Poor Social Environment Research Articles

Tinjauan Hukum Tindak Pidana Penadahan oleh Karyawan PT Prima Jaya (Putusan No.2811/2016)

This study aims to analyze the factors that cause the crime of speedometer theft by employees of PT. Prima Jaya Perkasa based on Decision No. 2811/Pid.B/2016/PN. MDN. In addition, this study also aims to evaluate the imposition of criminal sanctions against the perpetrators of these criminal acts, as stated in the relevant court decisions, focusing on the aspect of conformity between the sanctions given and the provisions of the applicable criminal law. This study analyzes the crime of arrest based on Article 480 of the Criminal Code with a normative-empirical juridical approach. The data were analyzed qualitatively to evaluate the relationship between legal norms and judicial practice. The goal is to recommend improvements in criminal law enforcement. The results of the study show that the crime of stealing a speedometer by an employee of PT. Prima Jaya Perkasa is triggered by internal factors, such as economic pressure and low education, as well as external factors, such as a poor social environment and technological advancements. The imposition of a sentence of 1 year and 6 months based on Article 480 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code reflects efforts to uphold justice and provide a deterrent effect. Prevention through legal education, economic strengthening, and internal supervision is needed to minimize similar cases in the future.

PENCEGAHAN PERILAKU BULLYING PADA SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR DI KOTA BENGKULU

The poor social environment of children coupled with easy access to information in cyberspace is one of the causes of bullying behavior in schools. This community service activity aims to increase students' understanding of the behavior, impact and prevention of bullying. This socialization activity uses a participatory action research method involving 45 students in grade 4 SDN 50 of Bengkulu City. This socialization activity is a form of prevention against bullying by providing psychoeducation on understanding the meaning, causes, impacts, forms, punishments, and ways to prevent bullying for students. This activity is a collaboration of the Faculty of Engineering Service Team of Bengkulu University with the Psychology Team from Quantum Psychology of Bengkulu City. The material is delivered using a power point presentation on an LCD projector which consists of lectures, questions and answers, discussions, and games. Stages of evaluation of activities using a questionnaire to determine the knowledge and understanding of participants about bullying behavior using pre-test and post-test. The results of this activity were able to increase students' understanding of bullying behavior after giving the material, which was 27% for the high category. Meanwhile, there was a decrease of 11% and 16% respectively for the medium and low categories. This shows that the socialization carried out was able to increase the level of knowledge and understanding of grade 4 students at SDN 50 of Bengkulu City on bullying behavior.

Double burden of malnutrition in 115 Latin American cities: An ecological analysis

AbstractBackgroundUsing harmonized aggregated data on health and socioeconomic environments in Latin American cities (from the Salud Urbana en América Latina (SALURBAL) study), we assessed the association of city‐level contextual factors with the prevalence of the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) in urban settings.MethodsThis ecological study used aggregated survey data from 115 Latin American cities within five countries (Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru) collected between 2008 and 2016. DBM was defined as the coexistence of stunting in children under 5 years and overweight/obesity among adult women at the city‐level. We ran ordinal logistic regression models to examine macrolevel contextual factors that might explain the city‐level DBM. Independent variables were city‐level socioeconomic development index, women educational attainment and women labor force.ResultsOut of 115 Latin American cities, 19 cities from five countries were experiencing a moderate to high burden of stunting and simultaneously a very high burden of overweight/obesity in adult women. All cities had overweight/obesity prevalence above 40%. A poor social environment, higher levels of women education and greater women labor force at the city level were associated with greater levels of DBM.ConclusionSome Latin American cities are still facing moderate and high DBM, while all cities are experiencing an alarming high burden of overweight/obesity. Social macro‐level factors such as poor social environment, high women education and high women labor force were associated with the coexistence of stunting in children and overweight/obesity in adult women.

Relationship Between Conformity, Parenting and Social Environment with Smoking Behavior Of Adolescent Boys at High School X in Medan 2023

<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p><em>Individuals want to find their identities in adolescence, and peers easily influence adolescents. Teenagers will be positive when the individual is in a positive environment, and vice versa will be negative when in a hostile environment. The family becomes the first social environment known to an individual before plunging into other larger social environments. In its development, adolescents become vulnerable to negative influences, including smoking. This study is a quantitative descriptive study with an analytical survey method using a cross-sectional design, which aims to determine the relationship of conformity, parenting and social environment with smoking behaviour in adolescent boys at SMA X in Medan in 2023; it was conducted on 94 high school X students who were carried out by total sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed by Chi-Square. Adolescents are affected by conformity to smoking behaviour by as many as 27 respondents (28.7%). Non- democratic parenting (authoritarian and permissive) as many as 62 respondents (66.0%). Poor social environment: as many as 41 respondents (43.6%) There is a relationship between conformity, parenting, and social environment with smoking behaviour Of adolescent boys. Recommendations from this study can be the basis or input for the development and application of counselling guidance services to discuss smoking behaviour that is prone to occur in adolescents and become input for parents to pay more attention to their children's association so as not to be influenced by things and environments that are not good, and always provide examples of good attitudes and behaviour to their children.</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><strong><em>Keywords: Adolescent Boys, Smoking Behavior, Conformity, Parenting, Social Environment</em></strong>

THE INFLUENCE OF THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT ON MOTHER'S COMPLIANCE IN IMPLEMENTING BASIC IMMUNIZATION IN BABIES

The immunization program aims to control the health and safety rates of children under five from the threat of various diseases related to infection. Very often, mothers are disobedient in immunizing their babies because they are influenced by perceptions or views from the social environment. The social environment exists in the family, peers and neighbors which can influence the attitudes and actions of a person or group in carrying out an activity. Meanwhile, immunization is very important for babies in an effort to prevent disease and increase toddlers' immunity. This type of research is descriptive quantitative research using a cross-sectional approach, which aims to describe the situation in depth and systematically. The sample consisted of 30 mothers. The instrument used was a questionnaire to measure social environmental factors and maternal compliance with basic immunization. The research data obtained was analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis. The research results showed that as many as 11 mothers (36.7%) who were in a good social environment tended to comply with the implementation of infant immunization. Meanwhile, 16 mothers (53.3%) who were in poor social environments tended to be disobedient to the implementation of infant immunization. The p value of 0.000 < 0.05 in the chi-square test shows that the social environment has a significant effect on maternal compliance in implementing basic immunization for babies in Sidodadi Ramunia Village. Mothers who live in a good social environment tend to comply with the implementation of infant immunization.

Enter parenthood, exit neighborhood: inquiry into the place attachment of young married couples in subsidized apartments

ABSTRACT This study aims at identifying and understanding the perception level of the housing conditions of young married couples when entering parenthood and their reasons for leaving or extending their residence in their currently occupied apartment units. Place attachment, which plays a key role in placemaking for young married couples, as prominent tenants, comprises their perceived satisfaction with physical features and social connectedness in apartments in Jakarta. The study, which takes a mixed-methods with embedded quantitative-emphasized design approach, shows that many young married couples with preadolescent children extend their residence in their apartments due to the unit’s suitability with their housing preferences and tenurial security, and due to dual homeownership. Others, however, opt to leave due to a poor social environment and management quality, which decrease the strength of social connectedness among tenants. The results suggest that social connectedness and its strength play a formidable role in terms of supporting place attachment to an apartment in Jakarta.

Premarital and Extramarital Relationships: A Study of A Selected Slum in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Premarital and extramarital relationships among the slum dwellers in Dhaka city have become a matter growing concern. However, it has not been yet spotlighted in empirical research. As such, the main purpose of the study was to identify the causes and consequences of premarital and extramarital relationships. The study was a qualitative study where multiple case-study design was employed. Primary data were collected via in-depth interviews from ten participants by using snowball sampling. Moreover, three key informants were interviewed for further supportive information. The study shows that poor social environment and living conditions, learning unethical sexual practice from close friends, falsehood promise for marriage, and uncontrolled sexual desire are the major causes of premarital and extramarital relationship among the slum dwellers. The study also reveals that unsafe and unprotected sexual intercourse, unintended pregnancies and induced abortions, domestic violence and divorce, and the risk of spreading STDs and STIs are major potential consequences of premarital and extramarital relationships among the slum dwellers and thus the issues are a great threat to social and environmental well-being. The study suggests that both government and non-government organizations should undertake proper policy measures and programs such as propagation of health awareness programs, especially on HIV/AIDS and STDS, provision of civic amenities, enforcement of laws, and development of moral values to minimize premarital and extramarital relationships among slum dwellers

Exploring the Implementation of Ethical and Spiritual Values in High School Education: A Case Study in Makassar, Indonesia

This research explores the implementation of Islamic ethical and spiritual values in high school students using a case study design and qualitative research approach. Data was collected through observation, interviews, and documentation from 19 informants, including school officials, students, and parents. The research findings indicate that educators instill ethical and spiritual values in students as part of the process of character development, which starts from planning, execution, and evaluation phases outlined in the Lesson Preparation Plan (RPP) to produce students with high morals, faith, and piety. The study highlights the importance of instilling ethical and spiritual values in high school students to develop their character and help them become more morally upright, faithful, and pious individuals. The cultivation of ethical and spiritual values cannot be separated from supportive and inhibiting factors. The commitment of the school principal and the provision of facilities and infrastructure are supportive factors, while modern technological developments, poor social environment, and lack of attention from parents are inhibiting factors. The findings underscore the need for schools to provide the necessary support and infrastructure to ensure the successful implementation of such values. This study provides valuable insights into the factors that support or hinder the process of instilling ethical and spiritual values in high school students.

Tribal Communities and Opioids

American Indians/ Alaskan Natives (AI/AN) experience overdose rates higher than any other ethnic/ racial group in the US. In recent decades the opioid epidemic has had a particularly negative impact on AI/AN populations. To respond effectively to this issue, it is vital to understand its root cause. A range of factors are responsible, with some dating back hundreds of years. The main factors are the impact of colonization and exclusion; forced migration to peripheral areas; forced removal of children and attempts at cultural genocide; poor social environments; poverty and unemployment; adverse childhood experiences; and inadequate and under-funded Federal health services. Particular blame can be attributed to the pharmaceutical industry and its active over-promotion of opioid use. A number of strategies for tackling this scourge are outlined.

PREVALENCE OF PARENTS’ INVOLVEMENT IN EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES AND STUDENT’S PERFORMANCE: AN ANALYSIS OF CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY IN MULTAN, PAKISTAN

A young child's experience in secondary to higher high school is intimidating and stressful. A high school may have a more complicated learning environment than an elementary school. When parents’ try to educate their children, they want the best educational performance and a high level of educational behavior. Many failures in children's educational performance are associated with bad behaviour, poor social environment, lack of income and parents’ involvement in their children's educational activities. At the same time, there has been limited study on parents’ involvement in educational activities and how parents’ influence high school children's educational performance. So, the study's objective was to analyze the dependency between parents’ involvement and the student's educational performance. Subsequently, the cross-sectional study was carried out from January to March 2022 in Multan city with 150 male students and 150 female students of tenth class from both public and private secondary level schools. Simple random sampling was used to choose six boys' high schools (one included a public school and one private school) and six girls' schools (one included a public school and one private school), equally presenting both public and private schools. An interview schedule was used to collect data about the study variables among the study respondents. The Qui-square was used to analyze the dependency between parents’ involvement and children's educational performance. The study's findings concluded that parents’ involvement and the student's educational performance are significantly dependent, and the high school student's educational performance is influenced by various perspectives of parents’ involvement in their children's educational activities and parents’ demographic characteristics.

쇠퇴지역 도시회복력 평가지표 도출을 위한 기초 연구 : 정책 네트워크 분석 및 Fuzzy 다기준 의사결정법의 활용

With the increase in disasters and damage caused by climate change, the global population and infrastructure are gradually being concentrated in urban areas as a result of rapid urbanization, and concerns for disasters in urban areas are increasing. Vulnerability to and risks of disasters are particularly serious issues in declining areas with poor physical and social environment. The improvement of urban resilience is necessary to prevent disasters in these areas, and an index for evaluating the current resilience level in these areas is necessary. To determine the suitability of evaluation index application for disaster resilience in declining areas, this study generated a list of 24 evaluation indices by reviewing published studies on this topic and examined the applicability of these indices in a survey conducted with 30 experts. The independence of each index was assessed through policy network analysis. In addition, the relevance and applicability of the indices were determined, and their effectiveness was assessed using the fuzzy multiple-criteria decision making method. Lastly, the priorities of the evaluation indices were suggested by combining the two analysis methods mentioned above. The results of this study will likely contribute to the development of an evaluation index for effective evaluation of urban resilience in declining areas.

Social processes and social environment during development

Social behavior involves many processes including cognitive functions. Altered social behaviors associated with many psychiatric disorders might have alterations in the processes. Poor social environment affects development and maturation of cognitive functions that are important for social cognition, possibly introducing social stress as well as vulnerability to the stress into the developing brain. Adolescence and early adulthood have higher sensitivity to social stress, which may be linked to the onset of psychiatric disorders during this time period. Understanding social behavioral processes in detail will be crucial for elucidating mechanisms of emerging the social behavior phenotypes in psychiatric disorders and for devising therapeutic and preventive interventions to introduce the resilience for the onset of psychiatric disorders through modulation of social circuitries.

Spirituality as compensation for low-quality social environments in childhood among young Kenyan men

ABSTRACT This study explores the role of spirituality as a coping mechanism for poor social conditions in childhood, asking whether spirituality moderates poor childhood social conditions and suicide ideation, self-rated health and collective self-esteem among young Kenyan men. Measured outcomes were worse among men who recalled fewer memories of relational warmth and safety in childhood, and better among men who reported higher spirituality. Consistent with the “religion as attachment” framework, spirituality significantly moderated associations between suicide ideation, self-rated health and childhood relational warmth and safety. Contrary to expectations, the association between low childhood warmth and safety and collective self-esteem was exacerbated, rather than compensated for, by higher spirituality. We consider whether “a safe harbor” may exist for people higher in spirituality to accept and critique social arrangements, and whether such a situation might illuminate another way spirituality compensates for poor social environments.

A Study On The Educational Problems Of Scheduled Caste People With Special Reference To Biswanath Gaon Panchayat

Scheduled Castes are the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups in our India. The Scheduled Caste people are scattered all over the country. They are mainly settled in rural areas and are dependent on the upper castes people for their livelihood. The scheduled caste people are mostly engaged in low paid manual occupations and also work as bonded labours. Majority of the scheduled caste people do not conscious in getting education and also unaware about the value of education for their lives. They do not give priority to send their child in school or colleges. Poverty, illiteracy, poor social environment, lack of general awareness etc. are the problem that scheduled caste people suffer from. The Government of India has special schemes to enable access to opportunities including scholarship for education, various educational facilities, financial support and skill building for setting up their lives, reservation in jobs, reservation for getting education and special courts to address instances of atrocities and violence. Though they have various educational schemes and policies but they unaware their rights and opportunities to upgrade their lives. It is utmost important for us to understand and analyses the problems in the context of their previous conditions which continue to have a bearing on the present. This paper identifies and analyses the educational problems of scheduled caste people in Biswanath Gaon Panchayat.

Multilevel Analysis of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Bantul Regency

Background: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is one of the main vector-borne diseases infecting humans. It remains a major public health problem in tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world. The poor physical and social environment are the leading cause of the increasing incidence of DHF. This study aimed to determine the effect of the physical and social environment on dengue incidence using multilevel analysis. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic a case-control study conducted in Bantul, Yogya­karta, Indonesia, from November to December 2018. A total of 250 study subjects were selected using the fix disease sampling method. The dependent variable was the incidence of DHF. The independent variables were Maya Index (MI), Density Figure (DF), household crowding, knowledge, mosquito nests eradica­tion, and use of mosquito repellent. The data were collected using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed by using multilevel multiple logistic regression with Stata 13. Results: The incidence of dengue fever was increased with high Maya index (OR= 5.04; 95% CI= 2.38 to 10.67; p <0.001), high density figure (OR= 4.01; 95% CI= 1.90 to 8.44; p <0.001), high household crowding (OR= 1.90; 95% CI= 0.91 to 3.95; p= 0.870), low know­ledge (OR= 2.94; 95% CI= 1.41 to 6.12; p= 0.004), poor mosquito nests eradication beha­vior (OR= 3.09; 95% CI= 1.47 to 6.49; p= 0.003), did not use insect repellent (OR= 3.06; 95% CI= 0.01 to 0.10; p <0.001). Village strata had contextual effect toward the incidence of DHF with Intra-Class Correlation (ICC) by 17.34%. Conclusion: Maya Index, density figure, household crowding, knowledge, mosquito nests eradication behavior, and the use of mos­quito repellents affect the incidence of DHF. Village strata have a contextual effect on DHF incidence. Keywords: DHF , Maya Index, density figure , occupancy density, knowledge, mosquito nests eradication Correspondence: Nurkhairani. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Suta­mi 36 A, Surakarta, Indonesia. Email: ana­christi19@gmail.com. Mobile: +62852­29185­896. Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2021), 06(02): 197-205 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2021.06.02.07

Early social deprivation does not affect cortisol response to acute and chronic stress in zebrafish

Social isolation is a well-established technique for inducing early adversity but, in rodent models, the need of parental care makes it difficult to distinguish the effects of social deprivation from the consequences of nutritional deficiencies. Zebrafish do not require parental care, allowing separation of social deprivation from nutritional deprivation, and have emerged as a promising model to study ontogeny of normal and pathological behaviors relevant for human neuropsychological disorders. Previous reports of life-long isolation in zebrafish showed some consistency with mammalian literature, depicting later social deficits and locomotor hyperactivity. However, unlike reports of higher anxiety and stress behavior in isolated rodents and primates, behavioral responses were tapered in isolated fish. To examine whether life-long developmental isolation has a dampening effect on zebrafish endocrine stress response, we applied stressors to zebrafish siblings that were either isolated or socialized, and compared their whole-body cortisol levels with non-stressed control siblings kept in low-housing densities. Utilizing previously validated paradigms (exposure to novel tank and unpredictable chronic stress), we exposed separate groups (n = 9–14, mixed-sex) of social and isolated zebrafish to acute and chronic stressors and measured their cortisol levels. A univariate ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey’s HSD tests confirmed that compared to socially raised control fish, developmental isolation did not increase baseline cortisol levels in zebrafish. Additionally, compared to the non-stressed condition, application of both acute and chronic stressors significantly increased cortisol levels in isolated fish and, to a similar degree, to socially raised fish. Our findings suggest that zebrafish isolation studies may help separate effects of social deprivation from nonsocial aspects of early adversity. These studies further substantiate the use of developmental isolation in zebrafish, particularly with acute and chronic stress paradigms, for modeling neuropsychological disorders. LAY SUMMARY A difficult childhood can make humans react more frequently or severely to later stress and modeling this effect in animals can help explain how and why early stress affects subsequent mental and physical health. Early social isolation does not affect later response to stressful situations in adult zebrafish, providing us with a model of psychiatric disorders that allows separation of effects of poor physical environments (lacking food, shelter, etc.) from poor social environments (lack of appropriate socialization).

Social determinants of peripartum depressive symptoms among Black peripartum women living with HIV

HIV infection during pregnancy, may present risk of developing depression during pregnancy and postpartum. This psychiatric mood disorder, and many others such as anxiety and HIV-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been reported prevalent among pregnant and non-pregnant women living with HIV (WLWH). Multiple studies have found associations between social determinants of health and depressive symptoms in this population. However, despite deleterious effects on mother and child which may include suicidal ideations and infant death, only very few studies have examined this phenomenon for peripartum women, particularly Black women- a population prone to living in poor social and economic environments. Therefore, guided by the socio-ecologic model, this study examined predictors of peripartum depressive symptoms among Black peripartum WLWH. The study was a secondary data analysis of 143 Black women seen at special prenatal and women's health clinics in Miami, South Florida, USA. More than half of the women who experienced peripartum depressive symptoms (PDS) (n = 81, 57%) were of low socio-economic status. Low income was associated with increased odds of experiencing PDS. Women who endorsed intimate partner violence/abuse (IPV/A) were 6.5 times more likely to experience PDS; and compared to women with 1 or no childcare burden, women with 2 children-care burden were 4.6 times more likely to experience PDS. These findings demonstrate the negative impact of social factors on the psychological health of Black peripartum WLWH. Burdensome interpersonal relationships may have deleterious effects and trigger PDS among these women. Implications for nursing practice, education and research are also discussed.

Loneliness among older adults in the Czech Republic: A socio-demographic, health, and psychosocial profile

ObjectivesThis study sought to examine demographic, health, and psychosocial correlates of loneliness in Czech older adults using Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) data. MethodStudy builds on secondary data analysis. Nationally representative sample of 2129 Czech older adults, aged 65 and over, were drawn from the SHARE wave 6.0. Factors included socio-demographic variables, physical health, psycho-social and subjective well-being. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA provided information about prevalence and demographic correlates of loneliness. Regression analysis was performed to examine hypothesized relationships between loneliness and health, social network measures, subjective and psychological well-being. ResultsDemographic variation was substantial with the sample of the Czech elderly. The widowed, divorced, and young-old were significantly related to higher loneliness. A U-shaped association was identified between household size and loneliness. Loneliness was also significantly related to education levels and types of living area, but in a complex non-linear way. In contrast, there was no gender difference. Regression results indicated that poor health conditions and social environment were significantly associated with Czech elderly’s loneliness. Loneliness appeared to be linked to subjective and psychological well-being among Czech older adults. ConclusionsFindings provide greater information about loneliness in population aging in the Czech society. Political and cultural initiative to promote protection against loneliness and social isolation should put forward aimed at high-risk groups of loneliness.

Social Epidemiology of Sleep: Extant Evidence and Future Directions

How well people sleep and what social factors determine their sleep are two key questions that have generated great interests in public health and epidemiology recently. The goal of this review is to assess the evidence of how multi-level of social constructs relates to unhealthy sleep in recent studies. Studies document a wide range of social correlates of sleep at the individual, interpersonal, community, and societal levels. A growing number of population-based studies incorporate objective measures. Overall, disadvantaged statuses and poor social environment predict unhealthy sleep duration and poor sleep quality. Much remains unknown about the mechanisms through which social factors affect sleep. Furthermore, most studies rely on cross-sectional data and have methodological limitations that make causal inference difficult. These point to great opportunities for social epidemiology to contribute expertise in theory and rigorous analysis to uncover the secrets by which social world affects sleep.

The Needs and Barriers of Medication-Taking Self-Efficacy Among Poststroke Patients: Qualitative Study.

BackgroundStroke is one of the top 10 leading diseases worldwide, with high mortality and morbidity rates. There is an incomplete understanding of the various types of self-efficacy involved in the prevention of recurrent stroke, and one of them is medication-taking self-efficacy.ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the fundamental needs and barriers of medication-taking self-efficacy in poststroke patients in Malaysia.MethodsWe performed in-depth individual interviews with poststroke patients (N=10) from the Outpatient Neurology Clinic, Hospital Kuala Lumpur. All interviews were transcribed verbatim, and an inductive thematic analysis was performed on the data collected from the interviews.ResultsTwo key themes were identified: (1) self-efficacy in taking the effort to understand stroke and its preventative treatment for recurrent stroke and (2) self-efficacy in taking prescribed medication to prevent stroke. Patients needed to be proactive in seeking reliable information about stroke and the perceived benefits of preventative treatment for stroke. The discussion was focused on eliciting the needs and barriers related to medication-taking self-efficacy. Patients needed to develop independence and self-reliance to overcome barriers such as dependency and low motivation. External factors such as limited information resources, low perceived severity, poor social environment, and poor communication add to the challenges of poststroke patients to improve their self-efficacy of managing their medications.ConclusionsThe study identified potential key findings related to the needs of patients in a localized setting, which are also related to several health behavioral concepts and constructs, indicating the importance of overcoming barriers to improve the quality of life in poststroke patients. We anticipate that the results will be taken into consideration for future personalized patient education interventions.