Poor Persons Research Articles

Fetal Death in Utero at the Maternity Hospital of Koutiala in Mali

The aim was to assess the frequency of fetal death in utero; to describe the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients; to identify risk factors for IUD; to describe its management and to determine the maternal prognosis. Material and Method: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional, analytical study of the prospective case/control cohort type from June 2021 to May 2022, i.e. a period of 12 months in the maternity ward of the Koutiala reference health center. Results: Fetal death in utero concerned 85 deliveries out of a total of 3024 deliveries, i.e. a frequency of 28.11 ‰. The epidemiological profile is that of a poor person (37.6%) between 25 and 29 years of age (31.8%), with a pregnancy of 28 to 37 weeks of amenorrhea; they came on their own in (64.7%) of cases. If, in 5.9% of cases, the cause of fetal death was not known in the study; arterial hypertension was the most common etiology with 37.6% of cases. Patients gave birth vaginally in 89.4% and presented complications of infections (endometritis) in 10.6% of cases.

Distributional Incidence of Indirect Taxation on Consumer Groups in Sri Lanka: A Descriptive Study

This study investigates how the indirect tax burden was distributed among households under different aspects. Sri Lanka's tax structure represents more indirect tax and significantly less direct tax income. Direct taxes satisfy the equity principle of taxation, while indirect tax is violated. Direct taxes are imposed according to the ability to pay. Persons who have a higher income will pay a higher rate of income tax, and persons who have less income will pay a lower rate of income tax. Unlike direct taxes, indirect taxes are paid by both rich and poor persons irrespective of their income level. Thus, the burden of the indirect tax will be badly impacted on poor households because when they purchase goods and services from the market, they pay a significant portion of indirect taxes compared with the average income. A consumer survey was performed, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire under the light of the Stratified Convenient Sampling Method. One hundred fifteen commodity baskets were selected based on the Colombo Consumer Price Index under the broad categories of food and non-food and eleven subcategories of commodity groups. Colombo District was selected as the sample district. Four hundred eighty-two respondents were collected, representing low-income, middle-income, and high-income households. The descriptive and quantitative approach were used for the analysis. The findings of the study emphasized that the indirect tax burden rate of low-income households was significantly greater than the indirect tax burden rate of high-income households. The regressive effect was reflected in the findings, indicating that poor households are bearing a higher indirect tax burden rate in terms of average income and average expenditure. The derived Lorenz Curves and the calculated Gini Coefficients also emphasized the regressive effect of the indirect tax, presenting an upward-sloping Lorenz Curve and negative Gini Coefficient values.

Proverbs of Comparative Semantics on Poverty and Wealth in Swedish and Russian Languages: Structural and Linguacultural Approaches

This study identifies similarities and differences in the structural organization and cultural attitudes expressed in Swedish and Russian proverbs of comparative semantics on poverty and wealth. It provides a classification of linguistic units (35 Swedish and 60 Russian proverbs) based on their expression of identity, comparison, contrast, and syntactic organization. The research reveals that in the Swedish language, proverbs expressing comparison with adjectives in the comparative degree have quantitative advantages, while in the Russian language, proverbs expressing contrast prevail. Similar cultural attitudes in Swedish and Russian proverbs of comparative semantics on poverty and wealth include:(1) The wealthy person’s material status is incomparably higher than that of the poor, but the poor person surpasses the wealthy in moral terms.(2) The wealthy always desire more, being unsatisfied with their wealth.(3) Laws operate differently for the rich and the poor.(4) Wealth is fleeting if not used wisely.Differences lie in specific cultural attitudes. For instance, Swedish proverbs focus on the wealthy person’s daughter as a coveted prize for those seeking easy enrichment, while Russian proverbs intensify certain qualities of individuals based on their degree of poverty / wealth (the poorer a person is, the more generous, wise, intelligent, brave, cunning they are, etc.).

What Prospects for Working Poor? Central Europe’s Experience with Dynamics of In-work Poverty

The paper offers an analysis of future prospects of poor working persons. It pays attention to transitions from in-work poverty, focusing, in particular, on the probability of remaining at work and move above the poverty line. The analysis brings new insights into the situation in the countries in Central Europe, expanding limited knowledge on this subject. It shows that they differ in several aspects of in-work poverty and its dynamics, including the mobility of working poor as well as presence of their various trajectories. For example, while Poland stands out as the country offering most limited chances for “positive” mobility from working poverty, Hungary represents the most “open” regime, where working poor’s future prospects seem to be more favorable. Findings from the empirical analysis covers the period 2012–2019, based on the pooled longitudinal dataset from the European Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU SILC).

Gandhian Ideas: His Days and Ours

A large section of the world population continues to live in hunger, starvation, malnutrition, deplorable living conditions with unsafe drinking water, inadequate health amenities and lack of proper education. The fear and uncertainty associated with the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in the loss of lives and livelihoods for a large number of poor and vulnerable persons, pushing them deeper into the confines of poverty. It is in times such as these that Gandhian thoughts are popularly invoked by Gandhi’s followers. The present study is an attempt to revisit the Gandhian perspective on the development of the Indian economy. It intends to capture and crystallise his socio-economic ideas on the wide expanse of issues in a comprehensive manner. These are systematically encapsulated in six Ends: employment, emancipation, equality and egalitarianism, environment, ethics and education. Further, the study goes on to discuss Gandhi’s economic prescriptions to achieve these six ends. Furthermore, it attempts to categorise the Gandhian methods into one of three states—alive, ailing or abandoned—based on their current usefulness. Additionally, if the status turns out to be failing or abandoned, it aims to provide a nearby current approach that can appropriately fit in Gandhi’s vision without being dismissed as being too far-fetched.

Height Adjustable Wheel Chair for Differently Abled Person

The height adjustable wheel chair focuses on meeting the needs of paraplegics ‘ patients and the poor disabled persons who desire to perform certain tasks independently and privately, such as sitting on the chair, picking items from shelves, cupboard and wardrobes at the standing height of average human being. Hence, an appropriate wheelchair to meet their need has been designed using low cost and readily available materials to achieve this product. The existing wheelchair was evaluated before its modification was done in justifying the established improvement. To achieve this, the wheel chair was redesigned with a low centre of gravity to enhance stability with the introduction of sizeable hydraulic jack to aid height adjustment. By controlling hydraulic pressure, users can elevate or lower the seat to preferred heights, facilitating ease of access to various surfaces and environments. Additionally, the hydraulic system offers stability and durability, ensuring safe operation for users of different body weights and sizes Performance evaluation of the developed wheelchair was carried out to ensure standardization in meeting the needs of the intended users. On basis of ease of operation to a chosen height of 2m using pulses generated, 79 pulses/ minutes was recorded for the improved wheelchair as against the 95 pulses/minutes of the existing wheelchair. Also it takes 28 seconds and 36 seconds for the modified and existing wheelchairs to reach the set height respectively. It offers confinement for adjustment to desired height position and provides mobility while at chosen elevated position.

Recalibrating the scope of financial inclusion through financial technologies in the digital age: the role of digital literacy as a moderator in rural Uganda

PurposeThe main purpose of this study is to test for the interaction effect of digital literacy in the relationship between financial technologies (FinTechs) of biometrics and mobile money and digital financial inclusion among the unbanked poor women, youth and persons with disabilities (PWDs) in rural Uganda.Design/methodology/approachCovariance-based structural equation modeling was used to construct the interaction effect using data collected from the unbanked poor women, youth and PWDs located in the four regions in Uganda as prescribed by Hair et al. (2022).FindingsThe findings from this study are threefold: first; the results revealed a positive interaction effect of digital literacy between FinTechs of biometrics and mobile money and digital financial inclusion. Second; the results also confirmed that biometrics identification positively promotes digital financial inclusion. Lastly; the results showed that mobile money positively promotes digital financial inclusion. A combination of FinTechs of biometrics and mobile money together with digital literacy explain 29% variation in digital financial inclusion among the unbanked poor women, youth and PWDs in rural Uganda.Research limitations/implicationsThe data for this study were collected mainly from the unbanked poor women, youth and PWDs. Further studies may look at data from other sections of the vulnerable population in under developed financial markets. Additionally, the data for this study were collected only from Uganda as a developing country. Thus, more data may be obtained from other developing countries to draw conclusive and generalized empirical evidence. Besides, the current study used cross sectional design to collect the data. Therefore, future studies may adopt longitudinal research design to investigate the impact of FinTechs on digital financial inclusion in the presence of digital literacy across different time range.Practical implicationsThe governments in developing countries like Uganda should support women, youth, PWDs and other equally vulnerable groups, especially in the rural communities to understand and use FinTechs. This can be achieved through digital literacy that can help them to embrace digital financial services and competently navigate and perform digital transactions over digital platforms like mobile money without making errors. Besides, governments in developing countries like Uganda can use this finding to advocate for the design of appropriate digital infrastructures to reach remote areas and ensure “last mile connectivity for digital financial services' users.” The use of off-line solutions can complement the absence or loss of on-line network connectivity for biometrics and mobile money to close the huge digital divide gap in rural areas. This can scale-up access to and use of financial services by the unbanked rural population.Originality/valueThis paper sheds more light on the importance of digital literacy in the ever complex and dynamic global FinTech ecosystem in the presence of rampant cyber risks. To the best of the authors' knowledge, limited studies currently exist that integrate digital literacy as a moderator in the relationship between FinTechs and digital financial inclusion, especially among vulnerable groups in under-developed digital financial markets in developing countries. This is the novelty of the paper with data obtained from the unbanked poor women, youth and PWDs in rural Uganda.

RESERVATION POLICY IN INDIA: PROFICIENT OR STERILE

Reservation can be described as “an effort to advance equal opportunities in government and educational institutions. It is often instituted for ensuring that minor groups are involved in every program within a community”. Reservation in India has a legal backing. The legislature, State and Central civil services, and other government industry units were guaranteed reservations. Few experts have criticised the reservation policy. They argue that we have totally failed to bring the poor on a par with the remainder of society. On the contrary, reservation policy often appears to seek to compensate the mistake performed all these years to the unprivileged. . In the present system only the persons who have already got the benefit of reservation are getting it time and again. But, poor persons who are in dire need of support from the Government may not get it as they do not belong to any reserved category. Hence there is a need to review the policy according to needs of the society.

Internalisasi Solidaritas Sosial dan Nilai-Nilai Islam melalui Tradisi Weweh

Weweh is a hereditary tradition that is still practiced by the community, especially in Java, by delivering food to relatives ahead of Eid al-Fitr. Qualitative research with an ethnographic approach aims to describe how the weweh tradition contributes to maintaining and encouraging social solidarity among the community and how this role is related to Islamic values in Sawahan Village, Sawahan Sub-district, Madiun Regency. The results show that weweh is usually performed after the night of 21 Ramadan until the day before Eid. There has been a modification of the food (wewehan) given for weweh from processed food consisting of rice, various vegetables, and side dishes such as opor and roast chicken arranged in rantang susun to gifts or parcels consisting of raw food ingredients such as cooking oil, sugar, coffee, tea, candy, biscuits, pastries, and instant noodles. Children of younger relatives are usually the ones who deliver the gifts to the homes of the older relatives who are given wewehan. The relatives who receive the wewehan usually give the money and or food back in the giving container. The weweh tradition teaches generosity through food alms, friendship, maintaining cultural heritage, strengthening a sense of kinship and social solidarity, and is able to provide a sense of happiness for the giver and recipient of wewehan, especially if the wewehan recipient is a poor person who will be helped by the presence of food or food ingredients to welcome the Eid celebration. It is proven that this weweh tradition impacts the internalization of social solidarity with the content of Islamic values in the community.

بنو ہاشم کے لئے زکوٰۃ: فقہی آراء کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

All social members belong to the different economic status and zakat and other charities in Islamic economic system are specified for the poor and needy persons of the Muslim state. The people belonging to the family and tribe of Holy Prophetﷺ, called Hashamies of Banu Hashim, also reside in this world and naturally they are also devided into different economic classes. Holy Prophetﷺ prohibited his family members receive the charities from the Muslim wealth and declared their right in Ghaneemah, the wealth of the enemies left in the battlefield. It was only to ensure their respect and dignity in the society. But in the contemporary world no such fund has been specified for such people who are poor and needy persons in the society. If donations are not allowed for them, they are unable to earn the money, and no opportunity is available for the satisfaction of their daily needs then how they will be able to survive? Keeping in view such situations, Islamic jurists are of three opinions. Firstly it is absolutely prohibited them, secondly it is absolutely allowed for them and according to thirdly the compulsory charities are prohibited for them and they are allowed to enjoy the optional charities. This research paper is an analytical study of the juristic approaches and their argumentations. After the analytical review of the conclusive approach and its justification it has been discussed in detail to be adopted for practice in present era.

Is health insurance really benefitting Indian population? Evidence from a nationally representative sample survey.

Universal health coverage (UHC) is the centrepiece of the sustainable development goals and aims to ensure access to essential and quality healthcare services to all without facing financial hardships. Several health insurance programmes have been launched in India to progress towards UHC. This study aims to assess the impact of health insurance (overall health insurance, government sponsored health insurance (GSHI), and private voluntary health insurance) on accessibility and utilization of inpatient care, out-of-pocket health expenditure (OOPE), catastrophic health expenditure (CHE), and impoverishment in India. The 75th round of National Sample Survey Office was used in the study, which covered 555,115 individuals, 113,823 households, and 91,445 hospitalization incidence all over India. Descriptive statistics, multivariable logistic regression, and propensity score matching (PSM) methods were employed. Enrolment under health insurance has impacted the accessibility and utilization pattern of hospitalization to some extent for the insured. PSM showed that enrolment under GSHI schemes reduced OOPE by INR 3314 (USD 49) and CHE incidence by 1%-4% at various thresholds. Among poor persons, there was a marginal but statistically significant reduction of OOPE among those enrolled under GSHI schemes (p<0.05). However, GSHI schemes did not statistically significantly reduce the CHE burden for poor persons enrolled (p>0.05). Furthermore, enrolment under private voluntary health insurance reduced OOPE by INR 13,511 (USD 198) and CHE by 13.47% at 10% threshold, 4.61% at 25% threshold, and 2.65% at 40% threshold. However, its uptake was primarily confined to richer economic quintiles and urban areas that exacerbates equity concerns. All the results were confirmed through robustness measures employed. There is a necessity to increase awareness and uptake of health insurance, along with introducing comprehensive insurance packages covering both inpatient and outpatient care. Also, increasing public health spending, strengthening public healthcare facilities, and improving regulatory implementation of private healthcare providers are imperative to augment financial protection.

Discrimination as a relational matrix of analysis: race, gender, age, social class, immigration, religion, politics, and civil identification: a case study of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The general objective of this research is to analyze how and to what extent racist, patriarchal, classist and political arguments are interlocked and mutually reinforced in multiple residual forms today. This article adopts Foucault’s concepts of biopower and normalization to analyze the persistence of racism surrounding unequal and discriminatory power relations and the oppression of racialized, gender, and social inequalities (Foucault 1994; Koopman 2013). A representative survey was applied to 759 urban inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, who answered a questionnaire asking for their socio-demographic characteristics, perceptions, expectations, attitudes, practices, and intergroup relationships regarding racism, patriarchalism, sexism, homophobia, xenophobia, class discrimination and political-ideological self-identification. The multivariate method of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied, and the results show the predominance of patriarchal values against women, LGBTQ+, Black, youth and poor persons, through explicit racism and the legitimation of the use of violence for both, men and women. Women primarily reject providing sex education at school, agree with their domestic role as wives and with the idea that females’ behavior causes their own rapes, reject LGBTQ marriage, and discriminate against youths, while men rank first the domestic role of women, explicit racism and criminalization of Black people.

Policy implications and mobile money regulatory approaches to promote financial inclusion of the poor in Zimbabwe after the COVID-19 pandemic

The increased usage of digital financial products and financial services such as mobile money brought various challenges and opportunities in Zimbabwe during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. This has also increased the responsibilities of the regulatory authorities in the Zimbabwean financial sector. The financial regulators were inadequately prepared for the regulatory demands of financial technology (fintech) products in Zimbabwe. For instance, they struggled to cope with the increased responsibilities of overseeing mobile money operators and have adequate resources to efficiently monitor and manage such operators to ensure compliance with the relevant laws. Most Zimbabwean financial regulators did not have sufficient resources to employ persons with the relevant skills and expertise to fulfil their responsibilities. Despite this, the widespread use of mobile money has considerably improved the financial inclusion of the poor and previously unbanked persons, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe. Consequently, various policy implications and mobile money regulatory approaches that were considered by policymakers during and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe in a bid to provide adequate supervision of mobile money operators and related digital financial services to curb the financial exclusion of the poor and unbanked persons are investigated. It is against this background that this article discusses the challenges, policy implications, and flaws affecting the adoption of viable mobile money regulatory approaches to promote financial inclusion of the poor in Zimbabwe after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Ways to Reduce Poverty in the Economic System of Islam

Poverty is an economic condition of lacking basic necessities needed to live a reasonable life. This includes need for money, food, water, education and shelter. Poverty reduction is a process, aiming to reduce the level of poverty in a group of people or countries. Islamic bank suggests that poverty can be reduced by various means and methods, which includes economic growth (increase in income and living standard) and direct aid / private charity. World so far has followed two economic systems, communism and capitalism. The communism was based on an emotional reaction against evil consequences of the capitalist economy, specially, against the element of inequitable distribution of wealth. The world needs a third economic system. Elements of Islamic Economic System involve: financing /trading, Zakat and interest free loans. Even poor persons, with so credibility, can survive in the economic system. Islamic economics prefers co-operation to competition. This aspect of co-operation is a key to poverty reduction. It is possible to reduce poverty by following Islamic economic system because it takes care of society and social justice.

Policy Evaluation of Legal Aid for the Poor in Tangerang Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) Regency

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; This research is motivated by the fact that since 2016 the Government of Tangerang Regency has established a policy for administering legal aid which is formalized in the Regional Regulation of Tangerang Regency Number 14 of 2016 concerning the Implementation of Legal Aid. Even though a policy on the provision of legal aid has been presented and implemented in the framework of protecting the rights of the poor person or group of people in Tangerang Regency, the implementation of this policy needs to be evaluated, to find out the effectiveness, efficiency, equity, adequacy responsiveness, and appropriateness of the community to the policy. The aims and objectives of this research are to find out and analyze the current implementation of the policy of providing legal aid for the poor in Tangerang Regency, as well as to find out, analyze and find the ideal implementation of the policy of providing legal aid for the poor in Tangerang Regency in the future. This study was designed in the realm of qualitative research using the constructivism paradigm, using two types of data, namely: primary data and secondary data, and the determination of informants was carried out using a purposive sampling technique. The data obtained is tested using the policy evaluation model from William Dunn which includes the criteria; effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy equity, responsiveness, and appropriateness policy. The results of the study show that the implementation of legal aid policies in Tangerang Regency has not been fully effective. Going forward, the implementation of legal aid policies in Tangerang Regency needs to be designed as responsive policies, namely policies made and implemented by considering and considering the needs, hopes and desires of the community. In the future, the implementation of legal aid policies must pay attention to several important matters, such as accessibility, effectiveness, efficiency, coordination and cooperation. Apart from that, the implementation of the legal aid policy also requires several important things, including: provision of adequate resources; continuous monitoring and evaluation; effective coordination with other stakeholders; community education and sensitization; and adequate financial support.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Poverty Penalties as Human Rights Problems

AbstractFines and other financial sanctions are frequently imposed by criminal justice systems around the world. Yet they also raise grave concerns about economic discrimination. Unless they are perfectly scaled to defendants’ financial circumstances, they will penalize poor persons far more than rich ones—and poor defendants’ inability to pay can lead to further penalties like imprisonment or additional financial sanctions. These “poverty penalties” have received attention in domestic jurisdictions but are understudied as a global phenomenon. This Article takes up this issue and makes three contributions. First, it demonstrates that poverty penalties are prevalent in criminal justice systems around the world. Second, it shows how poverty penalties came to be overlooked in international human rights law and describes how this is starting to change. Third, the Article makes the normative case for addressing poverty penalties within human rights law and offers suggestions for how this can be achieved.

Validation of the teacher education institution’s entrance test using the Rasch model

This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the College Entrance Test (CET) used by a teacher education institution to assess the general and specialization knowledge of prospective students in English, Mathematics, Science and Social Studies. The Rasch model was employed to analyze the data collected from the sample of 250 test takers for the general knowledge test, 122 for specialization in English, 74 for Mathematics, 122 for science and 77 for Social Studies. The measurement analysis components including person and item reliability, unidimensionality, person-item map, fit statistics, Point Measure Correlation (PTMEA) and item local dependence were used. The study findings indicated that some test components had poor person reliability and the degree of item difficulty was higher than the students' abilities. There were also concerns about the conformity to the unidimensionality criteria, suggesting an analysis of items that might form another dimension in the constructs of the tests, although each of the items is independent. Furthermore, some items were misfitting or overfitting the Rasch model. In conclusion, the CET needs improvement to ensure its quality as a reliable and valid selection tool for the college. The study's results provide significant insights into the CET's strengths and weaknesses that can guide the test developers in revising and enhancing the CET to effectively measure the general and specialization knowledge of test takers in English, Mathematics, Science and Social Studies.

Legal Status of Land Rights of the Former Eigendom Verponding After the Issuance of the Conversion Rules

Beginning on September 24, 1960, there were not any more western freedoms and standard terrains. The organization no longer exists while the freedoms have been changed over by the BAL into one of the new privileges. In such manner, beginning in 1961 there could have been as of now not any land that its arrangements could be dependent upon European Verponding, Indonesian Verponding, and Lanrente or Land Expense. The assessment endorsements that existed and were held by individuals around then and were not detailed for substitution of new privileges under the UUPA, were still as Eigendom Verponding. In any case, in all actuality, there are still holders of land privileges who after September 24, 1980, still have confirmation of responsibility for freedoms as western privileges and standard freedoms that poor person been changed over, which will create legitimate issues assuming that these are not directed in regulation. To expect lawful issues that emerge because of changes in guidelines in the land area, the public authority through transformation guidelines reaffirmed the lapse of privileges to the place that is known for beginning of the Change of Western Freedoms on September 24, 1980, which is likewise the standard framed in the BAL., to end the legitimacy of the excess Western privileges to land in Indonesia with every one of attributes are not by Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution

Application Of Restorative Justice System As An Effort To Settle Criminal Acts Of Violence In Household (Case Study At Polresta City Of Surakarta)

The treatment of criminal cases, particularly the culprits of criminal demonstration whose misfortunes don't hurt the state, are rather handled, arraigned, and condemned in court. As a matter of fact, as per general society, criminal situations where the misfortunes are little are not worth being settled in court. Supportive equity is a settlement of cases that spotlights on the immediate cooperation of culprits, casualties, and the local area. Not all criminal demonstrations should be sought after through the preliminary cycle. Focusing on harmony through pondering to arrive at an agreement is necessary component in individuals' lives. The supportive equity approach can be applied in the policing so it will answer different issues in policing instances of aggressive behavior at home up until this point that poor person yet mirrored the standard of equity as the objective of the law. This exploration technique is a non-doctrinal (standardizing observational) legitimate examination, to be specific examination that looks at regulations that are created not in view of principle, but rather regulations that live and create and apply in the public eye. This kind of exploration is likewise called observational juridical examination, which at the end of the day is a sort of humanistic legitimate examination and can likewise be called field research, which looks at the lawful arrangements that apply and what occurs in the public eye. The exploration brought about discoveries not just introducing culprits in the law enforcement framework yet additionally including the job of casualties and society.

THE USAGE OF AUTHENTIC MATERIALS IN TEACHING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

The subject gives general data about authentic materials and their powerful use in classrooms. There are various definitions for authentic materials, however, they do share something. Every one of the definitions features the way that authentic materials imply “exposure to genuine language and its utilization in its local area”. “Authentic materials will be materials that we can use in the classroom and that poor person been changed in any capacity for ESL learners”. Because of the explores completed and the studies directed it has come out that there are many benefits in utilizing real materials. Simultaneously, there are a couple of inconveniences that educators and learners ought to know about while utilizing various wellsprings of authentic materials, for example, papers, television programs, menus, magazines, the web, films, tunes, pamphlets, comics, writing, and so on. The paper demonstrates the way that real materials can be utilized at any level for the learners’ requirements and information.