonoscopy videos from the phase 3b adalimumab EXTEND (NCT00348283) and phase 2 risankizumab (NCT02031276) trials. Acceptable item-level operating properties for further consideration as covariables in regression for model building included at least moderate inter-rater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]≥0.41), and medium responsiveness defined as the probability of a patient receiving active treatment having a better endoscopy score than a patient receiving placebo or win probability (WinP) ≥0.56. Model development and internal validation with bootstrapping utilised data from 112 paired baseline and post-treatment videos from the adalimumab trial. External model validation utilised data from 108 video pairs from the risankizumab trial. Results The Endoscopic Activity Score for Evaluating CD (EASE-CD) is comprised of ulcer size, presence of deep ulcer(s), and percentage of ulcerated surface with each item evaluated and averaged across visualised bowel segments (Table 1). Total scores range from 0-100 (higher scores indicate greater endoscopic activity). EASE-CD demonstrated almost perfect inter-rater reliability (ICC 0.820 [95% CI: 0.662-0.906]) and a large degree of responsiveness (WinP 0.769 [95% CI: 0.658-0.851]). A 10-point reduction in EASE-CD had 87.8% specificity and 60.9% sensitivity for endoscopic response defined by the Simple Endoscopic Score for CD (SES-CD)/CD Endoscopic Index of Severity (CDEIS). Ulcer-free endoscopic remission results in EASE-CD=0. Conclusion EASE-CD is a novel, validated, continuous measure of endoscopic CD activity constructed using modern principles of index development, that is reliable, responsive to treatment, and linearly correlated with disease activity. EASE-CD does not include “narrowing” (which cannot be reliably evaluated between observers) or “affected area” (which is ambiguous in meaning, poorly reliable, and not independently associated with disease activity). EASE-CD is based only on ulcer-related items, the hallmark lesion in CD.

KEPUASAN PASIEN DI POLIKLINIK GIGI DAN BEDAH MULUT DI RUMAH SAKIT

Background: Consumer satisfaction is closely related to service quality. The standard for patient satisfaction in health services is set nationally by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, with a minimum of patient satisfaction of above 95% (Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016). The results of a survey of public satisfaction with Hospital services in South Sumatra from January to June 2022 showed a survey result with a value of 88.18 (very good). Method: This type of research is quantitative with an analytical survey design with a cross-sectional approach, the population is patients at the Dental and Oral Surgery Polyclinic of Martapura OKU Timur Hospital with sample of 59 respondents and the sampling technique is accidental sampling. Univariate, and bivariate data analysis Result : Based on the results of univariate analysis, it was found that women (91.5%), young age (57.6%), higher education (55.9%), dissatisfied (64.4%), poor tangible (54.2%), poor reliability (69.5%), poor responsiveness (74.6%), poor assurance (79.7%), and poor empathy (71.2%). The results of statistical tests using chi square showed a relationship between tangible (p value 0.000), reliability (p value 0.000), responsiveness (p value 0.003), assurance (p value 0.002), empathy (p value 0.000) and patient satisfaction. Conclusion : Conclusion of the existence of a real relationship, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy with patient satisfaction. It is expected that health workers in Hospital area will further improve the quality of service in order to increase patient satisfaction. Keywords: Patient satisfaction, service quality, hospital

Multi-sensor adaptive fusion and convolutional neural network-based acoustic emission diagnosis for initial damage of the engine

Abstract Aiming at the problems of traditional fault diagnosis means that are difficult to identify initial damage, as well as the poor reliability and fault tolerance with a single sensor, an acoustic emission (AE) diagnosis method for initial damage of the engine based on multi-sensor adaptive fusion and convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed. Firstly, under the premise of utilizing parametric analysis to characterize the multi-sensor AE signals, the feature parameter entropy is used to determine the primary and secondary relationships between multi-sensor signals, and then the AE feature parameter matrix is formed by adaptive fusion. Secondly, CNN is employed to mine and learn the fault feature combinations from the AE feature parameter matrix by multi-layer fusion to realize the identification and diagnosis for initial damage of the engine. Finally, the proposed method is validated on the engine test bench designed for initial damage identification and is compared with conventional methods in terms of diagnostic performance. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve an identification accuracy of 98.83% for initial damage, and has advantages in various aspects such as TAMSE, K, F1mic and F1mac, which explicitly provides a theoretical and methodological basis for identifying initial faults comprehensively and accurately. This research not only enriches the theory and methods in the field of structural health monitoring, but also provides strong technical support for engine health management, which is expected to play a key role in the maintenance and guarantee of aviation engines in the future.

A novel carbon emission monitoring method for power generation enterprises based on hybrid transformer model

Accurate carbon accounting is essential for power generation enterprises to participate in carbon markets and implement carbon reduction strategies. However, due to excessive reliance on detailed energy data and manual calculations, carbon emission accounting in power generation enterprises suffers from low frequency, significant lag, and poor reliability. Some evidences suggest a strong correlation between internal carbon emissions and electricity consumption in power generation enterprises. Inspired by them, this paper proposes a novel model, named ICEEMDAN-Inception-Transformer, to thoroughly explore the relationship between power data and carbon emissions, providing precise hourly carbon emission acquisition for power enterprises. This model first utilizes ICEEMDAN to extract the significant characteristics of power data, then employs advanced Inception and Transformer structures to capture the complex high-dimensional features of the “electricity-carbon” correlation, thereby realizing enterprise carbon emissions monitoring. The model was extensively validated on three datasets from three different types of power enterprises. The average performance on indicators of RMSE, MAE, MAPE, and R2 of the model on the three datasets reached 11.69 tCO2, 9.58 tCO2, 2.44%, and 96.42%, respectively. The results demonstrate that the proposed monitoring model possesses certain advantages in terms of the accuracy and robustness of acquiring enterprise carbon emissions, providing valuable insights for high-frequency accurate carbon monitoring in power generation enterprises.

Liquid-infused nanostructured composite as a high-performance thermal interface material for effective cooling

Effective heat dissipation remains a grand challenge for energy-dense devices and systems. As heterogeneous integration becomes increasingly inevitable in electronics, thermal resistance at interfaces has emerged as a critical bottleneck for thermal management. However, existing thermal interface solutions are constrained by either high thermal resistance or poor reliability. We report a strategy to create printable, high-performance liquid-infused nanostructured composites, comprising a mechanically soft and thermally conductive double-sided Cu nanowire array scaffold infused with a customized thermal-bridge liquid that suppresses contact thermal resistance. The liquid infusion concept is versatile for a broad range of thermal interface applications. Remarkably, the liquid metal infused nanostructured composite exhibits an ultra-low thermal resistance <1 mm² K W-1 at interface, outperforming state-of-the-art thermal interface materials on chip-cooling. The high reliability of the nanostructured composites enables undegraded performance through extreme temperature cycling. We envision liquid-infused nanostructured composites as a universal thermal interface solution for cooling applications in data centers, GPU/CPU systems, solid-state lasers, and LEDs.

Reliability and Validity of Physical Activity Measures for Children and Adolescents: The NCCOR Measures Registry Review

ABSTRACT In 2011, the National Collaborative on Childhood Obesity Research established a Measures Registry (updated in 2020) for four key variables associated with childhood obesity. We analyzed the individual physical activity behaviors portion of the Measures Registry to highlight strengths and gaps in the reliability and validity literature for children’s and adolescents’ physical activity measures. There were 455 Measurement Registry entries included in the present analysis. Overall, 212 entries assessed reliability, most commonly test–retest (70%) or internal consistency (18%), while 342 entries assessed validity, most commonly criterion validity (89%). The lack of reporting of socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and rurality, and lack of inclusion of these individuals in studies was concerning, as was poorer reliability and validity demonstrated when these individuals were included. Future validation work should address better inclusion of diverse populations. Other next steps include devising standardized measurement development procedures and assessment tools in addition to updating the registry.

Development of the Italian version of the Motricity Index and evaluation of its reliability in adults with stroke

Background: The Motricity Index (MI) is a commonly used method of measuring muscle strength in post-stroke hemiparesis. This study aimed to produce the MI Italian version (MI-IT) and assess its reliability in subjects with stroke. Methods: Phase-1: stepwise approach to MI-IT production and pilot-testing with 10 health professionals to ensure clarity of each item and instructions for administration and scoring. Phase-2: evaluation of MI-IT reliability on stroke subjects, each independently assessed by 2 raters randomly selected from a group of 10 physiotherapists; the first rater re-administered the MI-IT 1–3 days later. Intraclass correlation coefficients, Spearman’s rho and, limited to the more affected side, non-parametric limits of agreement (LOA) were computed for total MI-IT scores, squared weighted kappa and percentage of observed agreement for individual item scores. Results: The back-translated versions showed no discrepancies with original MI, but 3 items were revised after pilot-testing. Complete data on 50 (test–retest) and 51 (inter-rater) participants demonstrated excellent reliability of all MI-IT total scores on the more affected side (Spearman’s rho range: test–retest 0.953–0.975; inter-rater: 0.965–0.970), with LOA ranging from 9–25%), but poor inter-rater reliability for some scores on the less affected side (Spearman’s rho range: test–retest, 0.816–0.976; inter-rater: 0.508–0.721). Moderate to almost perfect agreement was found for all individual item scores, except for 2 items on the less affected side. Conclusions: The MI-IT is sufficiently reliable to evaluate motor impairment of the more affected side after stroke, with acceptable measurement error for all scores.

Patella height ratios diagnose the same healthy knees differently

Our study aims to investigate if the ratios proposed by Insall-Salvati and Caton-Deschamps follow the theory of normal distribution levels in a healthy population. 434 skeletal mature, healthy knees were obtained from a CT-scan-based modelling system (SOMA). Patellae height ratios were measured using the Insall-Salvati ratio and the Caton-Deschamps index. The patella height ratios of the sample population were plotted on a quantile plot and diagnosed as patella alta, baja or normal using the original ratio definitions. The study population patella height values at the 95th, 98th and 5th centiles were identified and compared to those described as alta or baja by Insall-Salvati and Caton-Deschamps. This meant that if the patient had patella alta, this would be defined as a ratio of ≥ 1.2 and hypothesised that this would align at the 98th centile of the study population, whilst if diagnosed as patella baja (≤ 0.74), this should align at the 5th centile of the population. The inter-rater reliability of both ratios was calculated using kappa statistics. Two authors made all calculations and compared them for consistency using the intraclass correlation coefficient. For the Insall-Salvati ratio, the study population’s value at the 98th centile was equivalent to what Insall-Salvati describes as alta, a ratio of ≥ 1.2. In the study population, patients are overdiagnosed if using the Insall-Salvati ratio as patella baja ≤ 0.74, as the value at the 5th centile in the study population was 0.59. Using the Caton-Deschamps index, the 95th centile was 1.3, higher than the patella alta ratio determined by Caton as a ratio ≥ 1.2. Using Caton-Deschamps, patients are being underdiagnosed if utilising a patella baja ratio of ≤ 0.6. In our population, the 5th centile was 0.75. The two ratios had a kappa coefficient of 0.01, which indicates poor inter-rater reliability. Depending on the ratio used, caton-Deschamps and Insall-Salvati ratios diagnose patients as alta or baja differently. The current patella height ratios have originated from very small, select population samples. The future of patella height discussion should begin with data representing large populations. Then, we can discuss the upper and lower limits of abnormality.

Advancements in porous framework materials for chemiresistive hydrogen sensing: exploring MOFs and COFs.

Hydrogen is a zero-emissive fuel and has immense potential to replace carbon-emitting fuels in the future. The development of efficient H2 sensors is essential for preventing hazardous situations and facilitating the widespread usage of hydrogen. Chemiresistors are popular gas sensors owing to their attractive properties such as fast response, miniaturization, simple integration with electronics and low cost. Traditionally, semiconducting metal oxides (SMOs) and Pd-based materials have been widely investigated for chemiresistive H2 sensing applications. However, issues such as limited selectivity and poor reliability still hinder their use in real-time applications. Recent advancements have explored metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), offering new perspectives and potential applications in this field. MOFs and COFs belong to the crystalline framework (CF) family of materials and are highly porous, designable materials with tunable pore surfaces featuring sites for H2 interactions. They exhibit good selectivity towards H2 with quick response/recovery times at relatively low temperatures compared to SMOs. Furthermore, they provide an additional advantage of sensing H2 in the absence of oxygen, even at high concentrations of H2. In this perspective article, we summarize recent advancements and challenges in the development of H2 sensors employing MOFs, COFs, and their hybrid composites as sensing elements. Additionally, we discuss our perspective on hybridizing MOFs/COFs with SMOs and other nanomaterials for the future development of advanced H2 sensors.

Ground and Space (LEO) Based GNSS Ionospheric Detection Using Chapman Function Constraint

AbstractLimited by the number and location distribution of ground stations, the ground based ionospheric detection using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) technology suffers from low accuracy and poor reliability in some regions. To improve the performance of the global ionospheric model, this study combines the Continuously Operating Reference Station and the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite observation to conduct the ground and space‐based (G/SBased) joint ionospheric detection technique. With reference to the ionospheric radar data of the global ionospheric radio observatory, the performance of the G/SBased GNSS joint ionospheric detection technique was tested in quiet and disturbed geomagnetic environments. Results show that in the ground and space based joint mode, the distribution of ionospheric puncture points (IPPs) is uniform, thus effectively avoiding the problem of IPPs blank in the absence of ground stations. In the quiet geomagnetic environment, the ionospheric detection of the G/SBased joint mode has a remarkable performance improvement compared with the ground GNSS mode, with an average improvement of 55.51%. In the geomagnetically disturbed environment, the G/SBased joint mode still has high consistency with the ionospheric radar results, and the detection performance is better than that of the ground GNSS mode. This research shows that combining with ground GNSS and LEO satellite observation data can substantially provide the performance of GNSS ionospheric total electron content detection and can provide good data support for the construction of a global ionospheric refinement model.

YouTube as an information source in deep margin elevation: Reliability, accuracy and quality analysis.

The objective of this research was to assess the accuracy, quality, content, and demographics of videos on YouTube concerning deep margin elevation (DME). Initially, 100 videos for each of the three keywords were analyzed. The content categories of these videos were diverse, encompassing educational materials, teaching techniques, advertisements, and other types of content. The evaluation of the videos was carried out based on the Global Quality Scale (GQS), the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark, and the modified-DISCERN questionnaire (m-DISCERN). Non-distributed data were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test and the Spearman correlation coefficient. The JAMA score was 1 for four videos, 2-3 for 38, and 4 for 14 videos; the GQS score was 1-2 for 18 videos, 3 for 11 videos, and 4-5 for 27 videos; and the m-DISCERN score was < 3 for 39 videos, 3 for four videos, and > 3 for 13 (for a total of 56 videos). Statistically significant differences were observed only for the JAMA scores when comparing the video source groups (p = 0.001). There were significant positive correlations between the GQS and m-DISCERN and m-DISCERN and JAMA scores (p < 0.001 and p = 0.049, respectively). The findings indicated that YouTube videos related to DME generally exhibited high-quality content but only moderate accuracy and poor reliability.

Measuring implicit associations with behaviours to improve resident mood: development of implicit association tasks for nursing home care providers.

To develop and evaluate instruments for measuring implicit associations of nursing home care providers with behaviours aimed at improving resident mood. Study 1 (N = 41) followed an iterative approach to develop two implicit association tasks measuring implicit attitude (positive versus negative valence) and motivation (wanting versus not wanting) regarding mood-improving behaviours, followed by an evaluation of the content validity for target stimuli representing these behaviours. In Study 2 (N = 230), the tasks were assessed for stimulus classification ease (accuracy and speed) and internal consistency. A subsample (n = 111) completed additional questionnaires to evaluate convergent validity (with self-reported attitudes towards depression, altruism, and mood-improving behaviours), and discriminant validity (against social desirability), and repeated the tasks after 2 weeks to assess test-retest reliability. Content validity indexes for target stimuli were satisfactory. Error rates were acceptable for attribute stimuli, but exceeded the 10 % limit for target stimuli. Response times for all stimuli exceeded the 800-millisecond threshold. Both tasks demonstrated good internal consistency but poor test-retest reliability. Regarding convergent validity, both tasks significantly correlated with altruism, the implicit attitude task associated with self-reported mood-improving behaviours, and the implicit motivation task correlated with the behavioural scale of attitudes towards depression. Discriminant validity was supported as neither task was significantly associated with social desirability. The implicit association tasks show potential for measuring implicit associations with mood-improving behaviours of care providers, offering an innovative pathway for exploring processes influencing caregiving behaviours. However, limitations in psychometric properties were identified, aligning with challenges observed in similar measures.