Poor Self-esteem Research Articles

Association Between Hearing Loss and Multiple Negative Emotional States in the USHispanic Population.

Hearing loss (HL) has been linked to commonly studied detrimental mood states, such as loneliness and depression. However, its relationship with other negative emotions remained largely unstudied. We explore the association between HL and anxiety, anger, hostility, poor self-esteem, and pessimism in a national cohort of USHispanic adults. Cross-sectional study. Multicentered USnational epidemiologic study (Hispanic Community Health Study). Subjects were ages 18 to 75 with completed audiometric and emotional survey data. Multivariable regressions controlling for age, gender, and education were conducted to analyze the association between HL, measured by 4-frequency pure-tone average (PTA), and emotional states. States included anxiety (Spielberger Trait Anxiety Scale-10), anger (Spielberger Trait Anger Scale), hostility (Cook Medley Cynicism Scale-13),poor self-esteem (Self-Esteem Scale-10), and pessimism (Revised Life Orientation Test). A total of 4120 to 4341 participants met inclusion criteria, depending on the specific survey; the average age was 46.7 years (standard deviation [SD] = 13.7), and the average PTA was 13.8 dB (SD = 10.1). Controlling for age, gender, and education, HL was associated with all outcomes. Specifically, for every 10 dB worsening in HL, the anxiety score worsened by 0.41 (0.23-0.60), the anger score worsened by 0.40 (0.22-0.58), the hostility score worsened by 0.16 (0.04-0.27), the self-esteem score worsened by 0.25 (0.12-0.38), and the pessimism score worsened by 0.17 (0.04-0.30) (all p < .01). HL is related to numerous negative mood states beyond loneliness and depression. This includes worse anxiety, anger, hostility, self-esteem, and pessimism. Future studies should investigate whether treating HL improves negative emotional states.

Stretch Mark Treatment by Tattooing and Microneedling.

Stretch marks (striae distensae) are common dermal scarring associated with weight gain, overweight, and pregnancy. Scarring is caused by overstretching of the skin's dermis with permanent structural alteration of the collagen network fibers. Some individuals have naturally weak connective tissue and may develop major stretch marks without being overweight. Stretch marks can develop during puberty and after physical exercise with rapid muscle growth. Cortisone treatment and anabolic steroids often cause stretch marks. Stretch marks are of major cosmetic concern to many. They are red and swollen in the early sate and white and irregular in texture in the later stage. Many men and women suffer from poor self-esteem caused by stretch marks. Medical tattooing of stretch marks, also known as microneedling, can correct the skin pigmentation color in the normal direction, but not the actual textural change. However, abnormal texture may be modified by microneedling, by nonablative laser treatment, or by microdermabrasion. Treatments can also be combined, e.g., initial use of a method to flatten the skin, followed by tattooing to correct the color. Treatment options and strategies are reviewed.

The association of depression, anxiety, and stress with acne and acne scars among young females in Saudi Arabia: a nationwide study

Background: Acne is a common skin disease that typically manifests during puberty and can persist to adulthood. Even though acne is not a life-threatening condition, it has the potential to cause distress and adverse psychosocial consequences such as social phobia, poor self-esteem, and depression. Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional survey design involving young females from Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using online surveys targeting Saudi young females. Data analysis involved the use of the R software. Results: A total of 921 female participants were involved in this study. The mean age was 21.03 ± 2.41 years. Acne presence was reported in 76.2%, and scars from acne were reported in 67.4%. Worrying from acne was found to be 65.8%. Depression was found to be present in 58.63% of participants, anxiety was also found to be existing in 62.76%, and stress was found to be in 44.63% of participants. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of acne among young Saudi females. Having acne was not predictive of adverse psychological outcomes. Having scars from acne and bullying from acne influenced some or all the psychological outcomes.

Coping Strategies To Promote Self Esteem In Alcoholism

The intake of alcoholic beverages is a huge social issue. Worldwide, an estimated 2.3 billion individuals consume alcohol, with an average daily consumption of 33 grammes of pure alcohol. Self-esteem is a measure of one’s self-awareness and sense of personal worth. The process of behaving and then thinking about acts, as well as how others interpret actions, shapes one’s self-perception. Self-esteem refers to how we feel about ourselves and how much we regard ourselves. Alcoholism has far-reaching consequences and might result in mental health issues. One of the most typical effects found in alcoholics is the development of poor self-esteem. This term refers to a person’s total subjective sentiments of personal worth and value. It has a wide range of effects. It has an impact on a variety aspect of life, including substance abuse and recovery. The majority of alcoholics have a low sense of self-esteem. They have struggled to cope with their lives and frequently have significant emotional, family, social, and occupational issues, as well as financial, legal, and sexual issues. Coping is frequently studied in terms of its potential to reduce negative consequences. Coping skills can also help you achieve more favourable results.

Effect of Yoga on Sleep, Self-Esteem and Wellbeing Among Overweight and Obese – A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective: People with obesity have concerns related to their disturbed sleep and poor self-esteem which decreases their health-related quality of life. The study aims to see the effect of yoga on sleep quality, self-esteem, and quality of life among overweight and obese people. Method: A total of 46 overweight and obese subjects were recruited and randomly divided into Integrated Yoga (n=23) or Walking (n=23) groups. For the Yoga group, weekly 5 days one hour of Yoga was taught and the walking group was doing a one-hour walk for the same duration for 13 weeks. Loosening practices, asana, pranayama, breathing practices, and relaxation/meditation were taught to the yoga participants. Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index Questionnaire (PSQI), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RES), and Short Form-36 (SF-36) were used to assess sleep, self-esteem, and quality of life respectively. SPSS version 20 is used for statistical analysis. Finding: After 13 weeks of intervention and post-data collection in the Yoga group, paired t-test showed significant improvement in the scores for sleep quality p(>0.001); self-esteem p(>0.001) and quality of life p(>0.001). Whereas there was no significant improvement in the walking group compared to pre scores. After 13 weeks, the PSQI score (3.892.21) was reduced significantly in the yoga group than in the walking group (8.125.05), t(34) = -3.313, p=0.002. Also, RES score (20.844.56) was increased significantly in the yoga group than in the walking (16.123.52),t(34)=3.449,p=0.002. Novelty: Yoga practice improves the sleep quality, and self-esteem among the overweight and obese people when compared to walking. Quality of life can be improved with regular yoga practice. Further studies with larger sample size and long-term follow-up are warranted. Keywords: Yoga; Obesity; Sleep; Quality of Life; SelfEsteem; Randomized Controlled Trial

Psychocutaneous manifestation in psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic hyperproliferative condition of the epidermis which requires systemic therapy. Anxiety, depression, poor self-esteem, alcoholism, sexual dysfunction, suicidal ideation are the commonest psychological problems encountered in psoriasis. Quality of life may be severely affected by the chronic nature of the psoriasis as well as the need of life long treatment. In general, psychological factors include poor self-esteem, stigmatization, depression and anxiety which are the strong determinants which determine the disability in psoriasis more than the disease itself. This is a review article highlighting on the psychological aspects of psoriasis.

O IMPACTO DAS EXPERIÊNCIAS ESTIGMATIZADORAS E AUTOESTIGMA NA SAÚDE MENTAL E NO COMPORTAMENTO SUICIDA: UM ESTUDO EM PAÍSES DE LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA

Introduction: Stigma was first described as an attribute that discredits an individual from society, diminishing the person. People who have self-stigma endorse negative stereotypes about themselves, which leads to negative reactions and feelings of shame. Self-stigma affects the overall health, mainly mental health, quality of life and can lead to poor self-esteem and poor self-efficacy, and has been found to be a major barrier when it comes to seeking help from mental health professionals. There are several studies addressing the effects of self-stigma on people with mental illness and studies addressing how self-stigma affects treatment seeking in people with mental illness. That being said, there is a large gap in demonstrating the relationship between experiences of stigmatization and the impact on mental health. Moreover, self-stigma can be seen as a risk factor for suicide, whose consequences (shame, hopelessness, social isolation and low self-esteem) are also risk factors for suicide. Objectives: The majority of the studies conducted about self-stigma and stigmatizing experiences in Portugal, Brazil and African Countries are focused on the mental health stigma and HIV/AIDS related stigma. Thus, this study aims to address the lack of studies of the impact of stigmatizing experiences in the normative populations in this countries and to explore the impact of self-stigma and stigmatizing experiences on the mental health and suicidal behavior by 1) evaluating the stigmatizing experiences, self-stigma, mental health and suicidal behavior, comparing differences between countries of residence; 2) evaluating the correlations between self-stigma, stigmatizing experiences, mental health variables and suicidal behavior; 3) determining the effect of self-stigma, number of stigmatizing experiences and sociodemographic variables in predicting mental health and suicidal behavior. Methods: 1006 participants from Portugal, Brazil and African Countries with Portuguese as an Official Language (ACPOL), 424 men and 576 women, between the ages of 18 and 80 years old (mean=41.76; SD=14.19) responded to the survey. 53.7% reported having had stigmatizing experiences, in which 15.9% reported experiences about skin colour, 10.7% regarding cultural or ethnic origin, 13.5% regarding gender identity, 9.5% regarding sexual orientation, 17.6% regarding physical attributes, 8.3% regarding age, 15.4% regarding weight, 1.5% regarding physical illness, 3.3% regarding mental illness, 1.3% regarding physical disabilities, 9.5% regarding poverty and 8.1% regarding place of residence. Measurement instruments included a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Brief Symptom Inventory-18, the Portuguese version of the Suicidal Behaviours Questionnaire- Revised (SBQ-R) and the Paradox of Self‑Stigma scale (PaSS‑24). Results: The results showed participants with higher levels of self-stigma and stigmatizing experiences presented significantly higher mental health issues and suicidal behavior. Correlational analyses showed significant correlations among mental health and suicidal variables and self-stigma variables. Regression analyses showed that sociodemographic variables, number of stigmatizing experiences and self-stigma explained 25.3% of mental health issues and sociodemographic variables, number of stigmatizing experiences and self-stigma explained 13.5% of suicidal behavior. Conclusions: Self-stigmatization has a negative impact on mental health and suicidal behavior, and countries should initiate mental health promotion campaigns and suicide prevention campaigns whose central goal should be to optimize people's quality of life

Determinants of mental health among youths and adolescents in the digital era: Roles of cyber and traditional bullying, violence, loneliness, and environment factors.

Although the pathogenesis of depressive disorders is not fully elucidated, untreated adolescent depression can lead to serious sequelae such as impaired academic performance and social functioning, substance use disorders, poor self-esteem, and increased risk for suicidal ideation and attempts. Literature on adolescent mental health in Vietnam is limited, despite increased international awareness of this critical issue. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and associations of depressive symptoms in Vietnamese adolescents. A cross-sectional, self-administered survey was conducted in five provinces of Vietnam among adolescents aged 14 to 24 years. In addition to collecting participants' demographics, a structured questionnaire was developed to examine depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, loneliness, and cyberbullying victimization. Depressive symptoms and loneliness were assessed via the PHQ-9 and UCLA Loneliness Scale, respectively. Two-tailed Chi-squared, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed to examine associations between variables. Multivariate Logistic regression models were conducted to examine the associations between prior-defined variables and positive depressive symptoms. Among 1,600 respondents, 31.8% of participants reported having mild-moderate or severe depressive symptoms. Participants within the moderate-severe depressive symptom group had significantly lower community cohesion scores than those of participants in normal and mild depressive symptom groups (p < 0.05). Youths living alone were more likely to have moderate-severe depressive symptoms (OR 2.16; 95% CI: 1.09-4.25). Cyberbullying had significant associations with depressive severity (OR 1.93; 95% CI 1.38-2.70). The findings of this study characterize various risk and protective factors for depression in Vietnamese youths and adolescents. The results highlight the importance of raising awareness and increasing access to educational resources for depression and other mental health illnesses. With the rising prevalence of depression, parents, teachers, and community leaders play a vital role in addressing mental health problems in adolescents.

33808 An overview of pricing for commonly prescribed acne medications

Acne is the most common skin condition and affects over 50 million people in the United States. Acne can cause poor self-esteem, depression, and anxiety which has a major impact on a patient’s quality of life. The total cost of acne is estimated to exceed over $3 billion per year. Treatment for acne is often through a stepwise method which includes topical and oral medications before isotretinoin is attempted. Many patients do not adhere to acne medications for the time that dermatologists recommend and therefore they do not see results which may cause further distress.

Effects of Additional Individually Tailored Interventions on Sick-Leave and Symptoms in Patients with Exhaustion Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of adding individually tailored interventions to a standard treatment in patients with stress-related exhaustion disorder, with regard to sick-leave days and symptoms of burnout. The study design was a 2-armed randomized controlled intervention, with follow-up after 15 months. Data were obtained from patients referred to the Institute of Stress Medicine, and were collected between 2011 and 2014 in western Sweden.MethodsInclusion criteria were scoring above cut-off in at least 1 of 4 dimensions; mental and physical exhaustion, disturbed sleep, reduced cognitive function and perceived poor self-esteem. The total study population comprised 142 patients (112 females, 30 males) allocated through block randomization to either the intervention group (n = 71) or the control group (n = 71). The intervention group received 1–4 individually tailored interventions (physical activity, cognitive behaviour therapy for insomnia, computerized memory training, cognitive behavioural therapy for self-esteem), based on the results of screening assessments. The interventions were additional to a standard treatment. The control group received solely the standard treatment. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of participants not sick-listed at the 15-month follow-up.ResultsAt the 15-month follow-up, 30% of subjects in the intervention group and 34% in the control group had 0% sick-listed (p = 0.58). No change between baseline and follow-up was seen in 42% of the intervention group and 39% of the control group, while an increased sick-leave rate was seen in 1% of the intervention group and 4% of the control group. However, no statistically significant difference was seen between groups.ConclusionAdding individually tailored interventions to a standard treatment in patients with stress-related exhaustion did not reduce sick-leave days or burnout symptoms.LAY ABSTRACTThe aim of this randomized controlled study was to investigate whether individually tailored interventions, added to a standard treatment for patients diagnosed with stress-related exhaustion, could reduce sick-leave and symptoms of burnout more in the intervention group than in a control group. Patients were allocated randomly into either the intervention group or a control group. To be included in the study patients had to score above cut-off in 1 or more of the core dimensions characterizing stress-related exhaustion, mental and physical exhaustion, disturbed sleep, cognitive decline, or perceived poor self-esteem. Patients assigned to the intervention group received additional interventions as well as a standard treatment, while the control group received only standard treatment. The results showed no major differences between the intervention group and the control group, with respect to either sick-leave and symptoms of burnout at the 15-month follow-up. The clinical implication from this study is that individually tailored interventions added to the standard treatment are inefficient in reducing both sick-leave days and burden of disease in this patient group, and should be accompanied by interventions targetting the workplace and the work organization level.

Students’ Experiences of E-learning Practices During COVID-19: A Qualitative Study

COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted schooling globally. Affecting millions of students, the conventional face-to-face (F2F) education system has been replaced by e-learning overnight. As the advantages, disadvantages, and technical challenges of this abrupt transformation were already well-documented, this study aimed to intensely scrutinize university students' experiences of e-learning practices in this new normal situation. Methods: Adopting the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), a smaller sample of respondents (N=25) was observed to gain deeper insights using semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed and interpreted through thematic analysis. Findings revealed that most of the students have had unfavorable experiences with e-learning. The majority of students feel that e-learning has ruined their social relationships by isolating them from their peers and instructors. A significant number of students were observed to be anxious about their future due to unstable financial status, poor learning outcomes, and unfair evaluation processes. Moreover, poor self-esteem, anxiety, and depressive symptoms have been observed among a significant portion of the students. The overall findings of this study are meant to assist stakeholders in taking the necessary steps to address the aforementioned issues and ensure an improved learning experience, particularly in an e-learning environment.

Projective Personification Approach to the Experience of People With Acne and Acne Scarring—Expressing the Unspoken

The association of acne with emotional and social well-being is not limited to active acne because acne scarring can extend long after cessation of active lesions. To explore the psychosocial burden of facial and truncal acne (FTA) and acne scars (AS) in a spontaneous manner using qualitative research. This qualitative study recruited participants via local panels. A personification exercise, "Letter to my Disease," was developed for participants of 2 independent arms, FTA and AS, of an international qualitative study in the form of letter completion. Study outcomes comprised perceptions, psychosocial effects of FTA and AS, and coping behaviors. A total of 60 participants were recruited for the FTA and AS study. Among participants with FTA, 17 were women (57%), 21 (70%) were aged 13 to 25 years, and 9 (30%) were aged 26 to 40 years. Twenty-six (87%) participants had severe active acne and 4 (13%) had moderate active acne. Among participants with AS, 18 were women (60%), 9 (30%) were aged 18 to 24 years, and 21 (70%) were aged between 25 and 45 years. Of these 60 participants, 56 (FTA, 28 and AS, 28) completed the projective exercise, "Letter to my Disease," the analysis of which is presented in the current study. During completion of the letter exercise, participants spontaneously expressed emotional and physical burden as well as the social stigma associated with their skin condition. Three major themes emerged, namely, (1) burden of the condition, (2) attitudes and beliefs, and (3) relationship to the personified condition. Consistent with their skin condition, participants associated acne, through personification, with the character of an intruder and unwanted companion responsible for their poor self-esteem and emotional impairment. The findings of the joint analyses of letters (FTA and AS), as a catalytic process and free-expression space, outline the continuous burden of active acne starting from adolescence and then continuing into adulthood and beyond active lesions with AS, and highlight the struggle for self-acceptance.

Psychomotor semiology in depression: a standardized clinical psychomotor approach

BackgroundAlthough psychomotor symptoms are associated with the clinical symptomatology of depression, they are rarely assessed and standardized clinical evaluation tools are lacking. Psychomotor retardation is sometimes assessed through direct patient observations by clinicians or through a clinical observation grid, in the absence of a standardized psychomotor assessment. In this pilot study, we evaluated the feasibility of standardized psychomotor examination of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and detailed a psychomotor semiology in these patients.MethodsWe used a standardized psychomotor assessment to examine 25 patients with MDD and 25 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) and compared their psychomotor profiles. Using standardized tests, we assessed muscle tone and posture, gross motor skills, perceptual-motor skills, and body image/organization. Clinical assessments of depressive symptoms (levels of psychomotor retardation, anxiety, and self-esteem) comprised this detailed psychomotor examination.ResultsAll participants were examined using the standardized psychomotor assessment. The main results of the psychomotor examination highlighted low body image of MDD participants (p < 0.001). Significant differences between groups were found in passive muscle tone, posture, emotional control, jumping, manual dexterity, walking, and praxis. Among these psychomotor variables, body image, passivity, jumping and rhythm scores predicted an MDD diagnosis.ConclusionsBeyond the psychomotor retardation known to be present in MDD patients, this examination revealed an entire psychomotor symptomatology characterized by elevated muscle tone, poor body image associated with poor self-esteem, slowness in global motor skills and manual praxis, and poor rhythmic adaptation.In light of these results, we encourage clinicians to consider using a standardized tool to conduct detailed psychomotor examination of patients with depressive disorders.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04031937, 24/07/2019.

Clinical Significance of Shortened Penile Length and Alterations in Penile Length Following Treatment for Peyronie's Disease.

Across many cultures, penis size has been associated with virility, and concerns about penile length are commonplace. Peyronie's disease (PD) is a known acquired cause of penile shortening. This paper describes the psychosocial impacts of penile length on men and their partners, both generally and in men with PD, and evaluates the effect of PD treatments (eg, collagenase clostridium histolyticum , surgery, mechanical therapy) on this outcome measure. A PubMed database search was performed for English language articles through July 2021. Main outcome measures were association of penile length with emotional well-being, selfesteem, and relationship satisfaction in men with PD, and change from baseline penile length after treatment. Shortened penile length caused by PD can negatively impact patient and partner quality of life, including effects on body image, emotional well-being, sexual function, and interpersonal relationships. In men with PD, studies have demonstrated an association between loss of penile length and emotional problems, reduced satisfaction with sexual performance, poor self-esteem, depression, and relationship difficulties. Loss of penile length can frequently occur after surgery for PD (including plication, plaque incision/excision with grafting, and penile implant). Advanced surgical techniques may preserve/increase penile length, but the increased risks associated with these complex procedures must be carefully considered. Treatment with collagenase clostridium histolyticum does not appear to negatively impact penile length, and 5-year follow-up data suggest potential longterm posttreatment improvements in this outcome measure. Penile traction therapy, either alone or as adjunctive therapy, may increase penile length in men with PD, but nonadherence may limit improvement. Changes in penile length are important to many men, particularly those with PD, and should be considered during PD treatment selection. Penile length should be measured objectively before and after treatment for PD and should be included as an outcome measure in future studies on treatment effectiveness. Goldstein I, Gelbard MK, Lipshultz LI. Clinical Significance of Shortened Penile Length and Alterations in Penile Length Following Treatment for Peyronie's Disease. Sex Med Rev 2022;10:409-420.

Pattern and Consequences of Non-Replacement of Missing Teeth amongst Edentulous Adults in Ngaoundéré-Cameroon.

Loss of teeth like the loss of any part of the body may affect a patient psychosocially as well as their quality of life. The objective of our study was to determine the consequences of non-replacement of missing teeth among edentulous adults in Ngaoundéré - Cameroon. &nbsp;This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the city of Ngaoundéré in Northern Cameroon. Data collection was done door-to-door using a questionnaire followed by oral examination. &nbsp;&nbsp; A total of 15 000 people aged between 15-98 years with a mean age of 42.5 years ±15.5 s.d were recruited for the study.&nbsp; . A total of 402 people were edentulous and the frequency of partial tooth loss in the community was 4.3% and the total tooth loss was 0.3%, affecting 246 (61.19%) women and 156 (38.81%) men. A third 37.81% had never consulted a dentist due to lack of finances and 86.67% consulted a dentist due to pain. Dental caries 66.43% and periodontal disease 26.89% were the main cause of tooth loss. Two-thirds 67.58% did not know that the absence of a tooth had harmful consequences. Kennedy-Applegate class III was the most represented. Total edentulism was more represented in women with dominance for the upper maxillary arch. The major consequences of tooth loss were mesial drifting 37.23%, extrusion 36.77%, masticatory difficulties (16.18%), epigastric pain 33.66%, and TMJ problems like crepitation 17.15% and pain 7.28%. The consequences of &nbsp;non-replaced missing teeth were included masticatory dysfunction, poor speech, epigastric pain, mesial drifting, supra eruption, TMJ dysfunction, and poor self-esteem The study showed the low knowledge of the consequences of missing teeth on the part of our study population &nbsp;Oral health care workers should boost oral health education and awareness of the consequences of tooth loss so as to increase knowledge of the need for dental prostheses and the oral health-seeking behavior of the population.

The relation between Complex PTSD and Borderline Personality Disorder – a review of the literature

IntroductionAdults diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) likely have a history of psychological trauma. There has been research about the connection between Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (c-PTSD) and BPD.ObjectivesThis paper provides a review of the relationship between complex trauma and key features of BPD.MethodsReview of the literature from 2015 to present, using search engines such as Pubmed and Google Shoolar, using the following keywords: borderline personality disorder, complex post-traumatic stress disorder, traumaResultsTraumatic victimisation and compromised primary caregiving relationships have been hypothesized to be key aetiological factors in the subsequent development of BPD. c-PTSD was defined as a syndrome with symptoms of emotional dysregulation, dissociation somatisation and poor self-esteem, with distorted cognition about relationships, following traumatic interpersonal abuse. It was proposed as an alternative for understanding and treating people who had suffered prolonged and severe interpersonal trauma, many of whom were diagnosed with BPD. Although, the boundaries between c-PTSD and BPD remain vague. Currently, the main difference is the assumption that symptoms of c-PTSD are sequelae of exposure to traumatic stress, which is not inherent in the current DSM-5 definition of BPD. Furthermore, to date, the neurochemistry and neurostructural changes seen in c-PTSD, BPD and PTSD do not clearly differentiate the three conditions.ConclusionsBPD and PTSD are relatively distinct with regard to the precise qualitative definitions of their diagnostic features, but nevertheless have substantial potential overlap in their symptom criteria.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Differences of Psychopathology of Psychiatric Disorders in Adult Patients with Intellectual Disability

Intellectual disability is a mental disorder which appears during the developmental period in childhood and continues life-long. It is characterized by intellectual deficits on the one side and maladaptive social functioning on the other. The intellectual deficits include problems in abstract and logic thinking, problem solving, reasoning, learning from experience and judging. The deficits in adaptive functioning appear in problems in social communication and participation as well as in mental overload phenomena caused by daily life activities. This overload often results in psychopathological features and psychosocial reactions which are usually observed in Burn-out-Syndromes as e.g. general exhaustion (depletion of primarily reduced mental resources), additional reduced efficacy (accompanied by feelings of insufficiency and poor self-esteem), and most typically feelings alienation (towards intrinsically familiar situations, towards relatives and friends and at least also against oneself ) typically accompanied by irritability and dysphoria. Treatment programs therefore should not only focus on intellectual deficits but should include also the multiple sufferings from psychopathological phenomena and psychosocial effects of such daily life overload syndromes.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Growing up with clitoromegaly: experiences of North American women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia

To describe experiences of clitoromegaly in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). CAH females (46XX, ≥16 years old) from the United States and Canada were eligible for a cross-sectional online survey (2019-2020) if reporting clitoromegaly (life-long: "growing up with a larger than average clitoris," secondary: "clitoris grew over weeks or months"). A multidisciplinary team and women with CAH drafted questions assessing net effects of clitoromegaly on 10 activities and 10 life domains. Fisher's exact test was used to compare net effect (positive-negative) vs. no effect (Bonferroni p=0.05/10=0.005). Of 97 women with CAH enrolled, 53 women (55%, median age: 36 years, advocacy group recruitment: 81%) reported recognizing clitoromegaly at median 11-13 years old, with 21% identifying it in adulthood. There was no difference in self-reported timing or clitoral shape between life-long or secondary clitoromegaly (p≥0.06). There were no net positive effects of clitoromegaly. Rather, clitoromegaly had net negative effects on 7/10 activities (p≤0.003) and no net effect (neutral) on 3 (Table). Women were less likely to wear tight clothing, change clothes in public locker rooms and play group sports. Women reported net negative effects for most romantic activities (dating, any sexual activity, pain-free sexual activity, having a partner see their genitalia, p=<0.003), but did not report a net effect on pleasurable sexual activity (p=0.12). Clitoromegaly had net negative effects in 9/10 life domains (p<0.001) and neutral on job self-perception (p=0.25). Few women reported any positive impact (2-6%). However, 49-59% of women experienced poor self-esteem, anxiety, gender self-perception and body image, while 36% felt "down or depressed." Also, 21-23% experienced negative self-perception as friends and parents, 42-47% reported negative effects on plans for romantic and sexual relationships. Responses did not differ with advocacy group membership (p≥0.02). Our findings support qualitative and case series evidence that clitoromegaly has a negative psychological outcome on women with CAH. Clitoromegaly may add to the burden of living with a chronic endocrine disease. Women with positive and negative experiences had the same opportunity to participate. Since we could not assess objective clitoral size, baseline virilization and exact nature of any childhood clitoral procedures, these data cannot be used to estimate the impact of specific clitoral size or effectiveness of early clitoral treatments. Clitoromegaly appears to be common among women with CAH. While experiences of clitoromegaly vary between women, the overall experience is negative in multiple social, romantic, and emotional activities and domains.

Causes, effects and remedies of truancy among secondary school students in Jalingo, Taraba state, Nigeria

Introduction: Truancy been one of the juvenile delinquent behaviour of secondary school students has affected students’ academic performance and the society. This study was designed to ascertained the causes, effects and the ways to remedy the problem. Purpose of the study: The study identified the causes, effects and remedies of truancy among secondary school students in Jalingo Taraba State, Nigeria. Methodology: Descriptive design was used for the study. The population of the study comprised of all the 11,765 senior secondary school students in the 34 secondary schools in Jalingo. The sample size was 250 SS II students selected randomly from 10 senior secondary schools. Self-designed questionnaire tagged “Causes, Effects and Remedies of Truancy Questionnaire (CERTQ)” was used. The instrument was subjected to pilot testing using 50 respondents and Cronbach alpha was used to test the reliability. Reliability coefficient of 0.82 was obtained. The research instrument was administered directly to the students. Descriptive statistical techniques such as mean and standard deviation were used to analyze the research questions. Results: The study found out that the causes of truancy are physical/mental ill-health, drug abuse, broken home, harsh disciplinary, lack of parental supervision, poor academic performance, poor parental income, unconducive school environment, bullying and wrong teaching methods. The effects of truancy are school dropout, poor academic performance, engagement in crime, violence, drug abuse, family instability and poor self-esteem. The remedies to truancy are review of disciplinary policies, supervision and monitoring of students’ academic activities by parents, provision of adequate facilities in schools, intimating of students on the danger of drug abuse, taking care of students with physical and mental ill-health. Recommendations/Classroom Implications: The study recommended among other things that parents should supervise and monitor their children academic activities and the government should provide adequate facilities in schools.

Football, migration, and mental illness: analysing the problematic nature of international transfers

The process of international migration can be stressful – it is rarely simple or straightforward. Whilst the heterogeneous nature of migratory experiences means that the stress associated with migration may not result in common mental disorders (CMDs) for all migrants, scholars have argued that some migrant groups face greater exposure to risk factors associated with the development of CMDs than others. In this conceptual paper, I draw on scholarship tracing the migrations of general populations to show that migrant professional footballers may be one such group who are exposed to a greater risk of developing CMDs when they engage in the process of international transfer. Specifically, I identify how having little power within the transfer process can lead some players to experience a loss of status and/or diminished sense of self; how the often-unpredictable nature of international transfers can result in some players experiencing poor self-esteem and an inability to adjust; and how separation from physical support networks can result in some players suffering from loneliness, isolation, and an increased vulnerability to the development of a number of depressive symptoms. Taking these factors into account, I make a series of recommendations that could allow clubs to better manage players through these specific periods of vulnerability.