Poor Economic Conditions Research Articles

Factors affecting ageism and depression levels in individuals aged 65 and over living in society

Abstract Background The aging process is perceived negatively by some people. This perception prevents/reduces the happiness that can be gained from the aging process. As a result, depressive symptoms may occur. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the factors affecting ageism and depression levels in individuals aged 65 and over living in society. Methods The sample of the research, which was conducted with a cross-sectional, descriptive design, consisted of 287 individuals aged 65 and over living in a neighborhood on the Anatolian side of Istanbul. Data were collected with socio-demographic form, Ageism Questionnaire and Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale-15. T test, variance analysis and chi-square test were used to analyze the data. Ethical permissions were obtained. Results Moderate depression was found in 27.5% of individuals with a mean age of 70.80±5.42. Individuals scored below the average (18.48±8.14) on the ageism survey. Ageism scores were higher for men, those aged 85 and over, those with poor economic conditions, those with chronic diseases, those hospitalized in the last year, those with severe and moderate depression, and those who needed help with daily tasks (p < 0.05). A statistically significant difference was found between age groups, chronic disease, continuous medication use, hospitalization in the last year, working status, need for help with daily tasks, economic status and depression levels (p < 0.05). Ageism scores of those with severe and moderate depression were found to be high (F = 3.43;p=0.017). Conclusions Variables that are effective in ageism and depression are being aged 85 and over, having a poor economic situation, having a chronic disease, needing help with daily tasks, and receiving inpatient treatment in the last year. The results of this study show that more efforts and resources are needed within the scope of political and social services to reduce ageism in society and the level of depression in older individuals. Key messages • As the level of depression in elderly individuals increases, ageism increases. • Advanced age, economic status, chronic disease, hospitalization and dependence on daily tasks affect depression and ageism.

Cardiovascular and fracture events analysis and intervention strategies in patients undergoing parathyroidectomy with secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is the most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), and SHPT is the most severe complication of ESRD. This study aimed to analyze the influencing factors of cardiovascular and fracture events in patients with SHPT which are the leading causes of death in patients with CKD, and provide a reference for selecting patients for whom surgery is more suitable. Patients who underwent parathyroidectomy (PTX) for SHPT at The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine from September 2021 to April 2024 were selected as the study object, with the inclusion and exclusion criteria as followed. They were divided into rural and urban residents for comparison as a cross-sectional study. The study evaluated the comorbidities, socioeconomic status, and postoperative complications diagnosed by radiography of patients undergoing surgery for SHPT. A total of 119 patients were included, among whom, 71 were from rural areas and 48 were from urban areas. Compared with urban residents, rural residents had poorer economic conditions, a longer interval from disease onset to PTX, and a higher incidence of cardiovascular and fracture events and concurrent nephrolithiasis, all of which were statistically significant. Multivariate analysis indicated that place of residence, age, and duration of uremia were independent risk factors of cardiovascular/fracture events. Medical staff in ESRD outpatient clinics should pay attention to patients with SHPT. ESRD patients should have better surveillance especially for rural, elder and poor phosphorus control patients, and promptly assess surgical intervention measures.

Determinants of breakfast skipping among pregnant women from South Ethiopia Gamo Zone: a case-control study.

Skipping breakfast during pregnancy presents several challenges and potential health risks for both the mother and her baby. Breakfast plays a crucial role in providing essential nutrients and energy after an overnight fast. Skipping breakfast during pregnancy creates an unhealthy environment for the fetus. Thus, this study aimed to identify the determinants of breakfast skipping among pregnant women. An unmatched, community-based case-control study was conducted among 116 randomly selected cases (breakfast skippers) and 232 neighboring controls (regular breakfast consumers). Data was collected using pre-tested interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. Binary logistic regression analysis was employed to determine predictors of breakfast skipping using STATA version 16. The odds of non-formal education (AOR = 3.92; 95% CI: 1.75, 8.78), low socioeconomic status (AOR = 2.93; 95% CI: 1.12, 7.68), poor dietary knowledge (AOR = 2.89; 95% CI: 1.29, 6.47), and experiencing morning sickness (AOR = 2.57; 95% CI: 1.13, 5.84) were higher among cases than controls. The odds of breakfast skipping were higher for every increase in family size (AOR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.25, 2.18), but decrease with every unit increase in mid-upper arm circumference (AOR = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.72) and weekly frequency of drinking coffee leaf tea beverage (AOR = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.89). Findings of this study showed that poor economic status, lack of formal education, poor dietary knowledge, having morning sickness, having large family size, maternal nutritional status, and frequent consumption of coffee leaf tea beverage were significantly associated with breakfast skipping among pregnant women. Thus, efforts should focus on improving dietary awareness during pregnancy, strengthening dietary counseling during antenatal care, enhancing access to contraceptive services, and ensuring timely management of morning sickness.

Investigation of Depression and Post-Traumatic Growth in Renal Transplant Recipients via Self-Assessment.

Objective: In this study, we aimed to determine post-traumatic growth and depression levels in renal transplant recipients and the relationship between these two variables. Design and Methods: The study was conducted with a descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational design. The data for the study were collected at the organ transplant unit of a research and training hospital located in the west of Turkey. The sample of the study included 122 kidney transplant recipients (n = 122). A Sociodemographic Information Form, the Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG) Inventory, and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were employed to collect data. In the analyses of the data, descriptive statistics, ANOVA, an independent-samples t-test, post hoc tests, and Pearson correlation tests were used. Results: As the ages of the renal transplant recipients increased, their depression scores decreased, while their PTG scores increased. Higher depression levels were identified in the female participants compared to the male participants and in those with a low income compared to other income groups. The lowest PTG levels were found in the recipients who received their kidney transplants from third-degree relatives. Age, gender, economic status, and time of transplant were predictors of depression. The identity of the donor was the most significant predictor of PTG (62% explanation rate). A strong and inverse correlation was found between depression and PTG (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Post-traumatic growth was found to decrease depression. However, while poor economic status led to depression, high economic status did not lead to a significant change in PTG. As education levels increased, PTG decreased, but education status did not have any significant effect on depression. On the other hand, there was a negative correlation between PTG and depression. The results obtained in this study are valuable and important in terms of understanding depression better and determining PTG as a significant factor that could alleviate it.

Capital infusions and Bank risk-taking behaviour

Despite theoretical predictions on the ill effects associated with capital infusions, the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) brought them into mainstream banking around the world. Empirical evidence on capital infusions during GFC supports the existence of moral hazard problem. However, what is not clear is whether the increase in bank risk post-capital infusions is due to an increase in bank risk-taking behaviour (moral hazard) or simply reflects an increase in the average firm-level risk due to poor economic conditions. We try to disentangle this issue by using capital infusion data in the Indian banking industry, where government capital infusions in public sector banks happen in all economic conditions and hence allow us to control for a non-crisis environment. Our results strongly support the moral hazard problem in banks, surrounded by no apparent economic crisis. The results are also independent of the bank's propensity to take risks and its financial health. One major implication of our findings is that repeated capital infusions to protect banks can be detrimental as it increases the fiscal risk of the country.

Survey and Analysis of Postoperative Quality of Life in Gynaecological Oncology Patients

Goal: To investigate the current status of quality of life of postoperative patients with gynaecological tumours, and to analyse the relevant factors affecting the quality of life of postoperative patients with gynaecological tumours. Method: One hundred and fifty-three postoperative gynecological oncology patients who attended the gynaecology and oncology departments of three tertiary hospitals in Henan Province from June 2023 to March 2024 were investigated by convenience sampling method. The patients' postoperative survival quality was investigated through the General Information Survey Scale and Quality of Life Score Scale. Results: The quality of life measurement scale score of postoperative gynaecological oncology patients in this study was (121.27±10.87), in which there was a difference in the quality of life of postoperative gynaecological oncology patients of different age, education level, marital status, and per capita monthly income of the family, p&lt;0.05. Conclude: The quality of life level of postoperative gynaecological oncology patients is generally good, and age, literacy, marital status, and per capita monthly family income are important factors in the postoperative quality of life of gynaecological oncology patients. Healthcare professionals should focus on patients with older age, lower education level, unstable marital status, and poor economic status, and provide personalised targeted interventions to improve their quality of life.

EFFECT OF DATA PROTECTION FRAMEWORKS AGAINST CYBERCRIMES ON CYBER SECURITY IN NIGERIA

The paper Effect of Data Security Frameworks against Cybercrimes and Cyber Security in Nigeria critically examines the various data protection frameworks in Nigeria and how these are impacting curtailing cybercrimes in the country. The paper examined the institutions responsible for data security and how they carry it out. The work utilized both the secondary and primary sources of data collection. Key Informant Interview (KII) and the observation method were deployed to collect primary data for the study. Information on data protection was also collected from (NDPC) and other relevant agencies. Information from reports from the internet, scholarly articles in journals, and information from websites and books were used in the paper. The paper utilised the Social Strain Theory (SST) as the theoretical framework for the study. The paper observed that data protection regulations in Nigeria make it mandatory for all Public Institutions (PIs) in Nigeria to have a comprehensive cyber security framework, which is to protect against unauthorized access. Several factors are responsible for data insecurity and the attendant increase in cybercrimes in the country. These include, among others: i. Lack of knowledge on the part of most officers of the penalty for data breach allowed by them. ii. Poor dissemination of the content of the NDPA. iii. The poor economic condition of the country makes many officers to seek means of getting extra money, this also includes their volunteering information that they should not disclose in the first place. The paper observed that though cyber security in Nigeria is not within the mandate of the EFCC, the Commission plays very important role in dealing with the threat of cybercrimes in Nigeria. Records shows that of the 12,394 convictions of the EFCC from inception till 31st December 2023. Over 80% of them are on cybercrime and related offences. The paper concluded that inspire of the efforts of the EFCC and other agencies in tackling cybercrimes in Nigeria, the failure of the data protection frameworks in the country in ensuring confidentiality, integrity and security of the data at their disposal is the reason for the spiralling of cybercrimes in the country. The paper recommends that the Nigerian government adopt the best practice policies and regulations, promote awareness, and continuously update cyber security practices, which is germane to enhancing data protection in the country.

Health Literacy Levels of Women Attending a Perinatology Outpatient Clinic for High-Risk Pregnancy Follow-Up.

Health literacy, defined as the ability to obtain, understand, evaluate, and apply health information with knowledge, motivation, and skills, is crucial for maintaining and improving quality of life. Despite the availability of health information, limited health literacy is linked to health disparities, inadequate self-management of chronic diseases, and poorer health outcomes. The purpose of this study is to assess the health literacy of pregnant women who visit the Perinatology Outpatient Clinic for follow-up care. It seeks to identify gaps in knowledge and understanding that may impede effective healthcare delivery and inform targeted health education and public awareness programs to enhance health literacy. This prospective survey study included 210 pregnant women aged 18 to 40 years attending the Perinatology Outpatient Clinic at Giresun Obstetrics and Gynecology Training and Research Hospital, Turkey. Participants completed a questionnaire on health literacy, sociodemographics, and basic health status via Google Forms (Google Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), employing tests such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, Student's t-test, ANOVA, Spearman, and Pearson correlation, and multivariate linear regression analysis. The mean age of participants was 29.97±5.44 years, with a mean health literacy score of 29.89±7.05. Education level and living place significantly influenced health literacy scores, with higher scores among those with higher education and urban living (p = 0.014 and p = 0.038, respectively). Economic status also significantly impacted health literacy, with lower scores among those with poor economic status (p<0.001). Health literacy scores were higher among those receiving health information from healthcare professionals (p = 0.006) and lower among those finding medical information from doctors insufficient (p = 0.008). Health literacy is significantly influenced by education level, living place, and economic status. The study emphasizes the necessity of focused health education initiatives, especially for individuals with lower educational attainment and those residing in rural regions. Improving health literacy via efficient communication from medical professionals can benefit expectant mothers and their unborn children by lowering medical expenses and improving health outcomes.

Factors of Child Growth Failure Based on the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure in West Sulawesi Province

Background: The composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) provides a comprehensive measure of growth failure through various child anthropometric indicators. In regions with a high prevalence of stunting, several factors may contribute to the occurrence of growth failure in children under five years. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the factors influencing the incidence of child growth failure based on the CIAF in a province with high stunting prevalence in Indonesia. Methods: The cross-sectional study used the 2022 Indonesian Nutrition Status Survey (SSGI) data. The sample comprised children aged 0-23 months from West Sulawesi Province, totaling 1,573 children. The number of samples analyzed was 1,327 children, excluding incomplete data and outliers that were values outside a certain range and treated as missing values based on the World Health Organization (WHO). Multivariate analysis was conducted using logistic regression with a complex sample facility. Results: This study found that 24.9% of children experienced growth failure based on the CIAF. Factors associated with the incidence of growth failure based on the CIAF were older age between 12-23 months (OR=4.5; CI=2.36-8.43; p=0.000), birth weight less than 2,500 g (OR=6.85; CI=3.85-12.21; p=0.000), boys (OR=1.56; CI=1.13-2.15; p=0.000), incomplete immunization status (OR=1.8; CI=1.31-2.77; p=0.001), and poor economic status in quintile 1 (OR=2.1; CI=1.08-3.99; p=0.028). Conclusions: The risk factors for child growth failure based on the CIAF included older age, male sex, low birth weight, incomplete immunization status, and low economic status.

Investigation of prevalence of substance use disorders using direct and indirect methods and factors affecting initiation of substance use

ABSTRACT Background Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) are among some of the major health problems in different societies, especially in Iran, resulting in devastating outcomes. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of SUDs using both direct and indirect (network scale-up (NUS) and cross-wise model (CM) methods and to identify the factors affecting initiation of substance use. Methods The study was conducted among people aged 15–69 years in Kermanshah, Iran, with a total of 6127 people selected utilizing a stratified sampling method. Results The prevalence of SUDs was estimated at 3.85% by direct CM, 11.05% by indirect CM and 10.07% by NUS. The results of multivariate logistic regression revealed that the most important factors in increasing the chance of substance use were history of substance use in the family, mental diseases, poor economic status, and age group of 31–45 years. Conclusion Regarding the almost three-fold prevalence of indirect methods for estimating the prevalence of SUDs compared to direct methods on the one hand and the high prevalence of substance use in the province on the other, special prevention health programs are required by considering the groups at risk.

Socio-Economic Status of Students and Its Impact on the Quality of Studies

The research was done in order to highlight the connection between the socio-economic status (SES) of students and the quality of studies, as well as the connection between the organization of the teaching curriculum and the quality of studies. It has a quantitative descriptive design and falls in the field of theoretical-empirical research. The population is homogeneous and includes students from the faculties of Education throughout Kosovo and the Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences in Pristina, who attended bachelor studies in the period 2019–2022. The research was conducted with a sample of 312 students, representing over 2800 students. The research instrument was a survey/questionnaire. The results of the research showed that the social and economic status of students is in stable correlation with the quality of studies. The research also highlighted that the organization and quality implementation of the teaching curriculum significantly correlates with the quality of studies. From the attitudes of the students, it was understood that there is a variable correlation depending on the variables (such as marital status, village-city residence, number of employees in the family, economic situation, etc.). The findings from the research serve as a recommendation for educational institutions so that during the drafting of policies on education, they take into consideration the qualitative organization of studies by institutions of higher education, as well as create mechanisms to help students with poor economic conditions, in order to raise of the quality of studies and the quality of education.

Economic conditions in early life and the risk of adult mortality

BackgroundEmpirical evidence from European countries has shown that economic conditions in early life are associated with mortality risk. This study aims to assess the effects of economic conditions in early life, as well as their interaction with parental education, on the risk of adult mortality in the U.S.MethodsTo capture exogenous variation of economic conditions early in life, we use the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) cyclical deviation during a respondent’s birth year. Using the linked U.S. General Social Survey and National Death Index data (1979–2008), we employed parametric frailty survival models to examine the effects of economic conditions in early life on all-cause and cause-specific mortality.ResultsWe found that exposure to recession in the first year of life was associated with increased all-cause mortality only among women (hazard ratio = 1.54, 95% CI 1.03–2.31). This adverse effect was also found in women’s mortality from cancers (hazard ratio = 2.24, 95% CI 1.18–4.28). We also found a significant interaction between economic conditions in infancy and paternal education on women’s mortality risk—higher paternal education was protective against mortality under good economic conditions in infancy; however, higher paternal education was associated with greater mortality risk under poor economic conditions in infancy. We discuss how aspiration theory may explain these results.ConclusionOur study concludes that worse macroeconomic conditions early in life heighten the risk of mortality among women, and paternal education moderates this relationship.

Cooperatives and Socio-Economic Empowerment Among Rural Women

This paper discusses the role of cooperative societies in empowering rural women through Nalachhap Pragatisil Women Saving and Credit Cooperatives Limited (NPWSCCL) in Bhaktapur particularly focusing on socio-economic aspects. It also highlights the social and economic challenges faced by rural women, such as limited decision-making power and poor economic conditions. The study uses descriptive research design followed by 55 sample respondents. Data were of both qualitative and quantitative nature collected through survey and interview respectively. The findings indicate a positive change in women's decision-making abilities after joining the cooperative, along with slight improvements in income and expenditure patterns. However, there is a need for skill development training programs for rural women. Overall, the efforts have not only empowered women but also contributed significantly to societal well-being and the promotion of social and economic change within the community but further efforts are needed to provide comprehensive support.

A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis in Southeast Asian countries

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a disease caused by pathogenic Candida species. This disease typically affects women of reproductive age with high sexual activity (i.e., sex workers), poor educational attainment and economic status, and infrequent hygiene practices. VVC remains a major public health concern. VVC prevalence across Southeast Asian countries remains poorly understood. To address this concern, the current study estimated the current prevalence of VVC infections among women in Southeast Asian countries by conducting a systematic review and meta-analyses. All studies reporting the prevalence of VVC in Southeast Asia were obtained from Ovid Medline, Scopus, and CINAHL. A review of titles and abstracts was done independently by three reviewers. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Meta-analysis was performed in R v.4.1,1 using the ‘meta’ package (version 4.19-0). Based on the results of the current study, the pooled estimated prevalence of VVC among Southeast Asian women is 23.0% (95% CI: 18.0% to 28.0%). Across countries, Laos had the highest estimated prevalence at 33.0% (95% CI: 22.0% to 46.0%). Subgroup analysis based on pregnancy status and occupation revealed a higher estimated prevalence among non-pregnant women (32.0%, 95% CI: 25.0% to 40.0%) and non-sex workers (33.0%, 95% CI: 20.0% to 48.0%). Based on the diagnostic method, the prevalence was higher for the combinatorial approach using microscopy, a culture-based approach, and molecular techniques (51.0%) and lowest when solely based on clinical diagnosis (9.0%, 95% CI: 1.0% to 22.0%) or an exclusively culture-based approach (11%, 95% CI: 6.0% to 18.0%). Overall, further study is necessary to accurately characterize the current distribution of VVC across Southeast Asian countries. Developing more effective diagnostic and management strategies is to improve the health of affected women.

Unraveling Sociocultural Influences on Leptospirosis Incidence and Prevalence: A Qualitative Study in Sri Lanka.

This study aimed to explore sociocultural determinants that might contribute to the increased prevalence and incidence of leptospirosis, and how those determinants can also hinder health promotion interventions, particularly in rural areas of Sri Lanka. Even though several epidemiological studies have been conducted on leptospirosis in the Asia-Pacific region, the sociocultural background of this disease has not received sufficient attention. Therefore, through a qualitative study involving nine public health officials and 25 infected patients in five selected health administrative divisions, we demonstrate that a set of certain sociocultural determinants influence leptospirosis incidence and its prevalence. The thematic analysis generated six themes: a lack of knowledge of the causes and consequences of leptospirosis, false illness interpretations, a lack of readiness for the disease, poor economic conditions, social capital failure, and issues within the health system at the community level. Overall, results suggest that awareness programs aimed at demystifying false interpretations of leptospirosis lie at the center of any health promotion interventions at the community level.

Social support and economic conditions among older migrants in India: do distance, duration, and streams of migration play a role in later life?

BackgroundBeing older and having a migrant feature might cause a double risk of vulnerability in poor economic, social support, and health status at the place of destination. This study examines the association of migration on the social support and economic condition of older persons in India.MethodsLongitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) wave-I (2017–2018) data with total samples of 66,156 older adults aged 45 + with 30,869 and 35,287 male and female samples, respectively, used in this study. Descriptive and bivariate analyses have been performed to examine the pattern of older migrants, and multinomial logistic regression analysis has been used to establish the associations between migration, social support, and economic condition.ResultsOver half (57.5%) of the population aged 45 + in India had migrant characteristics; 80% migrated before 25 years. Of all migrants, about 90% migrated within one state (Intrastate), and 9% migrated to another (Interstate). The association between social support and migration by distance and the adjusted result showed that immigrants were less likely to have medium [RRR = 0.56 (CI; 0.46–0.68)] and high [RRR = 0.39 (CI; 0.30–0.50)] social support. The interstate migrants were also less likely to have high [RRR = 0.90 (CI; 0.83–0.98)] social support. The migrants with 0–9 years of duration were less likely to have high social support, and the urban to rural stream migrants were more likely to have high social support. The association between economic status and migration by distance and the adjusted result showed that more affluent immigrants were likelier to have [RRR = 1.41 (CI; 1.14–1.73)] better economic conditions than affluent non-migrants. Migrants with 0–9-year duration and urban to rural stream were found to be likelier to have better economic conditions.ConclusionsThe findings of this study suggest that distance, duration, and migration stream have a significant association with social support and economic conditions in later life. In exploring migration’s effect on social and economic status, policymakers should prioritize migrants in their agenda to maintain socio-economic and social support for older persons in India to achieve the sustainable goal of active and healthy ageing.

Performance research on multi-energy complementary heating systems in rural areas of China: A mini review

Abstract Winter heating in rural areas has always been an issue of great concern to the State. In China, traditional heating methods mainly use coal-fired boilers or heating stoves, however, coal burning has caused serious environmental pollution and air quality problems. In order to improve heating conditions and reduce environmental pollution, some rural areas have begun to try multi-energy complementary heating (MECH) system, which improves heating efficiency by comprehensively utilizing solar energy, biomass energy, ground source heat pump, air source heat pump (ASHP). However, due to poor economic conditions, the actual operation faces various factors and challenges. In order to solve these problems, this paper provides a systematic review of the research on MECH systems in rural areas in China in recent years. First, it summarizes the existing MECH systems, including various technologies such as solar-ASHP heating, solar-biogas heating, and ground source heat pump-solar heating, and lists their advantages and disadvantages in detail. Secondly, the effects of MECH systems in practical applications are discussed through case studies. Finally, recommendations for promoting MECH technologies are presented to facilitate the development of MECH systems in rural areas. The study contributes to the development of MECH system, which helps to improve rural heating conditions and reduce environmental pollution.

Efektivitas Art Therapy Menggambar untuk Menurunkan Kecemasan pada Remaja yang Tinggal di Panti Asuhan

Adolescent who live in orphanages face many problems, especially the most dominant ones, namely the transition to residence, how to socialize and behave. Teenager who live in orphanages have different backgrounds, from poor economic conditions to parents who have died. The aim of this research is to determine the effectiveness of art therapy in reducing anxiety in adolescent living in orphanages. This research uses a quasi experimental method with a pre - post test approach with control group design. The number of samples in this study were 16 teenagers who lived in an orphanage. Analysis using dependent t test data and independent t test. Paired sample t-test DASS in the intervention group, the results obtained with a P value of 0.000. Paired sample t-test DASS in the control group, the result obtained with a P value 0.017. Independent t-test of pre anxiety based on DASS in the intervention and control groups, the results obtained with a P value of 0.091. Independent t-test of post anxiety based on DASS in the intervention and control groups, the results obtained with P value 0.000. This indicates that there was a very significant change before and after the intervention in terms of anxiety.

Exploring the Relationship between Economic Indicators, Investor Distrust, and Stock Market Volatility: case study of the KASE index dynamics

Object: The aim of the article is to investigate the relationship between investor distrust and the overall financial stability of the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange (KASE) through a comprehensive analysis of qualitative and quantitative methods. Methods: Qualitative analysis involves examining the activities of KASE and investor relations practices, while quantitative analysis employs regression modeling to explore the impact of macroeconomic factors on KASE index volatility. Findings: In the research varying levels of investor engagement and investor relations activities in Kazakhstan were revealed with significant correlations between macroeconomic indicators such as inflation, unemployment, GDP, and KASE index volatility. Results indicate that while inflation and GDP have limited impact, unemployment significantly influences market volatility, leading to the fact that investors less actively participate in the market activities in terms of poor economic conditions. Conclusions: Insufficient investor confidence, influenced by macroeconomic conditions and financial literacy, hinders the growth of the stock market. Building trust among investors requires transparent regulations, effective governance, and investor education initiatives to foster market participation and development.

Bacterial Foodborne Diseases in Sudan: A Review

Objective: To determine the role of the bacteria associated with foodborne diseases in Sudan and to help health policymakers introduce strict intervention measures control. Methods: The review uses up-to-date data via manual screening of the titles and abstracts of retrieved articles using string foodborne diseases in Sudan and foodborne illnesses as keywords to obtain publications from the electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar using the publish or perish tool. However, priority has been given to the scientific papers, reports, and literature issued within the past 5 years. Results: The review reported that many types of research revealed that foodborne infection is a critical, life-threatening health problem in Sudan and that different food pathogens are responsible for people and outbreaks of foodborne illness. Conclusion: Foodborne diseases are considered one of the main reasons for illness and death, particularly in countries that suffer from poor economic conditions, such as Sudan. The review concluded that the most bacteria that caused foodborne disease in Sudan were Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, and Staphylococcus aureus.